Environmental Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Frozen out: unanswered questions about winter biology","authors":"A. Sutton, E. Studd, T. Fernandes, A. E. Bates, A. Bramburger, S. Cooke, B. Hayden, H. Henry, M. Humphries, R. Martin, B. McMeans, Eric R. D. Moise, A. O'Sullivan, Sapna Sharma, P. Templer","doi":"10.1139/ER-2020-0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2020-0127","url":null,"abstract":"Winter conditions impose dramatic constraints on temperate, boreal, and polar ecosystems, and shape the abiotic and biotic interactions underpinning these systems. At high latitudes, winter can las...","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46494022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in lakes and rivers: an issue of emerging significance to limnology","authors":"Geneviève D’Avignon, I. Gregory‐Eaves, A. Ricciardi","doi":"10.1139/er-2021-0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0048","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics—plastic particles in the size range of planktonic organisms—have been found in the water columns and sediments of lakes and rivers globally. The number and mass of plastic particles drifting through a river can exceed those of living organisms such as zooplankton and fish larvae. In freshwater sediments, concentrations of microplastics reach the same magnitude as in the world’s most contaminated marine sediments. Such particles are derived from a unique biogeochemical cycle that ultimately influences productivity, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, microplastics act as vectors of toxic substances to invertebrates, fishes, herpetofauna, and waterfowl. We contend that the concentration of this distinct particle component is an ecologically significant parameter of inland waterbodies because of its ubiquity, environmental persistence, and interactions with key ecological processes. No environmental field survey that has searched for microplastics has yet failed to detect their presence. Standardized limnological protocols are needed to compare spatio-temporal variation in the concentration of microplastics within and across watersheds. Data obtained from such protocols would facilitate environmental monitoring and inform policy for managing plastic waste; furthermore, they would enable more accurate modeling of contaminant cycling and the development of a global plastic budget that identifies sources, distribution and circulation pathways, reservoir size and retention times.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48030487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadmium pollution of water, soil, and food: a review of the current conditions and future research considerations in Latin America.","authors":"R. Peixoto, Prof.Dr. Carlos Jadán-Piedra","doi":"10.1139/er-2021-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0051","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of cadmium (Cd) in Latin American produced food has been in the spotlight in recent years. Regarding food safety, this element can be toxic to humans at low exposure levels, and its monitoring is a question of public health. Cadmium concentrations from different sources, such as water, soil, sediments, food and beverages were examined and discussed to address the non-occupational exposure of the Latin American population. A literature review was conducted, which considered publications from 2015 to 2020 and available in the ScienceDirect and PubMed databases. Twenty-eight papers were considered for Cd in water, forty-nine for Cd in soil and sediments, and eighty-six for Cd in food. We identify and discuss factors affecting Cd environmental behavior and bioaccumulation, the main species used in monitoring studies, and the necessity for future research. Brazil and Mexico are the countries with the most available information, whereas for some countries in Central America, no information was found. The Cd levels in food examined in these studies (mostly fish and cacao) were generally below the established maximum levels, indicating a low risk. When considering the presence of Cd in food, water, and soil, Cd fractionation and chemical speciation studies are fundamental to understand which Cd species are the most toxic. In turn, studies on bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd in food are also needed for more adequate risk assessment but they are currently scarce in all of Latin America.