BMJ Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Multimodal strategies to hand hygiene in Ghanaian hospitals: a cross-sectional study in the Eastern Region of Ghana","authors":"S. D. Dubik, Kingsly E Amegah, A. A. Owusu-Asare, Akosua Takyiwa Kwakye, Christiana Akufo, Joyce Amponsah, H. Awekeya, Leslie Vander Puije, Jocelyn Asibey, Seth Twum, Francis Mensa Akwetey, Portia Sam, W. Ofosu, A. Ackon, Sofonias Asrat, Hedidor George Kwesi, S. Ohene, M. Ashinyo","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000606","url":null,"abstract":"Hand hygiene (HH) is one of the core components of infection prevention and control and is critical for a high quality of care. Multimodal approaches are recommended to strengthen and drive HH systems in healthcare facilities (HCFs). We aimed to assess the extent of implementation of the WHO HH multimodal improvement strategy in HCFs in the Eastern Region of Ghana.This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 22 HCFs from 17 districts in the Eastern Region of Ghana. We collected data from 22 hospitals using the WHO Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework (HHSAF). Data were analysed through descriptive statistics.The HHSAF median score denotes an intermediate HH implementation level (53.5%, IQR 48.8%–58.3%). Fourteen HCFs attained an intermediate level, five attained basic level, one attained advanced level and no facility exhibited inadequate HH implementation level. Evaluation and feedback had the highest score (64.3%, IQR 50%–71.4%), as ward-based audits for the availability of HH resources have become standard practice in many of the HCFs. Reminders in the workplace had the lowest score (33.3%, IQR 25.9%–37.0%), whereby less than half (46%) of the HCFs had posters explaining the indications for HH and the correct use of alcohol-based hand rubs. HH implementation level did not differ significantly among government (M=49.97, SD=12.30) and non-government (M=53.32, SD=18.73) facilities, (t (20)=−0.503, p=0.621).Most HCFs had an intermediate HH implementation level. The provision of HH resources, including posters, HH rounds in patient care areas, introduction of HH corners, leadership, financial and organisational support are key elements for increased compliance with the WHO HH multimodal improvement strategy.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"82 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139888067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suicide mortality among individuals in federal prisons compared with the general population: a retrospective cohort study in the USA from 2009 to 2020","authors":"Katherine LeMasters, S. Ranapurwala, M. F. Behne, Emilie Duchesneau, M. Fliss, Jennifer Lao, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000544","url":null,"abstract":"Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in US prisons. Yet, administrative data lags years behind and reporting rarely accounts for differing age distributions between suicide rates between incarcerated and general populations. Our objective was to compare reported suicides rate among those incarcerated in federal prisons and the general population, accounting for age distributions, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2009–2020).Using data from the Federal Bureau of Prison, Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database and a retrospective cohort study design, we estimated age-standardised mortality rates and standardised mortality ratios comparing observed suicide mortality among those incarcerated in federal prisons to the expected mortality if they experienced the same age-specific suicide rates as the general population. We tested for linear trends over calendar year in each population.In federal prisons, 245 deaths were reported as suicides from 2009 to 2020 (5% of federal prison deaths). From 2009 to 2020, the observed suicide rate in prisons increased from 10.57 to 19.01 per 100 000 and the crude suicide rate in the general population increased from 15.41 to 17.26 per 100 000. After age standardisation, the observed suicide rate in prisons was lower than the suicide rate in the general population between 2009 and 2019, but surpassed it in 2020. In 2020, we observed 1.07 (95% CI: 0.74 to 1.57) times the number of suicides than we would expect if the prison population had the same age-stratified risk of suicide as the general population.Increasing suicide mortality in prisons is a public health crisis. In 2020, the age-standardised suicide rate in prison surpassed that of the general population, despite the incarcerated population being under high surveillance. To improve public health, decarceration community-based mental healthcare are promising solutions. Additionally, there is an urgent need for improved cause of death reporting quality in prisons.