Ethology最新文献

{"title":"Juvenile hormone and temperature effects in the postzygotic parental investment of male waterbug Abedus ovatus (Belostomatidae)","authors":"Víctor Argaez,&nbsp;Roberto Munguía-Steyer","doi":"10.1111/eth.13440","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13440","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parental investment is any expenditure of time or energy by parents that increases their offspring survival at the cost of future reproduction. The costs associated with parental investment can be reflected in a deterioration of their physiological condition. In insects, juvenile hormone has been identified as having a role in the control of parental care. However, its effects on parental investment remain unclear for many taxa, especially in species with exclusive paternal care. We evaluated whether juvenile hormone influences postzygotic parental investment in <i>Abedus ovatus</i>, a waterbug with exclusive paternal care. Males provide parental care by carrying eggs on their backs and ventilating them by generating water currents through push-ups called brood pumping. In an experiment, we applied methoprene (an analog of juvenile hormone) to males at early and late parental care stages and quantified the frequency of brood pumping and the contents of energy reserves (lipids, carbohydrates, and glycogen) at the end of parental care as a measure of physiological condition. We found that methoprene increases the frequency of brood pumping only when the water temperature increases. However, there was no correlation between the parent's energy reserves and methoprene treatments. We found that males who cared for large egg pads had lower amounts of lipids and carbohydrates at the end of parental care, and both effects are greater as the water temperature increases. These results suggest that energy expenditure during parental care is high due to intense muscular activity during brood pumping, which depletes male energy reserves and could affect future reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139553825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body size and predator cues structure variation in defensive displays of Neotropical calico snakes (Oxyrhopus spp.)","authors":"Briana A. Sealey,&nbsp;Joanna G. Larson,&nbsp;Erin P. Westeen,&nbsp;Ciara M. Sánchez-Paredes,&nbsp;Talia Y. Moore,&nbsp;Alison R. Davis Rabosky","doi":"10.1111/eth.13439","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13439","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Interactions between predator and prey are fundamental drivers of ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Behavioral responses are one of the most common strategies that prey species use to deter predation, especially through highly stereotyped defensive displays. However, these displays are also predicted to show strong context-dependence, in which individuals can dynamically employ different display elements as a function of their own characteristics (e.g., age and sex) or those of the predator (e.g., type of predator). In this study, we experimentally tested for the effects of four simulated predator cues on defensive displays in two species of South American calico snakes (genus <i>Oxyrhopus</i>). We found that juvenile snakes were both more likely to respond and to respond more strongly than adults and that displays were most common in response to tactile stimuli than to other treatments. However, we also found broad similarity across both simulated predator treatments and species in the components used in each snake's defensive display, suggesting a high degree of stereotyping. This research suggests an important role for both ontogeny and intensity of predation risk in structuring variation in defensive behavior in Neotropical snakes and emphasizes the foundational importance of context dependence in conceptual frameworks for understanding predator–prey interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139523945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How context influences primates' decisions about reciprocity","authors":"Sarah F. Brosnan","doi":"10.1111/eth.13433","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13433","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reciprocally patterned behavior is widespread in animals in the wild, but experimental evidence has been frustratingly inconsistent. Contrary to earlier contentions that this inconsistency is because reciprocity in non-human species is a rare or fragile effect, recent authors have argued that the evidence suggests that reciprocity is widespread, that it often relies on cognitive mechanisms that are common across species, and is potentially an important factor in animals' daily lives. Another possible explanation for its apparent rarity, then, is that due to experimental studies' (intentionally) structured environment, they can lack the appropriate context to promote and support reciprocity. Focusing on outcomes from experimental reciprocal tasks in non-human primates, I consider several factors that may be important, including the identity of the interactors and their relationship to one another, whether there is free choice of partners, whether the individuals are interacting directly, the timing of the interaction, the commodity involved, whether individuals have a reason to reciprocate, and the equity of the interaction. Clarifying the role of each of these factors will help improve experimental tasks and the social and ecological contexts that promote reciprocity.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139525121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterospecific interference modulates the reproductive traits of a ladybird beetle","authors":"Mohd Sariq,&nbsp; Omkar,&nbsp;Geetanjali Mishra","doi":"10.1111/eth.13434","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13434","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reproductive interference between species is vital to understand interspecific interactions along with their ecological and evolutionary patterns in nature. We studied potential reproductive interference between two sympatric species of ladybird beetles <i>Propylea dissecta</i> and <i>Cheilomenes sexmaculata</i> (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Our aim was to determine whether heterospecific matings occur between these two species, and if so, how they affect the reproductive output of females of both species. We found that heterospecific mating occurs, with <i>P. dissecta</i> females mating with <i>C. sexmaculata</i> males, but not vice versa. To compare the effect of conspecific and heterospecific males on the reproductive output of <i>P. dissecta</i> females, we used two mixed mating treatments: conspecific mixed (an additional <i>P. dissecta</i> male with conspecific pair of <i>P. dissecta</i>), and heterospecific mixed (a <i>C. sexmaculata</i> male with conspecific pair of <i>P. dissecta</i>). We found that conspecific interference did not affect reproductive parameters. However, the presence of a heterospecific <i>C. sexmaculata</i> male interfered with conspecific matings in <i>P. dissecta</i> through multiple mating attempts, resulting in reduced fitness and reproductive success of <i>P. dissecta</i>. Our results indicate that the presence of heterospecific males significantly affected the reproductive output of <i>P. dissecta</i>, apparently as a result of the greater attempted mating activity of <i>C. sexmaculata</i> males. Our findings may be relevant for effective biocontrol strategies involving these insect species.