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49474003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural disturbance regimes for implementation of ecological forestry: a review and case study from Nova Scotia, Canada","authors":"D. Maclean, A. Taylor, Peter D. Neily, J. Steenberg, S. Basquill, E. Quigley, C. Boone, Morgan Oikle, Peter G. Bush, B. Stewart","doi":"10.1139/er-2021-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0042","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological forestry is based on the idea that forest patterns and processes are more likely to persist if harvest strategies produce stand structures, return intervals, and severities similar to those from natural disturbances. Taylor et al. (2020) reviewed forest natural disturbance regimes in Nova Scotia, Canada, to support implementation of ecological forestry. In this follow-up paper, we 1) review use of natural disturbance regimes to determine target harvest rotations, age structures, and residual stand structures; and 2) describe a novel approach for use of natural disturbance regimes in ecological forestry developed for Nova Scotia. Most examples of ecological forestry consider only the local, dominant disturbance agent, such as fire in boreal regions. Our approach included: 1) using current ecological land classification to map potential natural vegetation (PNV) community types; 2) determining cumulative natural disturbance effects of all major disturbances, in our case fire, hurricanes, windstorm, and insect outbreaks for each PNV; and 3) using natural disturbance regime parameters to derive guidelines for ecological forestry for each PNV. We analyzed disturbance occurrence and return intervals based on low, moderate, and high severity classes (<30, 30-60, and >60% of biomass of living trees killed), which were used to determine mean annual disturbance rates by severity class. Return intervals were used to infer target stand age-class distributions for high, moderate, and low severity disturbances for each PNV. The range of variation in rates of high severity disturbances among PNVs was from 0.28% yr-1 in Tolerant Hardwood to 2.1% yr-1 in the Highland Fir PNV, equating to return intervals of 357 years in Tolerant Hardwood to 48 yrs in Highland Fir PNVs. As an example, this return interval for the Tolerant Hardwood PNV resulted in target rotation lengths of 200 years for 35% of the PNV area, 500 years for 40%, and 1000 years for 25%. The proposed approach of determining natural disturbance regimes for PNV communities and calculating target disturbance rates and corresponding harvest rotation lengths or entry times appears to be a feasible method to guide ecological forestry in any region with a strong ecological land classification system and multiple disturbance agents.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47583937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Embracing the Concept of Becoming Environmental Problem Solvers: The Trainee Perspective on Key Elements of Success, Essential Skills and Mindset","authors":"Mx. A.P. Gale, Mx. J.O. Chapman, Mx. D. E. White, Mx. P. Ahluwalia, Mx. A.K.J. Williamson, Mx. K.R. Peacock, Mx. R. Akagbosu, Miss T.M. Lepine, Mx. I. Arizor, Mx. L.A. Bone, Mx. J. Brown, Mx. A.M. Fahrngruber, Mx. A. Goldberg-Flood, Mx. S. Kovirineni, Mx. S.J. Lamb-Laurin, M. N. Zia, Mx. S. Innocent, Mx. W. Lee, G. C. Moran, B. Nwasoria, Mx. N.A. Ouellette, Mx. R. Pendlebury, Mx. A. Prue, Mx. J. Sokolowski, Mx. P. Namutosi, Mx. T. Tesfay, M. Oliver, E. Nyboer, S. Cooke","doi":"10.1139/ER-2021-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2021-0040","url":null,"abstract":"Life in the Anthropocene is characterized by many environmental problems, and, unfortunately, more continue to emerge. Although much effort is focused on identifying problems, this does not necessarily translate to solutions. This transcends to the training environment where students are often adept at understanding and dissecting problems but rarely are explicitly equipped with the skills and mindset to solve them. Here a group of undergraduate students and their instructors reflect on embracing the concept of becoming environmental problem solvers. We first identify themes associated with historical and contemporary environmental successes that emerged from our reading – or more specifically, we identify the recipe elements that underlie environmental success stories. Key elements of success involved setting clear objectives, identifying the scale of the problem, learning from failure, and consulting diverse knowledge sources. Next, we reflect on the skills and mindset that would best serve environmental problem solvers and enable future successes. Essential skills include innovative and critical thinking, ability to engage in collaborative teamwork, capacity to work across boundaries, and resilience. In terms of mindset, key attributes include the need for courage, enthusiasm and commitment, optimism, open mindedness, tenacity, and adaptability. We conclude with a brief discussion of ideas for revising training and curriculum to ensure that students are equipped with the aforementioned skills and mindset. The ideas shared here should contribute to ensuring that the next generation of learners have the ability to develop solutions that will work for the benefit of the environment, biodiversity, and humanity. Solving environmental problems will increasingly fall to the next generation so it is time to ensure that they are prepared for that task.