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139830810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental health effects of working as a legal professional in the field of asylum law: a systematic review","authors":"Leah Holt, Jessie Mulcaire, C. O'Driscoll, Sana Zard, Francesca Brady","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000729","url":null,"abstract":"Legal professionals work closely with asylum seekers at many points during an asylum claim. While there is an increasing literature examining the mental health effects of working with traumatised populations, there has been limited evidence focusing on the field of asylum law. This review aims to synthesise the current qualitative and quantitative literature on the mental health effects of working in asylum law.A systematic search from inception to 24 August 2023 was completed on the following databases: Web of Science, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PubMed, SCOPUS, Westlaw UK, Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals and Index to Legal Periodicals and Books. The search retrieved 11 studies (6 qualitative, 3 quantitative and 2 mixed methods). A thematic synthesis was completed for the qualitative research and a narrative synthesis was completed for the quantitative research, before the findings were integrated into a combined synthesis.Four main themes and 13 subthemes were generated by the qualitative research. The main themes were as follows: emotional labour, working in a broken system, emotions do not mix with law and detachment. The quantitative synthesis found a variety of measures used in the literature, indicating that common mental health concerns, such as burn-out, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and secondary trauma symptoms, are present across this professional group. The synthesis also provides preliminary findings relating to possible predictors of poor mental health.Despite limited evidence and methodological flaws in the literature, this review indicates that legal professionals are exposed to traumatised clients and difficult working conditions, both of which can negatively impact mental health. It also highlights a number of factors which may predict or perpetuate difficulties. Clinical implications, limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139882893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the gender difference in type 2 diabetes incidence in a Swiss cohort using latent class analysis: an intersectional approach","authors":"J. M. Barbier, M. Amiguet, Julien Vaucher, Aurélie M Lasserre, Carole Clair, Joëlle Schwarz","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000472","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes is multifactorial and influenced by the intersection of gender-related variables and other determinants of health. The aim of this study was to highlight the intersectional social position of the participants and disentangle its role from administrative sex in predicting the development of type 2 diabetes.Using CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study, a Swiss single-centre prospective cohort initiated in 2003 and including 6733 participants (age 35–75 years; 54% women) at baseline, we conducted latent class analyses using gender-related variables (eg, risk-taking behaviours, gender roles represented by employment status, etc) and socioeconomic determinants at baseline (2003–2006) to construct intersectional classes and we tested their association with the development of type 2 diabetes at follow-up (2018–2021).Of the 6733 participants enrolled at baseline, 3409 were included in our analyses (50.6%). Over a median follow-up time of 14.5 years, 255 (7.5%) participants developed type 2 diabetes, of which 158 men (62.0%). We identified seven latent classes highlighting different intersectional social position groups (ie,young, fit, educated men (N=413), non-White physically inactive men and women (N=170), highly qualified men, former or current smokers (N=557), working women living alone (N=914), low qualified working men with overweight (N=445), women with obesity, low education and low qualified job or housewives (N=329), low educated retired participants (N=581)). Using the class labelled as ‘young, fit, educated men’ as reference, the risk of incident type 2 diabetes was higher in all other classes (adjusted OR values between 4.22 and 13.47). Classes mostly feminine had a more unfavourable intersectional social position than that of the predominantly masculine classes. The corresponding OR increased in sex-adjusted regressions analyses.We observe cumulative intersectional effects across behavioural and socioeconomic profiles with different risks of developing type 2 diabetes emphasising the deleterious effect of a feminine gender profile. These patterns are only partly captured by traditional sex-stratified analyses.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139816114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Association of living condition using urbanisation level and neighbourhood deprivation with loneliness and social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of the nationwide data in Japan","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000341corr1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000341corr1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"6 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139885745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute kidney injury, the present on admission (POA) indicator and sex disparities: observational study of inpatient real-world data in a Swiss tertiary healthcare system. Explorative analysis","authors":"K. Triep, S. Musy, Michael Simon, O. Endrich","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000131","url":null,"abstract":"Regarding kidney disease (KD), sex differences in epidemiology and clinical relevance have been reported. Related to absolute and relative changes of baseline creatinine, different criteria for staging may induce underdiagnosis or overdiagnosis related to sex. At the largest Swiss provider of inpatient acute healthcare, a clinic decision support algorithm ensures