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139410728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do pet dogs reciprocate the receipt of food from familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics?","authors":"Jim McGetrick,&nbsp;Leona Fux,&nbsp;Johannes Schullern-Schrattenhofen,&nbsp;Jean-Loup Rault,&nbsp;Friederike Range","doi":"10.1111/eth.13430","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13430","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reciprocity is one of the most prominent explanations for the evolution of stable cooperation. Although reciprocity has been studied for decades in numerous animal species and behavioural contexts, its underlying proximate mechanisms remain unclear. Domestic dogs provide a useful model species for the study of proximate mechanisms, though there are currently inconsistent findings regarding dogs' propensity to reciprocate. Here, we investigated whether, after minimal training, pet dogs would press a button, which remotely controlled a food dispenser, to deliver food to an enclosure occupied by a helpful conspecific that had provided them with food or an unhelpful conspecific that had not provided them with food. We included an asocial control condition in which the enclosure was unoccupied and a social facilitation control in which the food delivery mechanism was non-functional. Whether subjects were familiar with the helpful and unhelpful conspecifics was also varied. In addition, to investigate potential mechanisms underlying reciprocity, we measured subjects salivary oxytocin concentration before and after they experienced the helpful and unhelpful acts. There was no effect of the previous helpfulness or the familiarity of the partner on the number of times subjects pressed the button. However, there was also no effect of the presence of a partner or the operationality of the food delivery mechanism on the number of button presses, indicating that subjects were not pressing the button to provision the partner. Moreover, the experience of the helpful or unhelpful act did not influence subjects' salivary oxytocin concentration. Variation in findings of reciprocity across studies appears to correspond with differing training protocols. Subjects' understanding of the task in the current study may have been constrained by the limited training received. Additional tests to verify subjects' understanding of such tasks are warranted in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139465061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic visual noise has limited influence on the habitat selection and behavioural activity of crustaceans and cephalopods","authors":"Christian Drerup,&nbsp;Martin J. How,&nbsp;James E. Herbert-Read","doi":"10.1111/eth.13432","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13432","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Environments contain various forms of noise that can interfere with the ability of animal sensory systems to perceive information. One ubiquitous type of visual noise in shallow aquatic habitats is caustic flicker (or caustics), consisting of dynamically moving light patterns caused by the refraction of light when passing through the water's rippling surface. While some teleost fish avoid environments with caustic noise (where their prey can be more difficult to detect), it remains untested whether caustics affect the habitat selection of invertebrates. In the present study, we ask whether three invertebrate species, the shore crab <i>Carcinus maenas</i>, the brown shrimp <i>Crangon crangon</i>, and the common cuttlefish <i>Sepia officinalis</i>, prefer or avoid associating with environments with caustic noise, and whether caustics affect their behavioural activity and habitat exploration. To do this, we exposed the three species in binary choice experiments to different simulated caustic noise levels varying in their temporal (speed) and spatial (definition) components. Neither of the three tested invertebrate species spent more or less time in environments with higher caustic noise levels. While we also found no evidence that caustics affected the behavioural activity and exploration of <i>Ca. maenas</i> and <i>S. officinalis</i>, the brown shrimp <i>Cr. crangon</i> reduced its activity with increasing spatial caustic noise. However, all obtained effect sizes in this study were small, suggesting that caustic noise only minimally affects invertebrate behaviour. Overall, our results show that, unlike in teleost fish, caustics have limited influence on the habitat selection, exploration, and activity of crustaceans and cephalopods.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139410947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of short- and long-term enrichment on brain and behavior in Trinidadian guppies","authors":"R. Quinn Iffert,&nbsp;Laura R. Stein","doi":"10.1111/eth.13436","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13436","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Environmental enrichment (EE) often increases positive behavioral and physiological effects on captive animals. Fish are commercially and scientifically important taxa that have been shown to benefit from EE. Here we examined the effects of both short- and long-term EE in Trinidadian guppies (<i>Poecilia reticulata</i>). In the short-term exposure to EE, female guppies were raised in standard conditions, and after reaching adulthood were moved to either an enriched or a deprived environment for 2 weeks. Long-term exposure guppies were reared from birth for 12 weeks (until sexual maturity) in either an enriched or deprived environment. We then assessed growth, brain size, and neophobic and exploratory behaviors in standard assays. Guppies given EE were bolder, regardless of timescale, although females showed a more pronounced change in behaviors than males. We further found that guppies reared with EE were smaller yet had larger relative brain sizes than guppies reared under deprived conditions. Here we highlight that EE had influenced growth, brain size, neophobic, and exploratory behaviors in guppies, and