International Journal of Pathogen Research最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Sun Flower (Tithonia diversifolia) on the Prevention of Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens on Natural Infestation","authors":"Alade O.A., Osho I.B., A. A.O, Durojaye, C.O.","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i4296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i4296","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The use of antibiotics in animal feed has been restricted and banned in many countries due to its effect on health and the resultant resistance against drugs, this pave way for the use of plants phytochemicals as alternatives to synthesized drugs in the treatment of bacterial diseases. Similarly, observation in coccidiosis infection in poultry have attracted concern where resistance development to anticoccidial drug either incooperated into feed or use as therapy. This study focused on the use of sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) extracted with ethanol on the management and treatment of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. \u0000Study Design: Completely Randomised Design was used for the study. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure between April 2023 and November 2023. \u0000Methodology: 120 day old chicks were randomly distributed to four (4) treatment for the prophylactic T1 (2g of Tithonia diversifolia extract), T2 (4g of Tithonia diversifolia), T3 (8g of Tithonia diversifolia), T4 (commercial drug) and T5 (no drug no extract) with three (3) replicates per treatment and 8 chicks per replicate. Parameters evaluated include growth performance, organ and carcass weights, presence and treatment of coccidiosis. \u0000Results: The growth performance reveals highest weight gain (p<0.05) at 28 days in T2 (568.30g) and lowest in T1 (617.95g) when compared to the standard T4 (604.20g). T2 (1319.20g) had the highest feed consumed and lowest in T3 (1300.25g). At the end of 56 days, T3 (1966.90g) had the highest weight gain and lowest in T2 (1740g), highest feed consumed was observed in T2 (5498.25g) with T3 (5465.55g) as the lowest of those taking the extract. T1 had the highest thigh weight 161.80g and lowest in T3 with 159.85g (p<0.05), back weight was high at T1 (166.32g) and lowest in T3 (159.62g), wing weight was high at T2 (104.58g) and low in T1 (102.56g) of those taking the extract when compared with the standard. T1 (163.34g) had the highest intestinal weight and lowest in T2 (141.59g), heart weight was high in T1 (7.66g) and low in T3 (5.97g), spleen weight was high in T2 (1.95g) and low in T1 (1.57g). T3 (77850 Oocyst) had the highest oocyst count after the first prophylactic treatment (day 11) with lowest in T2 (7200 Oocyst per gram) of the extract given, Day 25 and 49 reveals an effective reduction of oocyst counts and its maintenance on those that took the extract. It was observed that Tithonia diversifolia work effectively on reducing the multiplication of coccidian Oocyst accumulation which could have resulted into full bloom infection with no significance difference when compared to the standard. \u0000Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of sunflower at 8g/kg has the potential to eradicate coccidiosis in broiler chickens.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"4 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141797753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-sectional Study of HIV Infection and Implication of Demographic Dependent Risk among People in Three Local Government Areas in Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"R. Nwalozie, Jane Nkechi Obi-Thomas, B. A. Nnokam, J. A. Kareem","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i4295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i4295","url":null,"abstract":"Background: HIV poses a substantial global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where Nigeria grapples with a disproportionate burden. Three Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria, known for distinctive HIV patterns, are the focus. In Nigeria, South-South presents with the highest rate of HIV infection in Nigeria. \u0000Aim: This study aims to understand the relationships between HIV infection and various social, demographic, and non-HIV-specific modifiable factors. \u0000Methodology: A cross-sectional study (N = 392) was carried out to explore these dynamics, examining marital status, education, employment, physical environment, age, sex, and non-HIV-specific factors like fever, weight loss, alcohol consumption, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status, and tuberculosis (TB). Chi-square was used to test the hypothesis at alpha level of 0.05. \u0000Results: It revealed no significant relationship between age and HIV infection (p<0.05), and similarly, no significant gender association at p<0.05. However, marital status emerged as a significant factor (p<0.05), while educational status did not show significance at p<0.05. Modifiable non-HIV-specific factors, including Hepatitis, Fever, Weight Loss, HBsAg, and TB, exhibited significant associations with HIV at p<0.05. \u0000Conclusion: This study has provided valuable insights into the complex interplay of social, demographic, and modifiable factors influencing HIV vulnerability in Nigeria's South-South region. The findings have implications for tailoring focused prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate HIV transmission risks in this specific region.