Aerospace最新文献

{"title":"What Do You Need? Information Requirements and Task Analysis of (Future) Advanced Air Mobility Pilots in the Emergency Medical Service","authors":"Dominik Janetzko, Bacem Kacem","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030197","url":null,"abstract":"In the domain of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), Simplified Vehicle Operations (SVOs) promise a reduction in handling complexity and training time for pilots. Designing a usable human–machine interface (HMI) for pilots of SVO-enabled aircraft requires a deep understanding of task and user requirements. This paper describes the results of two user research methods to gather these requirements. First, a traditional Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) mission was examined using a Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA). The findings were used to formulate a theoretical HTA for a single-piloted electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) system in such a scenario. In the second step, qualitative interviews with seven subject matter experts (pilots and paramedic support) in HEMS operations produced vital user requirements for HMI development. Key findings emphasize the necessity of a simplified information presentation and collision avoidance support in the HMI.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"698 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Flutter Suppression of a Wing Section in the Subsonic, Sonic and Supersonic Regimes by the H∞ Control Method","authors":"Álvaro Muñoz, P. García-Fogeda","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030198","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares various procedures for determining the optimal control law for a wing section in compressible flow. The flow regime includes subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows. For the evolution of the system in the Laplace plane, the present method makes use of the exact unsteady aerodynamic forces in this plane once the control law is established. This is a great advantage over other results previously published, where the unsteady aerodynamics in the Laplace plane are merely approximations of the curve-fitted values in the frequency domain (imaginary axis). A comparison of different control techniques like pole placement, LQR and H-infinity control demonstrates that the H-infinity controller is the optimal choice, exhibiting an H-infinity norm approximately two orders of magnitude lower than the LQR case. Furthermore, the H-infinity controller demonstrates lower pole values than those of the pole placement and LQR compensator, showing the advantage of the H-infinity controller in terms of economic efficiency.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"23 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140412337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airport Microgrid and Its Incorporated Operations","authors":"Chang-Ming Liaw, C. Yang, Ping-Hong Jhou","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030192","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the development of an airport bipolar DC microgrid and its interconnected operations with the utility grid, electric vehicle (EV), and more electric aircraft (MEA). The microgrid DC-bus voltage is established by the main sources, photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC), via unidirectional three-level (3L) boost converters. The proposed one-cycle control (OCC)-based current control scheme and quantitative and robust voltage control scheme are proposed to yield satisfactory responses. Moreover, the PV maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with FC energy-supporting approach is developed to have improved renewable energy extraction characteristics. The equipped hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consists of an energy-type battery and a power-type flywheel; each device is interfaced to the common DC bus via its own 3L bidirectional interface converter. The energy-coordinated operation is achieved by the proposed droop control. A dump load leg is added to avoid overvoltage due to an energy surplus. The grid-connected energy complementary operation is conducted using a neutral point clamped (NPC) 3L three-phase inverter. In addition to the energy support from grid-to-microgrid (G2M), the reverse mcrogrid-to-grid (M2G) operation is also conductible. Moreover, microgrid-to-vehicle (M2V) and vehicle-to-microgrid (V2M) bidirectional operations can also be applicable. The droop control is also applied to perform these interconnected operations. For the grounded aircraft, bidirectional microgrid-to-aircraft (M2A)/aircraft-to-microgrid (A2M) operations can be performed. The aircraft ground power unit (GPU) function can be preserved by the developed microgrid. The MEA on-board facilities can be powered by the microgrid, including the 115 V/400 Hz AC bus, the 270 V DC bus, the switched-reluctance motor (SRM) drive, etc.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"444 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140417313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Aspect Ratio Composite Wings: Geometrically Nonlinear Aeroelasticity, Multi-Disciplinary Design Optimization, Manufacturing, and Experimental Testing","authors":"T. Farsadi, Majid Ahmadi, Melin Sahin, H. Haddad Khodaparast, A. Kayran, M.I. Friswell","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030193","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of aerospace engineering, the design and manufacturing of high aspect ratio composite wings has become a focal point of innovation and efficiency. These long, slender wings, constructed with advanced materials such as carbon fiber and employing efficient manufacturing methods such as vacuum bagging, hold the promise of significantly lighter aircraft, reduced fuel consumption, and enhanced overall performance. However, to fully realize these benefits, it is imperative to address a multitude of structural and aeroelastic constraints. This research presents a novel aeroelastically tailored Multi-objective, Multi-disciplinary