Exercise Immunology Review最新文献

{"title":"A soy-based supplement alters energy metabolism but not the exercise-induced stress response.","authors":"Aloys Berg,&nbsp;Denise Schaffner,&nbsp;Yolanda Pohlmann,&nbsp;Manfred W Baumstark,&nbsp;Peter Deibert,&nbsp;Daniel König,&nbsp;Albert Gollhofer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the changes in endurance capacity as well as in metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory markers induced by endurance training combined with a soy,protein based supplement.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Randomized controlled study consisting of moderate endurance training without (GO) or with (G1) a soy protein based supplement.</p><p><strong>Subjects: </strong>Two groups of 15 subjects (10 males and 5 females in each group): healthy sports students aged 23.6 +/- 1.9 years.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Body composition (body mass (BM), body density (BD) by air displacement) and physical fitness (determined by treadmill ergometry) were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks of the intervention; changes in circulating metabolic and hormonal parameters (glucose, lactate, urea, uric acid, ammonia, cortisol, insulin, IGF-1), and exercise-induced stress and inflammatory markers (CK, LDH, myoglobin, hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-10, blood cell counts) were determined after the intervention period in afield test (11.5 km running on hilly ground).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>30 participants completed the 6-week study; 28 students were able to perform the field test. No significant changes in BM and BD were noted after intervention with only slight increases in running performance and maximum aerobic capacity in the total group (2%, p=0.016). Subjects in the G1 group showed significant improvements in running velocity and lower lactate values following the intervention (-12%, p=0,003). In addition, the G1 group showed significantly lower differences in the exercise-induced increase of metabolic parameters (triglycerides, uric acid) and insulin in the post-exercise recovery period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data suggest that moderate endurance training in combination with a soy-based protein supplement improves aerobic energy supply and metabolic function in healthy sports students, even without changes in body composition and without changes in the exercise-induced stress and inflammatory reaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"18 ","pages":"128-41"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30821440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune cell inflammatory cytokine responses differ between central and systemic compartments in response to acute exercise in mice.","authors":"Nabeel Pervaiz,&nbsp;Laurie Hoffman-Goetz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exhaustive exercise induces apoptosis and oxidative stress in systemic organs and tissues and is associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The effects of acute exercise on cytokine expression and apoptosis of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) have not been well characterized.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We investigated the effects of a single bout of strenuous exercise on the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-beta, as well as the apoptotic status of cells in the hippocampus of healthy mice. To compare central vs. systemic differences, cytokine expression in the intestinal lymphocytes of a subset of mice were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: sedentary controls (NOTREAD) (n = 22), treadmill exercise with immediate sacrifice (TREAD-Imm) (n = 21), or treadmill exercise with sacrifice after 2 hours (TREAD-2h). TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta expression in the hippocampus and intestinal lymphocytes were measured by Western blot analysis. Percentages of hippocampal cells undergoing apoptosis (Annexin+) or necrosis (Propidium Iodide+) were determined through flow cytometry. Plasma levels of 8-isoprostane and corticosterone were measured using commercially available EIA kits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Acute treadmill exercise led to significant decreases in TNF-alpha (p<0.05) and increases in IL-6 (p<0.05) expression in the hippocampus of healthy mice. No effects of acute exercise on the apoptotic status of hippocampal cells were observed. In intestinal lymphocytes, the exercise bout led to significant increases in TNF-alpha (p<0.05), IL-6 (p<0.05), and IL-1beta (p<0.05). Acute exercise was associated with a significant increase in both plasma 8-isoprostane (p<0.05) and corticosterone (p<0.05) levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acute exercise differentially affects the pattern ofpro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the hippocampus compared to intestinal lymphocytes and, further, does not induce apoptosis in hippocampal cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"18 ","pages":"142-57"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30821441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of endotoxin exposure after exhausting exercise on the immune system in solid organ transplant recipients.","authors":"Ingmar Königsrainer,&nbsp;Markus Löffler,&nbsp;Sarah Bühler,&nbsp;Michael Walter,&nbsp;Luana Schafbuch,&nbsp;Stefan Beckert,&nbsp;Jörg Glatzle,&nbsp;Philipp Horvath,&nbsp;Hinnak Northoff,&nbsp;Silvio Nadalin,&nbsp;Alfred Königsrainer,&nbsp;Derek Zieker","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subsequent to prolonged exhausting exercise a transient immunosuppression is often observed in athletes. This so-called \"open window\" results in a reduced resistance of the athletes to viral and bacterial infections after an exhaustive exercise bout. Concerning the effect of bacterial endotoxin contact after exhausting exercise in transplant recipients, who are innately immunosuppressed by their medication, no data exists at present. After performing 81 km cycling, including ascending more than 