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141654115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Well Water in the Rural Communities of Ezza South Local Government Area of Ebonyi State","authors":"Boniface Oke, I. Peter, Chukwuemeka Odi Love Chinenye, Awoke Obinna Okpaga, Nwiboko Michael Chukwuemeka, B. N. John-Onwe, Nwankwo Fidelis Mbam, I. Iroha","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i4294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i4294","url":null,"abstract":"Enterobacteriaceae as an indicator of water sanitary quality and their frequency of occurrence as antibiotic-resistant microbial pathogens in water remain a threat to humans and the environment. This research work aimed to determine the distribution and antibiotic resistance profile of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from different well water sources in Ezza South Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 100 well water samples were collected and subjected to bacteriological analysis using Standard Microbiological protocol for isolation and identification. Antimicrobial resistance studies of Enterobacteriaceae were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and, the results were analyzed and compared with the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. The result of isolation revealed a high colony enumeration of bacterial isolates from well water, revealing high bacterial counts of 1.0x104-8.1 x104 cfu/ml from Nsukara. The distribution of bacteria in well water revealed a high proportion of E. coli 42 (42.0%) followed by Salmonella species 12 (12.0%) and Shigella species 7(7.0%). The isolates exhibited a high percentage of resistance to ceftriaxone 100%, Sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim 100% tetracycline 66.7%, 66.7% but were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 100 %, and Imipenem 100%. Our findings indicate the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in well water. Within these communities, awareness should be given to the populace on the implication of antibiotic residues in the environment as well as the importance of maintaining a clean and hygienic environment around the wells to ensure the safety of water and also to prevent the spread of resistant determinant in the environment and human. The Government should make provision for a portable water source that will be accessible and well-sustained in the communities.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141672446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Helminths Infection in Buffalo of New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal, India","authors":"R. Jas, Dhananjay Kumar, S. Pandit, Surajit Baidya, Abhijit Nandi","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3291","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Epidemiology of naturally occurring gastrointestinal (GI) helminths was studied in buffalo of New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal and the role of different factors such as season, age, sex and rearing practices on prevalence was also recorded in the present study.  \u0000Methodology: Monthly 120 faecal samples of buffaloes of New Alluvial Zone (NAZ) were collected and examined by standard parasitological techniques from April, 2016 to March, 2017. \u0000Results: The overall prevalence of GI helminths was recorded as 46.53% in buffalo of NAZ in West Bengal. Paramphistome (35.9%) was observed as the predominant parasite followed by Strongyle (9.93%), Fasciola (4.17%) and Toxocara (4.03%). Monsoon (54.58%) was found to be the most favourable season followed by winter (44.79%) and summer (40.21%) for GI helminths infection in buffalo. The overall prevalence (52.57%) as well as prevalence of Strongyle and Toxocara was higher in young buffaloes than the adult buffaloes (44.47%). The overall prevalence of GI helminths was higher in female buffalo (48.85%) than the male (40.74%) and the prevalence of individual parasites did not vary greatly between the two sexes of animals. Semi-intensive system (54.46%) of rearing showed higher prevalence of GI helminths than the intensive method (39.07%). Prevalence of Strongyle, Fasciola and Paramphistome was comparatively higher in animals maintaining under semi-intensive system than the intensive system of rearing. \u0000Conclusion: The results of the present study might be utilized for planning control programme against GI helminths in buffaloes of NAZ of West Bengal.