behavioral changes were observed after only 2 weeks. Our results highlight the need for assessing the influences of EE in captivity, in particular for researchers studying cognition and behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139376402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stuck on you: Wind-dispersed seeds attach to the external surfaces of a tree frog","authors":"John Gould,&nbsp;Jose W. Valdez","doi":"10.1111/eth.13435","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13435","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many plants exploit the ability of animals to move in order to disperse their pollen and seeds. Despite the growing understanding of the role animals play in the reproductive lives of plants, there are few examples of amphibians contributing to these processes. We report on an Australian tree frog, <i>Litoria fallax</i>, interacting with and likely moving seeds of the broad-leaved cumbungi, <i>Typha orientalis</i>, over short distances via external transport. Field observations revealed both juvenile and adult <i>L. fallax</i> individuals carrying typha seeds, which were adhered to the skin on the feet, legs, belly and dorsum. Approximately 30% of observed frogs were found to be carrying 1–14 seeds at a time. The small size and specialised fibre tufts of typha seeds, which enable them to be primarily dispersed by wind, also make them susceptible to being unintentionally picked up and transported by <i>L. fallax</i> as they move through aquatic environments. The moist surfaces of frogs, coupled with their presence in freshwater systems that can be dominated by typha, create favourable conditions for seed attachment. These findings highlight a previously unknown interaction between an amphibian and a plant that enables seed dispersal, supporting the need for further exploration into unexpected plant vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139092139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reciprocity versus pseudo-reciprocity: A false dichotomy","authors":"Gerald G. Carter","doi":"10.1111/eth.13431","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13431","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reciprocity and pseudo-reciprocity are two important models for the evolution of cooperation and often considered alternative hypotheses. Reciprocity is typically defined as a scenario where help given <i>causes</i> help received: cooperation is stabilized because each actor's cooperative investments are conditional on the cooperative returns from the receiver. Pseudo-reciprocity is a scenario where help <i>enables</i> byproduct returns: cooperation is inherently stable because the actor's cooperative investments yield byproduct returns from the receiver's self-serving behavior. These models are strict alternatives only if reciprocity is defined by the restrictive assumption of zero <i>fitness interdependence</i>, meaning that the helper has no “stake” in the receiver's fitness. Reciprocity and interdependence are, however, not mutually exclusive when helping can increase both reciprocal help and byproduct returns. For instance, helping partners survive can simultaneously increase their willingness to reciprocate, their ability to reciprocate, and byproduct benefits of their existence. Interdependence can “pave the road” to reciprocal helping, and partners who reciprocate help can also become interdependent. However, larger cooperative investments can increase the need for responsiveness to partner returns. Therefore, most long-term cooperative relationships involve both responsiveness and interdependence. Categorizing these relationships as “reciprocity” can be viewed as ignoring interdependence, but calling them ‘pseudo-reciprocity’ is confusing because stability also comes from the cooperative investments being conditional on returns. Rather than conceptualizing cooperation into <i>discrete categories</i>, it is more insightful to imagine a coordinate system with responsiveness and interdependence as <i>continuous dimensions</i>. One can ask: To what degree is helping behavior responsive to the partner's behavior? And to what degree does the helper inherently benefit from the receiver's survival or reproduction? The amounts of responsiveness and interdependence will often be hard to estimate, but both are unlikely to be zero. Identifying their relative importance, and how that changes over time, would greatly clarify the nature of cooperative relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138949967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On closer inspection: Reviewing the debate on whether fish cooperate to inspect predators","authors":"A. Li Veiros,&nbsp;Manon K. Schweinfurth,&nbsp;Michael M. Webster","doi":"10.1111/eth.13427","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eth.13427","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cooperative behaviours, which benefit a recipient, are widespread in the animal kingdom; yet their evolution is not straightforward. Reciprocity, i.e., cooperating with previously experienced cooperative partners, has been suggested to underly cooperation, but has been contested throughout the years. Once a textbook example of reciprocity was cooperative predator inspection, where one or several individuals leave their group to approach a potential threat. Each can at any point stop or retreat, increasing the risk for its partner. It was suggested that inspecting individuals follow a specific reciprocal strategy called tit-for-tat, i.e., cooperating on the first move and then copying the partner's last move. Numerous studies provide evidence to support the claim that fish cooperate to inspect predators, including three-spined sticklebacks (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>), guppies (<i>Poecilia reticulata</i>) and minnows (<i>Phoxinus phoxinus</i>). However, over the past few decades some scholars have expressed scepticism whether predator inspection is indeed a cooperative behaviour or rather a case of by-product mutualism, which describes behaviours that benefit a partner as a corollary of an otherwise selfish behaviour. For instance, it has been shown that pairs of fish moving in unfamiliar environments appear to coordinate movements even in the absence of predators. Many studies have also used coarse measures of overall approach rates towards predators rather than the fine-grained analyses necessary to infer tit-for-tat in cooperative inspections. Now is the time to return to the question of cooperative predator inspection with new tools and approaches to resolve a decades-old debate.</p>","PeriodicalId":50494,"journal":{"name":"Ethology","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eth.13427","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138823778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}