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47352582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of studies analysing glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) occurrence in groundwater","authors":"L. Carretta, R. Masin, G. Zanin","doi":"10.1139/ER-2020-0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2020-0106","url":null,"abstract":"The herbicide glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) has been the most commonly applied herbicide worldwide for the past 40 years. This review aims to present and discuss the state of knowledge concerning groundwater contamination by glyphosate and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). A dataset of 48 reports and articles reporting glyphosate and AMPA detection in groundwater worldwide was constructed from published literature. Specific attention was given to the analysis of available studies on glyphosate and AMPA transport in groundwater to investigate groundwater contamination factors. The information presented in this review highlights detectable groundwater contamination in several countries globally, with many cases exceeding European groundwater quality standards. Both agricultural and non-agricultural applications of glyphosate can be significant sources of pollution, and proximity to agricultural fields is a significant risk factor. AMPA has two primary sources, glyphosate and amino polyphosphates, but very little information is available about the origin of AMPA detected in groundwater. Glyphosate and AMPA transport to groundwater can be significant in well-structured soils rich in macropores, where it generally occurs via preferential flow. An inverse relationship was highlighted between the groundwater depth and glyphosate and AMPA occurrence and concentration in groundwater; however, some discrepancies among the studies were identified. Heavy rainfall shortly after glyphosate application poses a high risk of its transport to groundwater. Seasonal trends in glyphosate and AMPA in groundwater, related to application timing, agronomic practices, and weather conditions, were also observed. Finally, risk-management measures are proposed.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45599446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical, contemporary, and future perspectives on a coupled social-ecological system in a changing world: Canada’s historic Rideau Canal","authors":"Jordanna N. Bergman, C. Beaudoin, Isha Mistry, Audrey Turcotte, C. Vis, Valerie Minelga, Kate L. Neigel, Hsien‐Yung Lin, J. Bennett, N. Young, C. Rennie, Lindsay Trottier, A. E. Abrams, P. Beaupré, D. Glassman, G. Blouin‐Demers, D. Garant, Lisa A. Donaldson, J. Vermaire, J. Smol, S. Cooke","doi":"10.1139/ER-2021-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2021-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic waterways and canal systems have been part of the cultural and natural landscape for thousands for years. As of the late 20th century, more than 63,000-km of canals exist worldwide as transport routes for navigation, many with barriers (e.g., locks, dams) that fragment the system and decrease connectivity. Fragmentation alone can have negative implications for freshwater biodiversity; by isolating populations and communities, other human-mediated disturbances associated with canals like poor water quality and invasive species can exacerbate these negative effects. As such, the capacity of these interconnected freshwater systems to support biodiversity is continuously degrading at a global level. One critical, highly complex issue that unites canals worldwide is the challenge of governing these systems in a holistic, unified way to both protect biodiversity and preserve historical elements. Managing historic canals involves multiple objectives across many agencies and stakeholders, often with different or conflicting objectives. Here, we use the Rideau Canal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and National Historic Site of Canada, as a case study to demonstrate the importance of considering canals as social-ecological systems for effective and efficient governance. Historic canals are integrated systems of both humans (social) and the environment (ecological), linked by mutual feedbacks and coevolution, and must be managed as such to achieve conservation goals while maintaining commemorative integrity. We discuss the history of the Rideau Canal and its current governance, biodiversity in the waterway, different threats and issues (user conflicts, aquatic pollution, shoreline development, water management, species at risk, and invasive species), and conclude by outlining ways to address the challenges of managing it as a coupled social-ecological system. We present different research needs and opportunities that would enable better management, though above all, we propose a shift from the current governance structure – which at best can be considered “patchwork” – to a coordinated, multi-scalar and multi-stakeholder governance regime such that the Rideau Canal can be maintained for its historical integrity without compromising biodiversity conservation. Given that canals are now pervasive worldwide, this article is not only topical to the Rideau Canal, but also to other waterways in Canada and beyond.