Design Optimization (MMDO) approach that seamlessly integrates numerical optimization techniques to minimize weight and ensure structural integrity. The optimized wing configuration is then manufactured, and a Ground Vibration Test (GVT) and static deflection analysis using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system are used to validate and correlate with the numerical model. Within the fully automated in-house Nonlinear Aeroelastic Simulation Software (NAS2) package (version v1.0), the integration of analytical tools offers a robust numerical approach for enhancing aeroelastic and structural performance in the design of composite wings. Nonlinear aeroelastic analyses and tailoring are included, and a population-based stochastic optimization is used to determine the optimum design within NAS2. These analytical tools contribute to a comprehensive and efficient methodology for designing composite wings with improved aeroelastic and structural characteristics. This comprehensive methodology aims to produce composite wings that not only meet rigorous safety and performance standards but also drive cost-efficiency in the aerospace industry. Through this multidisciplinary approach, the authors seek to underscore the pivotal role of tailoring aeroelastic solutions in the advanced design and manufacturing of high aspect ratio composite wings, thereby contributing to the continued evolution of aerospace technology.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"264 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140420793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maneuvering Decision Making Based on Cloud Modeling Algorithm for UAV Evasion–Pursuit Game","authors":"Hanqiao Huang, Weiye Weng, Huan Zhou, Zijian Jiang, Yue Dong","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030190","url":null,"abstract":"When facing problems in the aerial pursuit game, most of the current unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have good maneuverability performance, but it is difficult to utilize the overload maneuverability of UAVs properly; further, UAVs tend to be more costly, and it is often difficult to effectively prevent the enemy from reaching the tailgating position behind the UAV in the aerial pursuit game. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a maneuvering algorithm that can effectively allow a UAV to quickly protect itself in a disadvantageous position, stably and effectively select a maneuver with the maneuvering algorithm, and stably and effectively establish an advantage by moving to an advantageous position. Therefore, this paper establishes a cloud model-based UAV-maneuvering aerial pursuit decision-making model based on pursuit-and-evasion game positions. Based on the evaluation of the latter, when the UAV is at a disadvantage, we use the constructed defensive maneuver expert pool to abandon the disadvantageous position. When the UAV is at an advantage, we use cloud model-based pursuit-and-evasion game maneuvering decision making to establish an advantageous position. According to the results of the simulation examples, the maneuvering decision-making method designed in this paper confirms that the UAV can quickly abandon its position and establish an advantage in case of parity or disadvantage and that it can also stably establish a tail-chasing position in case of advantage.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"68 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140424117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hybrid Forecasting Model for Self-Similar Traffic in LEO Mega-Constellation Networks","authors":"Chi Han, Wei Xiong, Ronghuan Yu","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030191","url":null,"abstract":"Mega-constellation network traffic forecasting provides key information for routing and resource allocation, which is of great significance to the performance of satellite networks. However, due to the self-similarity and long-range dependence (LRD) of mega-constellation network traffic, traditional linear/non-linear forecasting models cannot achieve sufficient forecasting accuracy. In order to resolve this problem, a mega-constellation network traffic forecasting model based on EMD (empirical mode decomposition)-ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) and IGWO (improved grey wolf optimizer) optimized BPNN (back-propagation neural network) is proposed in this paper, which makes comprehensive utilization of linear model ARIMA, non-linear model BPNN and optimization algorithm IGWO. With the enhancement of the global optimization capability of a BPNN, the proposed hybrid model can fully realize the potential of mining linear and non-linear laws of mega-constellation network traffic, hence improving the forecasting accuracy. This paper utilizes an ON/OFF model to generate historical self-similar traffic to forecast. RMSE (root mean square error), MAE (mean absolute error), R-square and MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) are adopted as evaluation indexes for the forecasting effect. Comprehensive experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms traditional constellation network traffic forecasting schemes, with several improvements in forecasting accuracy and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140426952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Two Aerodynamic Models for Projectile Trajectory Simulation","authors":"Nezar Sahbon, Michał Welcer","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030189","url":null,"abstract":"The accuracy of aerodynamically controlled guided projectile simulations is largely determined by the aerodynamic model employed in flight simulations which impacts vehicle interaction with the surrounding air. In this work, the performance of projectile path following with two distinct aerodynamic models is examined for their possible influence on trajectory following accuracy. The study incorporates the path following guidance algorithm, which enables the object to navigate along a predefined path. The simulation mathematical model is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. In addition, by integrating the path-following algorithm with the two aerodynamic models, the dynamic behaviour of the aerodynamically controlled projectile can be compared. This allows for a more comprehensive analysis of the trajectory and the effects of each model on the desired flight path. Further research can explore the differences between the two models in greater detail and quantify their impact on unmanned projectile trajectory predictions, in addition to further exploring the specific characteristics and limitations of each model. This will involve analysing their assumptions, computational methods, and inputs to identify potential sources of error or uncertainty in the simulations. Moreover, these results have important implications for the design of aerodynamically controlled projectiles as well as a deeper understanding of aerodynamic mathematical modelling in flight simulation.