Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition最新文献_第9页

The impact of partial source dependence on belief and reliability revision. 信源部分依赖对信度和信度修正的影响。

IF 2.6

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-05-21 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000846

Jens Koed Madsen, Ulrike Hahn, Toby D Pilditch

{"title":"The impact of partial source dependence on belief and reliability revision.","authors":"Jens Koed Madsen, Ulrike Hahn, Toby D Pilditch","doi":"10.1037/xlm0000846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000846","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we explore how people revise their belief in a hypothesis and the reliability of sources in circumstances where those sources are either independent or are partially dependent because of their shared, common background. Specifically, we examine people's revision of perceived source reliability by comparison with a formal model of reliability revision proposed by Bovens and Hartmann (2003). This model predicts a U-shaped trajectory for revision in certain circumstances: If a source provides a positive report for an unlikely hypothesis, perceived source reliability should decrease; as additional positive reports emerge, however, estimates of reliability should increase. Participants' updates in our experiment show this U-shaped pattern. Furthermore, participants' responses also respect a second feature of the model, namely that perceived reliability should once again decrease when it becomes known that the sources are partially dependent. Participants revise appropriately both when a specific shared reliability is observed (e.g., sources went to the same, low quality school) and when integrating the possibility of shared reliability. These findings shed light on how people gauge source reliability and integrate reports when multiple sources weigh in on an issue as seen in public debates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":504300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1795-1805"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37959567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

The mechanisms of prediction updating that impact the processing of upcoming word: An event-related potential study on sentence comprehension. 预测更新对即将到来的词加工的影响机制:句子理解的事件相关电位研究。

IF 2.6

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-04-16 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000835

Jakub M Szewczyk, Zofia Wodniecka

{"title":"The mechanisms of prediction updating that impact the processing of upcoming word: An event-related potential study on sentence comprehension.","authors":"Jakub M Szewczyk, Zofia Wodniecka","doi":"10.1037/xlm0000835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000835","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most compelling pieces of evidence for the presence of predictions in language comprehension comes from event-related potential (ERP) studies which show that encountering an adjective whose gender marking is inconsistent with that of a highly expectable noun leads to an effect at the adjective. Until now the mechanism underlying this effect has been unknown. The present study tests a novel hypothesis whereby the effect at adjectives reflects prediction updating, which in turn impacts the N400 generated by the upcoming noun. In 2 experiments, native speakers of Polish read short stories that made several nouns likely at the position of a direct object in the story's final sentence. The noun was preceded by a gender-marked adjective which was shown in either of the 2 grammatical forms: (a) informative about the following noun (adjectival gender marking constrained which nouns can follow), or (b) less informative (the grammatical marking did not disambiguate the gender of the following noun). Importantly, the same stories and critical words were used in both conditions, which was possible thanks to exploiting syncretisms in Polish adjectival inflection. The results provide support for 1 or more mechanisms of prediction updating at the adjective that impact the amplitude of the N400 elicited by the following noun. Together, these results show that when only morphosyntactic cues are available, they are instantly used to update predictions about upcoming words. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":504300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1714-1734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37841716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Know your weaknesses: Sophisticated impulsiveness motivates voluntary self-restrictions. 了解自己的弱点:复杂的冲动会促使你自觉地自我约束。

IF 2.6

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-03-05 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000833

Alexander Soutschek, Philippe N Tobler

{"title":"Know your weaknesses: Sophisticated impulsiveness motivates voluntary self-restrictions.","authors":"Alexander Soutschek, Philippe N Tobler","doi":"10.1037/xlm0000833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000833","url":null,"abstract":"Restricting one's access to temptations (precommitment) facilitates the achievement of long-term goals. The sophisticated impulsiveness model of precommitment posits that impulsive agents who are aware that they are impulsive should show the strongest preference for precommitment. Empirically however, two central predictions of this theoretical notion remained untested: whether impulsiveness causally drives the demand for precommitment and whether the willingness to precommit depends on metacognitive awareness of one's impulsiveness. Here, we tested these predictions in three independent experiments. Participants performed a delay discounting task in which they could precommit to larger-later rewards. The results of Experiment 1 provide causal evidence that reducing impulse control capacities increases precommitment demand. Moreover, Experiments 2 and 3 support the hypothesis that metacognitive awareness of one's impulsiveness moderates the relationship between impulsiveness and precommitment. Together, our data put the sophisticated impulsiveness model of precommitment on strong empirical foundations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":504300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1611-1623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37707845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The Emotional Recall Task: Juxtaposing recall and recognition-based affect scales. 情绪回忆任务:并列回忆和认知为基础的影响量表。

IF 2.6

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-04-30 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000841

Ying Li, Annasya Masitah, Thomas T Hills

{"title":"The Emotional Recall Task: Juxtaposing recall and recognition-based affect scales.","authors":"Ying Li, Annasya Masitah, Thomas T Hills","doi":"10.1037/xlm0000841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000841","url":null,"abstract":"Existing affect scales typically involve recognition of emotions from a predetermined emotion checklist. However, a recognition-based checklist may fail to capture sufficient breadth and specificity of an individual's recalled emotional experiences and may therefore miss emotions that frequently come to mind. More generally, how do recalled emotions differ from recognized emotions? To address these issues, we present and evaluate an affect scale based on recalled emotions. Participants are asked to produce 10 words that best described their emotions over the past month and then to rate each emotion for how often it was experienced. We show that average weighted valence of the words produced in this task, the Emotional Recall Task (ERT), is strongly correlated with scales related to general affect, such as PANAS, Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales, and a few other related scales. We further show that the Emotional Recall Task captures a breadth and specificity of emotions not available in other scales but that are nonetheless commonly reported as experienced emotions. We test a general version of the ERT (the ERT general) that is language neutral and can be used across cultures. Finally, we show that the ERT is valid in a test-retest paradigm. In sum, the ERT measures affect based on emotion terms relevant to an individual's idiosyncratic experience. It is consistent with recognition-based scales, but also offers a new direction toward enriching our understanding of individual differences in recalled and recognized emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":504300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1782-1794"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37887707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Can co-speech gestures alone carry the mental time line? 单凭共同语言的手势就能控制心理时间线吗?