1800 m in altitude, peripheral blood from 10 male kidney transplant recipients and from 10 healthy controls matched for age and gender was obtained. Simulating contact of the athletes with a pathogen post-exercise, the blood samples were incubated with Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Thereafter microarray analysis was performed. Microarray analysis revealed a markedly oppositional pattern of gene expression in transplant recipients compared with their controls after LPS incubation. Especially immune response genes were significantly over-represented in controls immediately after the exhaustive exercise bout with LPS stimulation, whereas numerous apoptotic genes were over-represented in transplant recipients. Merging our previous data with these recent findings it should be discussed if transplant recipients need to reduce their immunosuppressive medication before performing exhaustive exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"18 ","pages":"177-83"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30821443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune responses to resistance exercise.","authors":"Daniel J Freidenreich,&nbsp;Jeff S Volek","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resistance exercise induces changes in leukocyte redistribution, phenotypical surface expression and leukocyte functionality. Several factors have been shown to alter the temporal pattern and/or magnitude of response including manipulation of acute program variables, the aging process, and nutritional supplementation. Rest period length and load can modify the temporal pattern and/or magnitude of leukocytosis post exercise. Aging diminishes both the duration and magnitude of the post exercise leukocytosis and reduces leukocyte functionality. The few studies that assessed the effects of nutritional supplements (e.g., carbohydrate, whey protein, caffeine) peri-resistance exercise showed minimal effects on leukocyte responses. Sex differences exist in the timing and magnitude of leukocyte infiltration into skeletal muscle. The immune response to resistance exercise is only a small part of the recovery paradigm. A better understanding of how acute program variables and other factors such as aging, sex and nutritional supplementation affect the immune response to resistance exercise is important in the context of improving recovery, performance and health.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"18 ","pages":"8-41"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30822575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-17, neutrophil activation and muscle damage following endurance exercise.","authors":"Kaoru Sugama,&nbsp;Katsuhiko Suzuki,&nbsp;Kayo Yoshitani,&nbsp;Koso Shiraishi,&nbsp;Takashi Kometani","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The T-cell subset Th17 is induced partly by interleukin (IL)-6 and activated by IL-23, and produces a proinflammatory cytokine IL-17. Since IL-6 increases dramatically following long-lasting endurance exercise, this response may also stimulate the induction of IL-17 and IL-23 after exercise. The aim of this study was to clarify the dynamics of IL-17 in association with endurance exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammatory responses. Fourteen male triathletes participated in a duathlon race consisting of 5 km of running, 40 km of cycling and 5 km of running. Venous blood and urine samples were collected before, immediately after 1.5 h and 3 h after the race. Plasma and urine were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Haematological and biochemical variables such as neutrophil activation marker (myeloperoxidase: MPO), muscle damage marker (myoglobin: Mb) and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-KB ligand (sRANKL) were also determined to estimate the biological and pathological significance. Plasma concentrations oflL-6 (+26.0x), MPO (+3.2x) and Mb (+4.9x) increased significantly immediately after the race and IL-17 and IL-23 tended to increase. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of IL-12p40 and sRANKL increased significantly after the race. The measured parameters related to Thl 7 cytokines in the urinary output were closely correlated with each other and muscle damage marker. These findings suggest that IL-17 induced by IL-6 and activated by IL-23 or other IL-17 producing-cells and IL-23 might promote neutrophil activation and muscle damage following prolonged endurance exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"18 ","pages":"116-27"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30821439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of moderate and high intensity exercise on T1/T2 balance.","authors":"Guanggao Zhao,&nbsp;Shi Zhou,&nbsp;Allan Davie,&nbsp;Quansheng Su","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 1 (TI) and Type 2 (T2) lymphocytes promote cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity respectively. Evidence accumulated over the past two decades has demonstrated diverse responses of T1 and T2 cells to acute exercise or long-term training at moderate and high intensities. This brief review highlights the current findings from animal and human experimental models on the relationship between the T1 and T2 cell counts and the cytokines these cells produce, in response to moderate and high intensity exercise. The potential of using the T1/T2 balance as an indicator of immune function changes in response to exercise is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"18 ","pages":"98-114"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30821438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and exercise.","authors":"Diana V Maltseva,&nbsp;Dmitry A Sakharov,&nbsp;Evgeny A Tonevitsky,&nbsp;Hinnak Northoff,&nbsp;Alexander G Tonevitsky","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exercise can alter human health in both beneficial (e. g. reduced risk of infection and of atherosclerosis) and adverse (e. g. anaphylaxis, exercise-induced asthma, and exacerbation of chronic illness) ways. Hitherto, the mechanisms linking exercise and health are not fully understood, but may rest on the capability of exercise to both increase circulating immune cells and modulate their activity. Natural killer (NK) cells, a major component of innate immunity, are one of the most sensitive populations of immune cells to exercise stress. NK cells play an important role in the detection and elimination of tumours and virus-infected cells. To mediate NK cell functions, there is an array of activating and inhibitory receptors with distinct specificities on their surface. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) which bind to MHC class I are a key example of receptors expressed by NK cells. The combination of MHC class I and KIR variants influences resistance to infections, susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, as well as complications of pregnancy. It is suggested that KIRs may also determine a considerable part of the effects of physical activity on human health. In this review we discuss KIRs in more detail, their role in the onset of human diseases, and the influence of acute exercise on KIR gene expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"17 ","pages":"150-63"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29776264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise.","authors":"Neil P Walsh,&nbsp;Michael Gleeson,&nbsp;Roy J Shephard,&nbsp;Maree Gleeson,&nbsp;Jeffrey A Woods,&nbsp;Nicolette C Bishop,&nbsp;Monika Fleshner,&nbsp;Charlotte Green,&nbsp;Bente K Pedersen,&nbsp;Laurie Hoffman-Goetz,&nbsp;Connie J Rogers,&nbsp;Hinnak Northoff,&nbsp;Asghar Abbasi,&nbsp;Perikles Simon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An ever-growing volume of peer-reviewed publications speaks to the recent and rapid growth in both scope and understanding of exercise immunology. Indeed, more than 95% of all peer-reviewed publications in exercise immunology (currently >2, 200 publications using search terms \"exercise\" and \"immune\") have been published since the formation of the International Society of Exercise and Immunology (ISEI) in 1989 (ISI Web of Knowledge). We recognise the epidemiological distinction between the generic term \"physical activity\" and the specific category of \"exercise\", which implies activity for a specific purpose such as improvement of physical condition or competition. Extreme physical activity of any type may have implications for the immune system. However, because of its emotive component, exercise is likely to have a larger effect, and to date the great majority of our knowledge on this subject comes from exercise studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"17 ","pages":"6-63"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29776306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of sex differences in immune function after aerobic exercise.","authors":"Trevor L Gillum,&nbsp;Matthew R Kuennen,&nbsp;Suzanne Schneider,&nbsp;Pope Moseley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When menstrual phase and oral contraceptives are controlled for, males and females display marked differences in immune response to an exercise stress. In highly controlled research studies, sex differences in immune cell changes, cytokine alterations, along with morbidity and mortality after inoculation are apparent. Exercise has been hypothesized to serve as a model of various clinical stresses by inducing similar hormonal and immunological alterations. Thus, a greater understanding of sex differences in post exercise non-specific immune function may provide insight into more effective clinical approaches and treatments. This paper reviews the recent evidence supporting sex differences in post exercise immune response and highlights the need for greater control when comparing the post exercise immune response between sexes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"17 ","pages":"104-21"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29776308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Position statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health.","authors":"Neil P Walsh,&nbsp;Michael Gleeson,&nbsp;David B Pyne,&nbsp;David C Nieman,&nbsp;Firdaus S Dhabhar,&nbsp;Roy J Shephard,&nbsp;Samuel J Oliver,&nbsp;Stéphane Bermon,&nbsp;Alma Kajeniene","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The physical training undertaken by athletes is one of a set of lifestyle or behavioural factors that can influence immune function, health and ultimately exercise performance. Others factors including potential exposure to pathogens, health status, lifestyle behaviours, sleep and recovery, nutrition and psychosocial issues, need to be considered alongside the physical demands of an athlete's training programme. The general consensus on managing training to maintain immune health is to start with a programme of low to moderate volume and intensity; employ a gradual and periodised increase in training volumes and loads; add variety to limit training monotony and stress; avoid excessively heavy training loads that could lead to exhaustion, illness or injury; include non-specific cross-training to offset staleness; ensure sufficient rest and recovery; and instigate a testing programme for identifying signs of performance deterioration and manifestations of physical stress. Inter-individual variability in immunocompetence, recovery, exercise capacity, non-training stress factors, and stress tolerance likely explains the different vulnerability of athletes to illness. Most athletes should be able to train with high loads provided their programme includes strategies devised to control the overall strain and stress. Athletes, coaches and medical personnel should be alert to periods of increased risk of illness (e.g. intensive training weeks, the taper period prior to competition, and during competition) and pay particular attention to recovery and nutritional strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50468,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Immunology Review","volume":"17 ","pages":"64-103"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29776305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}