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47402538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effects of climate change on urban watersheds: a review and call for future research","authors":"N. Alamdari, T. Hogue","doi":"10.1139/ER-2021-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2021-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable efforts have been made to control and manage hydrology and water quality of watersheds impacted by urban development through construction of stormwater control measures (SCMs). Climate change (CC) could, however, undermine these efforts through intensifying precipitation and hydrologic extremes. Although the impact of CC on water resources has been well-documented, its impact on urban hydrology remains less studied. CC may complicate sustainable urban hydrology, which can cause reduction in SCM efficiency with changes in precipitation pattern (i.e., change in duration, frequency, depth, and intensity). More intense precipitation may result in reduced runoff reduction and treatment efficiency given that SCMs have the finite surface storage volume and surface infiltration capacity. Determining the functionality of various SCMs under future climate projections is important to better understand the impact of CC on urban stormwater and how well these practices can build resiliency into our urban environment. The purpose of this review is to provide the needs and opportunities for future research on quantifying the effect of CC on urban SCMs and characterizing the performance and effectiveness of these systems under existing and projected climate scenarios. A summary of the modeled constituents as well as the stormwater and climate models applied in these studies is provided. We concluded that there are still limitations in exploring the impact of future change in meteorological variables will influence the operation of SCMs in the long-term. Previous studies mostly focused on the impacts of CC on urban runoff quantity and only handful studies have explored water quality impacts from CC such as potential changes in water temperature, metals and pathogens. Assessing pollutant removal efficiency of SCMs such as bioretention, infiltration trenches, dry and wet swales, rooftop disconnections, wet and dry ponds, which are common practices in urban watersheds, also needs more attention. Analysis on the cost of adapting SCMs to CC to maintain the same performance as current climate conditions is also recommended for future research.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46074773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of the National Pollutant Release Inventory in environmental research: a scoping review","authors":"A. Berthiaume","doi":"10.1139/ER-2020-0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2020-0122","url":null,"abstract":"The National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), which has been collecting and disseminating pollutant data since 1994, is Canada’s legislated, publicly accessible inventory of pollutant releases (...","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"329-339"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45848580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brownfields over the years: from definition to sustainable reuse.","authors":"Guillaume Jacek, A. Rozan, Maylis Desrousseaux, I. Combroux","doi":"10.1139/ER-2021-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2021-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Urban development is often confronted with a lack of available space. Brownfield sites offer great potential for sustainable urban planning because of their often-central location and the benefits associated with their redevelopment. Although the interest in brownfield regeneration has led to a lot of research on this topic, there is not yet a comprehensive review of brownfield research. In this review, we analyze the research on brownfields and provide a picture of the published case studies. We focus primarily on brownfields research in the United States, Europe, and China. This exploratory research is based on an analysis of the published scientific literature available in the Web of Science database. Initially used in North America, the term brownfield quickly became popular in the rest of the world, particularly in Europe. However, with the exception of the United States, there is no specific legislation for these sites; their protection is often based indirectly on directives or laws related to soil pollution, biodiversity or the environment. The perception of the potential use of brownfield sites varies considerably from one part of the world to another, and international collaborations between researchers from different parts of the world remain limited. Most of the described reuses of brownfield sites are forms of soft reuse (53%), and the type of reuse of a site depends more on the surrounding urbanization levels and the specific region than on the past use of a brownfield site. Despite the continued interest in the rehabilitation of these sites, especially due to the increasing demand for nature in the city following the Covid-19 crisis, many questions regarding the future of brownfield sites remain unanswered. The factors influencing their successful redevelopment are unclear, and further research is urgently needed to ensure a truly sustainable re-use of these sites.","PeriodicalId":50514,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49076717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}