exact staging of KD (2012 KDIGO Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Clinical Practice Guideline). Coding of the indicator ‘Present On Admission’ (POA) was introduced at this institution in 2018 to flag postadmission conditions.The explorative analysis aimed at differences in diagnosis groups. Defined indicators and the distribution of stages in acute kidney injury (AKI) were analysed using the POA flag. Sex differences were reported.Retrospective observational study. Explorative analysis. Routinely collected health data, 2019 and 2020 (121 757 cases) on the patient history and intensive care treatment duration, comorbidity levels, coded diagnoses, age and sex.Software and statistic: program R, V.4.1.1, SD; median, IQR; prop.test; standardised mean difference.The reporting of postadmission diagnoses showed more interhospital transfers, more intensive care stays, higher scores of severity and treatment intensity, more often mechanical ventilation, a higher age, a higher number of diagnoses, a higher complexity level of the related cases and mortality. This observation could be made to a lesser degree for the female population. However, for the female population mortality was higher (stage III AKI 41.6%).Using the POA flag, the results reflect the clinical situation of complications and comorbidities evolving unexpectedly. As our results show sex differences, that is, a lower morbidity of female patients for each stage, but a higher mortality, a deeper evaluation of the implied sex differences in staging of KD should follow.The general results confirm the necessity of a diagnosis-onset reporting in health statistics.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"29 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139814264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-sectional survey to explore knowledge, attitude, practices and impact of an intervention programme related to antibiotic misuse and self-medication among general population of Pakistan","authors":"Arifa Saif, Tahir Mehmood Khan, Allah Bukhsh, M. Yaseen, Alia Saif","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000758","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to observe the knowledge, attitude and practices related to antibiotic use, the prevalence of self-medication and non-adherence to the prescribed course of antibiotics across Pakistan.A cross-sectional quantitative study on knowledge, practices, attitude and adherence to antibiotic therapy was conducted from January 2021 to March 2022 among the adult population living in different areas across Pakistan. Individuals with poor knowledge were selected for video-based intervention programme. Video template produced by WHO to create antibiotic awareness was used for this purpose. A postintervention study was conducted to assess the improvement in their knowledge and practices regarding the use of antibiotics. Paired samples t-test was applied to assess the improvement in postintervention survey scores.68.9% (n=340/493) of the participants were female and the majority of the sample population was from urban areas. Our study revealed that 39.2% (n=196) of individuals have undergone self-medication with antibiotics in the last 6 months and 42% (n=207) of the total participants were non-adherent to antibiotic treatment plan. Lack of proper information from healthcare professionals was observed to be the most important barrier to antibiotic treatment adherence. The interventional video was shown to 31.64% (n=156/493) of participants who lack proper knowledge about antibiotic use and its associated problems. There appeared to be a significant improvement in the postintervention mean scores of knowledge, practices, attitude and adherence related to antibiotics.This study highlights the alarming situation of self-medication and non-adherence to antibiotic therapy. To cope with the situation, certain pertinent measures are direly needed before the precious lifesaving antibiotics become useless in eradicating various controllable microbial diseases.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139811950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the rate of inpatient admissions of prison residents with COVID-19 to the general population in England in 2020/2021 using Hospital Episode Statistics data","authors":"Miranda Davies, Anjana Roy","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000515","url":null,"abstract":"To compare the rate of inpatient admissions of prison residents with COVID-19 to the general population and to consider differences in the use of inpatient and outpatient services by prison residents in England in the first year of the pandemic (2020/2021), to the 12 months prior to the pandemic (2019/2020).The pseudonymised records of patients who accessed admitted patient care and outpatient hospital services from a prison address in England between 1 April 2019 and the 31 March 2021 were extracted from Hospital Episode Statistics data. Descriptive statistics summarise the most common primary admitting diagnosis and the proportion of outpatient appointments attended and not attended. Indirectly standardised adjusted admission rate was calculated to compare the rate of inpatient admissions by prison residents with COVID-19 to the general population.The standardised adjusted admission rate for COVID-19 was 2.2 times higher in prison than the general population. Hospital data highlight continuing challenges regarding high levels of violence and self-harm resulting in hospital admissions during a period when people were spending an increasing amount of time in their cells.Despite efforts to minimise the spread of COVID-19 in secure settings, prison residents in England were significantly more likely to be hospitalised with a COVID-19 diagnosis relative to the general population during the first year of the pandemic. This is in addition to the wider implications of the COVID-19 restrictions, particularly spending extended periods in isolation, on people’s mental health.