BMJ Public Health最新文献

{"title":"National and provincial prevalence of self-reported diabetes: results from the cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey in Sri Lanka–2016","authors":"Harshana Munasinghe, Pansujee Dissanayaka, Mangalika Jayasundara, Manjula D. Nugawela, S. Sivaprasad","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000214","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is a major global public health burden. The objective of this study was to estimate the national and provincial-level prevalence of self-reported diabetes and establish the demographic risk factors of diabetes in Sri Lanka.A nationally representative sample of the population from all nine provinces in Sri Lanka was obtained from the cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Those aged 20 years and older were included in this study. Age, sex, ethnicity, religion, education level, marital status, sector of the resident (urban/rural/estate) and province of residence were included as potential exposures. The outcome was defined as self-reported diabetes.The age-adjusted national prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 10.60% (95% CI: 10.59% to 10.602%). Provinces with higher gross domestic product (GDP) per capita showed a higher prevalence of diabetes. The Western province with the highest GDP of 734 094 Sri Lankan rupee showed the highest prevalence of diabetes (13.3%; 95% CI: 13.32% to 13.34%) compared with 8.1% (95% CI: 8.54% to 8.58%) in the Northern province with lowest GDP (321 289 Sri Lankan rupee). Prevalence of diabetes was higher among residents living in urban areas (14.39%; 95% CI: 13.72% to 15.06%) compared with their counterpart. Other risk factors of self-reported diabetes included age, gender, ethnicity, education level and marital status with those aged 55–64 years, females, who belong to Moor ethnicity, had secondary or higher education, and divorced or widowed had higher risk of diabetes compared with their counterparts.Sri Lanka has a high prevalence of self-reported diabetes and it differs by province, sector of residence, sex, education level, ethnicity, age and marital status. There is a need for risk stratifying adult Sri Lankan population to help target those at high risk of diabetes so that cost-effective approaches of screening, preventive and treatment options can be initiated.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"98 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139454168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterising COVID-19 school and childcare outbreaks in Canada in 2021: a surveillance study","authors":"K. Patterson, Erin McGill, Demy Dam, A. Bellos, C. Coulby, Rachel McCormick","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000248","url":null,"abstract":"In January 2021, the Public Health Agency of Canada launched the Canadian COVID-19 Outbreak Surveillance System to monitor outbreaks by setting. Schools and childcare centres were identified as settings of interest, as children play a key role in the transmission chain of other respiratory illnesses. This paper describes outbreak trends observed in school and childcare settings from January to December 2021 when many public health measures were in place.School and childcare outbreak data from five jurisdictions were included, representing 76% of the total Canadian population. Epidemiological curves were generated, trends in outbreak settings and cases’ age distribution over time were examined and descriptive statistics on outbreak size were calculated.In 2021, most school and childcare outbreaks were in primary schools (42%). Severity was low in school and childcare settings (0.40% of outbreak cases hospitalised, <0.01% of outbreak cases deceased). Most school and childcare outbreaks reported fewer than 10 cases per outbreak. During the start of the 2021–2022 school year (September 2021), there were fewer outbreaks in secondary schools and fewer cases among those aged 12+ years compared with January–June of 2021.During the study period, there was no observed association between an increase in school and childcare outbreaks and an increase in incidence rates in community case data. Children remain a population of interest for SARS-CoV-2; however, severity in paediatric populations remained low throughout 2021 and the risk of transmission in Canadian schools was low.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"86 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139454534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use and association with concurrent use of benzodiazepines, barbiturates and THC in the West Bank among male Palestinians: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Basma R. Damiri, A. Mousa, M. Helou","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000537","url":null,"abstract":"Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) are becoming a growing concern in the West Bank. Despite the focus on marijuana, statistics show that ATS seizures and clandestine laboratories indicate increased use of this highly addictive chemical among Palestinians. Shifting from marijuana to ATS can have severe clinical and social consequences, yet insufficient studies have been conducted. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ATS use and its correlation with other drug use in male Palestinians living in the northern West Bank.A cross-sectional study was conducted among Palestinian men aged ≥18 years from the north of the West Bank in 2022–2023. A self-administered questionnaire and urine analysis test were used to determine drug use. ATS users in this study tested positive for at least one of the following: amphetamines, ecstasy or methamphetamines.Out of 787 participants, 129 (16.4%) were drug users. The prevalence of drug use among drug users was as follows: benzodiazepines (55.8%), amphetamines (41.1%), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (38.8%), methamphetamines (38.0%), barbiturates (9.3%), phencyclidine (1.6%) and ATS (48.8%); 84.1% were amphetamine and 77.7% were methamphetamine users. Most ATS users (68.3%) were polydrug users; 57.1% were benzodiazepine, 30.2% were THC and 12.7% were barbiturate users. The adjusted binary logistic regression revealed that ATS users were more likely to be benzodiazepine (OR=11.059, p<0.001), THC (OR=5.520, p<0.001) and barbiturate users (OR=17.109, p=0.01).The study found that ATS use is widespread among Palestinian men and is associated with other drug use, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates and THC. The study recommends implementing better strategies and policies for controlling and confiscating illicit substances to address the severe medical and sociological problems that can arise from drug dependence. Additionally, the study highlights the risks associated with transitioning from marijuana to ATS, which can have severe clinical and social consequences.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"56 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139188753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Menopausal status, age at menopause and risk of all-cause mortality among Chinese women: findings from a 10-year prospective study","authors":"Sha Huang, Ruofan Gongye, Siyu Zou, Jiayi Hee, K. Tang","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000332","url":null,"abstract":"Menopause characteristics (menopausal status and age at menopause) have been implicated in future health consequences. However, evidence of the impact on menopause on total mortality has been inconsistent. The present study aimed to investigate the associations of menopausal status and age at menopause with the risk of all-cause mortality in Chinese women.We used prospective data from the China Kadoorie Biobank cohort study that recruited over 300 000 women aged 30–79 years from 10 regions across China between 2004 and 2008. All participants were prospectively followed up, with a median follow-up of 10.20 years. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to examine HRs with 95% CIs for all-cause mortality associated with menopausal status and age at menopause.Compared with premenopausal women, postmenopausal women were at higher risk of all-cause mortality with adjusted HR of 1.11 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.20). Among postmenopausal women, the HRs of total mortality were 1.25 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.36), 1.09 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.15), 0.98 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.02) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.04) for menopause at ages less than 40, 40–44, 50–53 and 54 years or older, respectively, relative to 45–49 years. In addition, for each 1-year increase in age at menopause was associated with a 1% decreased risk of death from all causes (95% CI 0.98 to 0.99).Women with postmenopausal status had a higher risk of all-cause mortality than premenopausal women, particularly for ages at menopause younger than 45 years.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139193172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of living condition using urbanisation level and neighbourhood deprivation with loneliness and social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of the nationwide data in Japan","authors":"N. Sasaki, Takahiro Tabuchi, Ryo Okubo, Daisuke Nishi","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000341","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the association of living condition (deprivation and urbanisation level) with loneliness and social isolation.Cross-sectional study.Data were retrieved from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey, a nationwide online cohort study, conducted from September to October 2021. Area Deprivation Index and Densely Inhabited District data were used as indicators of living condition. The Japanese version of the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale and Lubben Social Network Scale-6 were used to assess loneliness and social isolation, respectively. Analysis of covariance was performed to compare the difference in outcome variables by living conditions (four categories), adjusting for gender, age, educational attainment, income, marital status, people living with, work status and subjective health status.A total of 27 520 community dwelling people were included in this study. For loneliness, living condition did not show a significant difference in the adjusted model, while deprived area had a tendency to show high loneliness. For social isolation, there was a significant group difference in the adjusted model (p<0.001), and living in a higher urbanisation level and lower deprivation showed the highest score for social isolation.Overall, the effects of the living condition on loneliness and social isolation were small. Further study is needed to explore more comprehensive environment factors affecting loneliness and social isolation.