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"9 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141271730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paint It Black: Staining of the Yeast Cryptococcus Neoformans with India Ink","authors":"Forman Erwin Siagian","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3286","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To rectify the application of negative staining using India Ink dye in order to visualize the opportunistic yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans and its capsule. \u0000Discussion: The yeast C. neoformans is generally considered an opportunistic fungal pathogen due to its propensity to infect immunocompromised hosts, particularly those with HIV (+). This yeast responsible for causing severe disseminated Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis (CM) in humans. The type of clinical sample commonly sent for laboratory analysis of suspected patients is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that usually obtained from spinal tap or lumbar puncture procedure. laboratory analysis to confirm CM initially by direct visualization of Cryptococci via light microscopy. Visualization of capsule, as the hallmark of C. neoformans is easy when appropriate number of yeasts are available in the clinical sample. India Ink is the dye of choice to stain C. neoformans and its capsule. The pathognomonic resemblance of its capsule is that of a halo appearance, whether thin or thick, surrounding the cell made visible by suspending the yeast in India ink preparations. \u0000Conclusion: India ink stain is still widely used for the detection of cryptococci in CSF, particularly in resource-limited laboratory/health service. Its sensitivity can be improved.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140967637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Schistosomiasis among Pupils of Umunya Central School, Oyi Local Government, Anambra State, Nigeria","authors":"Esiaba, G. C., Chikwendu, J. I., Obinwa I. C., Okoye, F.C.","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3285","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Schistosomiasis is a disease of medical importance caused by the parasitic worm Schistosoma haematobium. It is responsible for morbidities such as blood and protein deficiency in those infected. The study on the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and contributory risk factors was carried out among pupils of Umunya Central School, Oyi Local Government, Anambra State between November and December, 2021. \u0000Methods: The children were between the ages of 4-15 years. One hundred and twenty respondents of children were selected and their urine samples were collected and examined for the presence of haematuria and proteinuria using a combi 9 strip before the filtration technique was used to detect the presence of the parasite. Pupils data were collected using Google Forms researcher’s questionnaire. \u0000Results: Out of the 120 (62 males and 58 females) children examined, a total prevalence of 0% was gotten. The pupils had a good source of water although a few of them (8%) still drank from the rivers in the community which could predispose them to the disease. Knowledge of the disease was very little among the children and many of them visited the rivers for different activities (78%). \u0000Conclusion: Health education of the children and residents for improved perception of the behavioural and socio-economic activities associated with the disease will help reduce the burden of disease transmission.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"29 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Prevalence of Microorganisms in Selected Water Sources in Benue South of Nigeria using Selected Environmental Factors and Microbial Counts","authors":"A. O. Edegbene, Doowuese Yandev, T. O. Omotehinwa, Hajara Zakari, Blessing O. Andy, J. A. Ujoh","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3284","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we assessed the water and microbial qualities of major water sources in nine sites within three Local Government Areas (LGAs-Otukpo, Ohimini and Apa LGAs) in Benue South between January and March, 2023. Water samples were collected monthly for the analyses of selected physico-chemical variables and microbial constituents in the studied sites following standard procedures.  The results of the physico-chemical variables showed that most of the variables were proportionately higher than the maximum standards by appropriate regulatory bodies. For instance, electrical conductivity (EC) was highest in S2-Upu borehole, Otukpo LGA (1,181+285 µS/cm) and lowest in S4-Okpokwu River, Ohimini LGA (19.35+6.35 µS/cm). The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in all the sites showed less aerated water except for S2 (5.37+0.34 mg/l) and 5S-Awulema borehole, Ohimini LGA (5.06+0.14 mg/l). On the microbial quality, the results of the total coliform counts from the nine sampling sites (water sources) showed that the highest coliform count (>1,600 MPN/100mL) was recorded in S1 in January 2023 while the lowest coliform count (12 MPN/100mL) was recorded in S2. The total bacteria viable counts (TVC) detected in the water sources sampled in the three LGAs in showed that the highest bacteria count (204 cfu per mL) was recorded in S3-Depot well, Otukpo LGA in January 2023, and the lowest bacteria count (36 cfu per mL) was recorded in S2 in January 2023. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria as it occurred in all the sites sampled except S6- Ijami well, Ohimini LGA and S9- Amoke well, Apa LGA. Our finding based on the concentration of pollution indicating physico-chemical variables (e.g., EC, BOD5, and COD) showed the water sources studied in the three LGAs in Benue South were relatively perturbed. This was also confirmed by the prevalence of microbial loads which in most cases exceeded the minimum standard set by WHO for drinking water.