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"91 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139827114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and associated factors among healthcare workers in selected health facilities of the Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study conducted in 2021","authors":"Yosef Wassihun, T. Berhe, Addisalem Melesse, Maereg Wolde, Rachana Sharma, Hnin Su Mon, Tesfaye Simireta, Hailemariam Addisu","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000642","url":null,"abstract":"The global COVID-19 pandemic poses substantial health challenges. Vaccination is key in preventing COVID-19, particularly among healthcare workers (HCWs), essential in curbing the pandemic. Despite global data on HCWs’ vaccine uptake, information about vaccination among HCWs in the Somali Region, Ethiopia, is scarce.This study aimed to assess COVID-19 uptake and determinant factors for HCWs in the Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021.A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 20 October 2021 to 30 October 2021, involving 440 systematically selected participants. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires, cleaned, coded and entered into Epi Info software (V.3.5.1; CDC). Subsequently, the data were exported to Stata software (V14.1) for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to report frequency, percentage, mean and SD. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In the final model, statistical significance was determined with a 95% CI and a p<0.05.A total of 427 HCWs were involved in this study. About 192 (45%) of the participants had a history of test for COVID-19 and 64 (15%) were tested positive for COVID-19 infection. Three hundred and three (76%) at 95% CI (70.3% to 80.6%) of HCWs got at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Other professions such as paramedics, environmental health and pharmacist were less likely to get COVID-19 vaccine than nurses (adjusted OR, AOR 0.2; 95% CI (0.06 to 0.53)). Participants who were concerned about the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine were less likely to receive it than individuals who were not concerned (AOR 0.01; 95% CI (0.002 to 0.052)).The vaccination uptake among HCWs in the region was relatively low, with the type of profession and concerns about vaccine availability being significant factors affecting the uptake.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"947 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139831488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and associated factors among healthcare workers in selected health facilities of the Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study conducted in 2021","authors":"Yosef Wassihun, T. Berhe, Addisalem Melesse, Maereg Wolde, Rachana Sharma, Hnin Su Mon, Tesfaye Simireta, Hailemariam Addisu","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000642","url":null,"abstract":"The global COVID-19 pandemic poses substantial health challenges. Vaccination is key in preventing COVID-19, particularly among healthcare workers (HCWs), essential in curbing the pandemic. Despite global data on HCWs’ vaccine uptake, information about vaccination among HCWs in the Somali Region, Ethiopia, is scarce.This study aimed to assess COVID-19 uptake and determinant factors for HCWs in the Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia, 2021.A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 20 October 2021 to 30 October 2021, involving 440 systematically selected participants. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires, cleaned, coded and entered into Epi Info software (V.3.5.1; CDC). Subsequently, the data were exported to Stata software (V14.1) for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to report frequency, percentage, mean and SD. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In the final model, statistical significance was determined with a 95% CI and a p<0.05.A total of 427 HCWs were involved in this study. About 192 (45%) of the participants had a history of test for COVID-19 and 64 (15%) were tested positive for COVID-19 infection. Three hundred and three (76%) at 95% CI (70.3% to 80.6%) of HCWs got at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Other professions such as paramedics, environmental health and pharmacist were less likely to get COVID-19 vaccine than nurses (adjusted OR, AOR 0.2; 95% CI (0.06 to 0.53)). Participants who were concerned about the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine were less likely to receive it than individuals who were not concerned (AOR 0.01; 95% CI (0.002 to 0.052)).The vaccination uptake among HCWs in the region was relatively low, with the type of profession and concerns about vaccine availability being significant factors affecting the uptake.","PeriodicalId":505519,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139891608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}