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139293804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of a media campaign to improve access to contraception in Nigeria amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey","authors":"Oluwatosin Adeoye, Roselyn Odeh, Anthony Nwala, Fidelis Edet, Mopelola Raji, Hasiya Ahmadu, Raymond Songo, Fausiat Balogun, O. Idogho, Jennifer Anyanti","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000192","url":null,"abstract":"The total lockdown used to curtail COVID-19 infection in Nigeria disrupted access to contraception. Society for Family Health facilitated access to sexual reproductive healthcare information through an Omni-media campaign during the COVID-19 lockdown. The effect of this campaign was subsequently assessed.The cross-sectional survey was done among 3200 respondents, 15–49 years old from Lagos, Kano, Oyo and Kaduna states. Data were analysed using the SPSS V.21. Level of statistical significance was set at p value <0.05.41% of the respondents were aware of the campaign and 31.8% were directly reached with the messages. Oral contraceptive pills were the most heard-about contraception type (82.9%), and where to get contraception during the lockdown was the most common message (44.2%). Of those reached with the messages, 346 procured at least one form of contraceptive method, and 303 of these persons procured online. Respondents ≤34 years were more likely to procure contraception online compared with the older age groups (OR=3.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.52, p<0.003), unmarried respondents were more likely to procure contraception online compared with the married ones (OR=5.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.32, p<0.001), while respondents residing in the southern part of the country were more likely to procure contraception online compared with those residing in the northern part (OR=23.55, 95% CI 1.18–1.38, p<0.001).Online channel can be a viable potential avenue for contraceptive access, especially for the unmarried and young people, and the population generally.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139294071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of zero-dose vaccination status in early childhood and level of community socioeconomic development on learning attainment in preadolescence in India: a population-based cohort study","authors":"Mira Johri, Edmond SW Ng, Alyssa Sharkey, Delphine Bosson-Rieutort, G. Koné, S. V. Subramanian","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000022","url":null,"abstract":"‘Zero-dose’ children (infants who fail to receive the first dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-containing vaccine) face substantial adversity in early childhood and may be at risk of failure to thrive. To inform a new global policy, we studied the relationship between zero-dose vaccination status in early childhood and learning attainment in preadolescence, and considered whether community socioeconomic development moderated these relationships.We constructed a population cohort from the 2019 India Human Development Survey panel dataset to study the comparative performance of zero-dose versus vaccinated children identified in wave I (2004–2005) on basic learning tests at ages 8–11 in wave II (2011–2012). The outcome was a sum of reading, writing and math scores ranging from 0 (no knowledge) to 8. We fit three linear regression models examining whether child zero-dose status predicts learning attainment: a crude model, a main effects model including all prespecified covariates, and a model including an interaction between child zero-dose status and community development level.The analytic sample included 3781 children from 3781 households in 1699 communities, representing 18.2 million children. Predicted learning attainment scores for zero-dose children were lower than those for vaccinated children by −1.698 (95% CI −2.02 to −1.37; p<0.001) points (crude model) and −0.477 (95% CI −0.78 to −0.18; p<0.001) points (adjusted for all prespecified covariates). We found strong evidence of effect modification. The model including all prespecified correlates and an interaction predicted no effect of child zero-dose status in urban areas (p=0.830) or more developed rural villages (p=0.279), but an important effect in the least developed rural villages, where zero-dose children were expected to have test scores −0.750 (95% CI −1.15 to −0.344; p<0.001) points lower than vaccinated children.Zero-dose children living in contexts of very low socioeconomic development are at elevated risk of poor learning attainment in preadolescence.