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital Acquired Infection Revisited: Route of Transmission","authors":"L. S. Sunarti","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3283","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: to revisited hospital route of infection transmission in patients under medical care with its related problems and re-focus on some important MDR nosocomial infection agents route of transmission to vulnerable patients.\u0000Discussion: Accidental infections acquired in hospitals or hospital acquired infection (HAI) is a global major health condition, and become a major obstacle in the present day era of hospitalization. Increased risk of morbidity with mortality, lengthened hospitalization, massive prescription of antibiotics, and socio-economically become a definite financial burden. Disinfection and sterilization in hospitals is of increasing concern. Besides that, the abuse of antibiotics has led to the prompt wide spread of multidrug-resistant drugs (MDR) microorganisms which is characterized by the ability to quickly adapt to an environment that previously does not support its growth commonly and able to initiate serious life-threatening HAI. The need to understand route of transmission and its associated obstacles will help combating MDR microorganisms.\u0000Conclusion: The Global emergence of MDR microorganisms with its difficult route of infections has created a major obstacle to combat the bacterial pathogens, and need serious attention from all stakeholders, throughout the world.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"29 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnant Women in Obio Cottage Hospital, Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria","authors":"Uzoukwu Ec, Daokoru-Olukole Cg, Frank-Peterside N, Pondei Jo, Stanley Ho, Omega-Immanuel A","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3282","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common problem in women at all stages of life; this is particularly true of pregnant women. UTIs are especially important topics in pregnancy, as this may cause complications such as pyelonephritis and hypersensitive disease of pregnancy, anemia, chronic renal failure, premature delivery, and fatal mortality. Knowledge about the type of pathogens responsible for urinary tract infections and their resistance patterns may help the clinician to choose the correct empirical treatment. Midstream urine specimen was collected in a sterile universal bottle from 100 pregnant women who were attending antenatal clinic in Obio Cottage Hospital, Port Harcourt Rivers State, between March and April 2023. The samples were examined by the semiquantitative culture method for the presence of asymptomatic urinary tract infection. The women were non-hospitalized and were residing in Port Harcourt. Of the 100 samples examined, 19 samples had significant bacteriuria. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organisms accounting for 33.3% of the population of the organisms isolated. Other isolates accounted for 81% in the total population and 19% in the population with significant bacteria. E. Coli and Klebsiella sp. were the commonest organisms isolated from the population of pregnant women examined.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"356 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141006810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae Nasopharyngeal Colonization and Antibiogram of Isolates from Paediatric Population in Enugu, South East Nigeria","authors":"C. Eleazar, I. Udoh, Uzomaka Charity Madaukor, V. Emenuga, Rita Ngozi Nweke","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i3281","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This research aimed to evaluate and identify Streptococcus pneumoniae from nasopharynx samples of children and carry out antibiotic susceptibility assay on the isolates; being that pneumococci is well noted as a significant cause of invasive pneumonia in infants with the challenge of antibiotic resistance, which may worsen due to the emergence of such strains among children population.\u0000Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted between March and September 2023 in the Nsukka area of Enugu. Samples were collected from 100 children population using sterile swab sticks. These were inoculated unto blood and chocolate agar and then incubated at 37o C, morphological and biochemical characteristics were used for identification. An antimicrobial susceptibility test using the disk diffusion method was performed on isolates. The multi-discs used were pefloxacin 10ug, Gentamicin 10ug, Ampiclox 30ug, Cefuroxime 20ug, Amoxacillin 30ug, Ceftriazone 25ug, Ciprofloxacin 10ug, and Streptomycin 30ug, Co-tirmoxazole 30ug, and, Erythromycin 10ug.\u0000Results: The results identified 8.0% of pediatric with pneumococcal carriage. Males were 10.0% while females were 5.0%. The age distributions were as follows: 0-5 years 4(8.7%), 6-10                    years 1(3.1%), 11-15 years, 3(13.6%). There was no significant difference in the age range distribution of the pneumococci colonization (p=0.074). There was 66.7% sensitivity rate of S. pneumonia. The resistant rates were 75% each to Ampiclox and Amoxicillin. Cefuroxime was 87.5% resistant.","PeriodicalId":505811,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"80 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140677160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}