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"38 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140424097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of the Shock-Related Unsteadiness around a Spiked-Blunt Body Based on a Novel DMD Energy Sorting Criterion","authors":"Yifan Wang, Jinglei Xu, Qihao Qin, Ruiqing Guan, Le Cai","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030188","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we propose a novel dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) energy sorting criterion that works in conjunction with the conventional DMD amplitude-frequency sorting criterion on the high-dimensional schlieren dataset of the unsteady flow of a spiked-blunt body at Ma = 2.2. The study commences by conducting a comparative analysis of the eigenvalues, temporal coefficients, and spatial structures derived from the three sorting criteria. Then, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic pressure signals are utilised as supplementary resources to explore their effectiveness in capturing spectral characteristics and spatial structures. The study concludes by summarising the characteristics and potential applications of DMD associated with each sorting criterion, as well as revealing the predominant flow features of the unsteady flow field around the spiked-blunt body at supersonic speeds. Results indicate that DMD using the energy sorting criterion outperforms the amplitude and frequency sorting criteria in identifying the primary structures of unsteady pulsations in the flow field, which proves its superiority in handling an experimental dataset of unsteady flow fields. Moreover, the unsteady pulsations in the flow field around the spiked-blunt body under supersonic inflow conditions are observed to exhibit multi-frequency coupling, with the primary frequency of 3.3 kHz originating from the periodic motion of the aftershock.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"60 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140427922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Impellers on the Cooling Performance of a Radial Pre-Swirl System in Gas Turbine Engines","authors":"Wenjie Shen, Suofang Wang, Xiaodi Liang","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030187","url":null,"abstract":"Impellers are utilized to increase pressure to ensure that a radial pre-swirl system can provide sufficient cooling airflow to the turbine blades. In the open literature, the pressurization mechanism of the impellers was investigated. However, the effect of impellers on the cooling performance of the radial pre-swirl system was not clear. To solve the aforementioned problem, tests were carried out to assess the temperature drop in a radial pre-swirl system with various impeller configurations (impeller lengths l/b ranging from 0 to 0.333). Furthermore, numerical simulations were used to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the radial pre-swirl system at high rotating Reynolds numbers. Theoretical and experimental investigations revealed that the pre-swirl jet and output power generate a significant temperature drop, but the impellers have no obvious effect on the system temperature drop. By increasing the swirl ratio, the impellers reduce the field synergy angle and thus improve convective heat transfer on the turbine disk. In addition, increasing the impeller length can reduce the volume-averaged field synergy angle and improve heat transfer, but the improvement effectiveness decreases as the impeller length increases. Thus, the study concluded that impellers could improve the cooling performance of the radial pre-swirl system by enhancing disk cooling.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"11 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140430259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Design of Ejector Nozzle Profile with Internal and External Integrated Flow","authors":"Yihe He, Xiaojuan Shi, Honghu Ji","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11030184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11030184","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the orthogonal experimental method, a simulation case of the flow field of the ejector nozzle was designed to investigate the influence of the structural parameters of the ejector nozzle on the internal and external flow. This study explored the effects of throat area, outlet area, throat position, and ejector nozzle length on the ejector flow rate ratio, thrust coefficient, and net thrust coefficient. Subsequently, flow path geometry optimization was conducted to maximize the thrust coefficient or net thrust coefficient. The results revealed that the throat area ratio and the outlet area of the ejector nozzle are the primary factors affecting the aerodynamic performance. Compared to the baseline ejector nozzle model, the optimal model for thrust coefficient exhibited a 16.333% improvement, while the optimal model for net thrust coefficient demonstrated a significant enhancement of 46.674%.","PeriodicalId":505273,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":"43 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140431468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}