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139291483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship of cardiorenal risk factors with albuminuria based on age, smoking, glycaemic status and BMI: a retrospective cohort study of the UK Biobank data","authors":"Debasish Kar, Aya El-Wazir, Mintu Nath, P. Breeze, Karim Jetha, Mark Strong, Jim Chilcott, Melanie J Davies, Andrew Lee, S. Lusignan, K. Khunti, Amanda Adler, Elizabeth Goyder","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000172","url":null,"abstract":"Smoking is harmful, and its cessation is recommended to prevent chronic kidney disease, which often begins with abnormal leakage of albumin in the urine, called albuminuria. Smoking cessation’s effect on albuminuria depends on the pack-years smoked, length of abstinence, body mass index (BMI) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Using the UK Biobank data, we examined the relationship between these cardiorenal variables and albuminuria.For this study, we selected a UK Biobank cohort with urinary albumin concentration (UAC) in the first and second visits. Participants were divided into progressor and regressor groups, where progressors were defined as those with increased UAC value, and regressors were those with decreased UAC value. Three different logistic regression models were fitted. In model 1, with a cohort design, we explored the impact of a change in age, HbA1c and BMI between the first and second visits and the UAC. In model 2 and 3, in a cross-sectional design, we explored which cardiorenal risk factors were associated with a rise or fall of UAC at the time point of the second visit. Results are expressed in OR and 95% CI.The prevalence of albuminuria was highest in ex-smokers who started smoking between the ages of 13 and 18. With a mean duration of 51 months, there was no statistically significant relationship between smoking status and BMI with albuminuria. Each year of ageing and each unit of increase in HbA1c (mmol/mol) increased the odds of progression of albuminuria by 20% and 3%, respectively. In ex-smokers, at the time point of the second visit, each year of smoking increased, and each year of abstinence decreased the odds by 4% and 6%, respectively.Smokers should be supported to stop smoking and remain abstinent despite short-term weight gain. Childhood smoking should be actively discouraged.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139294754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculous meningitis patient pathways and delays to diagnosis in Indonesia: a retrospective cohort study","authors":"Gerine Nijman, D. Imran, S. Dian, A. Ganiem, R. Estiasari, K. Maharani, Raesa Yolanda, Mimin Supriatin, B. Alisjahbana, B. Lestari, R. Hamers, Philip C. Hill, R. van Crevel","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000052","url":null,"abstract":"Delays in diagnosis and treatment contribute to high mortality of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). We studied TBM patient pathways including delays to diagnosis, and their alignment with available diagnostic services in Indonesia.We recruited patients admitted to two tertiary hospitals who started TBM treatment. Participants or their relatives were interviewed to recall healthcare visits preceding TBM treatment. We also surveyed available diagnostic capacity for TBM at hospitals that had been visited by at least two patients preceding their study enrolment.Of 175 participants (median age 31 years, 57.1% men), 85.1% had reduced consciousness or coma, and 46.9% had motor deficits including hemiparesis. Patients attended a first healthcare provider, most often private clinics (38.3%) or informal healthcare providers (22.3%), at a median 14 days (IQR 1–34) after symptom onset. They visited multiple providers (median 5, IQR 3–8) over a prolonged time period (median 31 days, IQR 10–79) preceding TBM diagnosis. Of 40 surveyed hospitals, 52.5% could not or not always perform lumbar puncture, 22.5% lacked cerebral imaging facilities and 31.6% and 84.2%, respectively, could not provide routine microscopy or GeneXpert MTB/RIF on cerebrospinal fluid.In these urban settings in Indonesia, pathways to TBM diagnosis are complex and lengthy, and patients often visit healthcare providers with limited capacity to diagnose TBM. There is an urgent need for interventions to strengthen health literacy and diagnostic and referral processes in public and private health sectors for complex patient groups like TBM.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139303514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of social networks and norms on e-cigarette use among adolescents in Southern California: a prospective cohort study","authors":"Sarah E. Piombo, Jessica Barrington-Trimis, Thomas W Valente","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000163","url":null,"abstract":"Using social network analysis, we assessed the mechanisms of social influence that promote e-cigarette use in adolescent networks.Data on health behaviours and friendship networks from a cohort of 10 high schools in Southern California (N=1599) were collected in grade 9 Spring 2021 (W1), grade 10 Fall 2021 (W2) and Spring 2022 (W3). Two mixed effects logistic regression models were estimated (full sample and subsample of non-vapers only) to evaluate the associations of W1 and W2 pro-vaping norms, peer e-cigarette use exposure and prior e-cigarette use (full sample) on past 6-month vaping at W3, adjusting for demographic covariates and school clustering.Previous vaping was the strongest predictor of past 6-month vaping at W3 among the full sample. Greater exposure to friend e-cigarette use at W2 (adjusted OR (AOR)=12.2, 95% CI 4.04 to 36.5) and greater pro-vaping norms at W2 (AOR=2.63, 95% CI 1.24 to 5.55) were significantly and positively associated with increased odds of initiating e-cigarette use at W3 among students with no lifetime e-cigarette use.Peer network exposure and pro-vaping norms are significant predictors of vaping initiation even when network vaping prevalence is low.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139304137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}