IF 2.6

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-05-14 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000836

Bodo Winter, Sarah E Duffy

{"title":"Can co-speech gestures alone carry the mental time line?","authors":"Bodo Winter, Sarah E Duffy","doi":"10.1037/xlm0000836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000836","url":null,"abstract":"Time and space have been shown to be interlinked in people's minds. To what extent can co-speech gestures influence thinking about time, over and above spoken language? In this study, we use the ambiguous question \"Next Wednesday's meeting has been moved forward two days, what day is it on now?\" to show that people either respond \"Monday\" or \"Friday,\" depending on gesture. We manipulated both language (using either the adverb \"forward,\" or the adverb \"backward\") and gesture (forward and backward movement), thus creating matches and mismatches between speech and gesture. Results show that the speech manipulation exerts a stronger influence on people's temporal perspectives than gesture. Moreover, the effect of gesture disappears completely for certain hand shapes and if non-movement language is used (\"changed by two days\" as opposed to \"moved by two days\"). We additionally find that the strength of the gesture effect is moderated by likability: When people like the gesturer, they are more prone to assuming their perspective, which completely changes the meaning of forward and backward gestural movements. Altogether, our results suggest that gesture does play a role in thinking about time, but this role is auxiliary when compared with speech, and the degree to which gesture matters depends on one's social relation to the gesturer. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":504300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1768-1781"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37935088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Pseudocontingency inference and choice: The role of information sampling. 伪权变推理与选择:信息抽样的作用。

IF 2.6

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Epub Date: 2020-04-16 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000840

Franziska M Bott, Thorsten Meiser

{"title":"Pseudocontingency inference and choice: The role of information sampling.","authors":"Franziska M Bott, Thorsten Meiser","doi":"10.1037/xlm0000840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000840","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudocontingencies are inferences of correlations between variables, like two options and two outcomes, drawn on the basis of their skewed base rates covarying across a third variable (e.g., two contexts). Here, we investigated the effect of pseudocontingency inference on choice behavior. When choices between two options are not based on the actual contingency between options and outcomes, but instead on a pseudocontingency, the latter may override the existing contingency, resulting in potentially suboptimal choice behavior. Whereas research has mainly focused on investigating the pseudocontingency effect by presentation of predetermined learning trials, we examined the role of free information sampling for the pseudocontingency effect as compared with predetermined learning. Experiment 1 replicated previous findings of a pseudocontingency effect in choice behavior. In Experiment 2, we compared predetermined information and free information sampling in a bivariate decision scenario with only two options and two outcomes. Experiments 3 and 4 aimed at investigating the inference of a pseudocontingency when sampling information by context or by context and option in the trivariate scenario. The results revealed an asymmetry between positive contexts with predominantly gains and negative contexts with predominantly losses. Within a negative context we found no differences between options, neither during information sampling nor for subsequent choices. Within the positive context, when information sampling was self-determined, participants sampled skewed base rates of options and preferred the predominant option. The findings underline the influence of self-determined information sampling on the pseudocontingency effect on choice behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":504300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"1624-1644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37841717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Gaze data reveal individual differences in relational representation processes. 注视数据揭示了个体在关系表征过程中的差异。

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-02-01 Epub Date: 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000723

Joshua Zonca, Giorgio Coricelli, Luca Polonio

{"title":"Gaze data reveal individual differences in relational representation processes.","authors":"Joshua Zonca, Giorgio Coricelli, Luca Polonio","doi":"10.1037/xlm0000723","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0000723","url":null,"abstract":"In our everyday life, we often need to anticipate the potential occurrence of events and their consequences. In this context, the way we represent contingencies can determine our ability to adapt to the environment. However, it is not clear how agents encode and organize available knowledge about the future to react to possible states of the world. In the present study, we investigated the process of contingency representation with three eye-tracking experiments. In Experiment 1, we introduced a novel relational-inference task in which participants had to learn and represent conditional rules regulating the occurrence of interdependent future events. A cluster analysis on early gaze data revealed the existence of 2 distinct types of encoders. A group of (sophisticated) participants built exhaustive contingency models that explicitly linked states with each of their potential consequences. Another group of (unsophisticated) participants simply learned binary conditional rules without exploring the underlying relational complexity. Analyses of individual cognitive measures revealed that cognitive reflection is associated with the emergence of either sophisticated or unsophisticated representation behavior. In Experiment 2, we observed that unsophisticated participants switched toward the sophisticated strategy after having received information about its existence, suggesting that representation behavior was modulated by strategy generation mechanisms. In Experiment 3, we showed that the heterogeneity in representation strategy emerges also in conditional reasoning with verbal sequences, indicating the existence of a general disposition in building either sophisticated or unsophisticated models of contingencies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":504300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"257-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40449868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond arousal: Prediction error related to aversive events promotes episodic memory formation. 超越唤醒:与厌恶事件相关的预测错误促进情景记忆的形成。

IF 2.6

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-02-01 Epub Date: 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000728

Felix Kalbe, Lars Schwabe

{"title":"Beyond arousal: Prediction error related to aversive events promotes episodic memory formation.","authors":"Felix Kalbe, Lars Schwabe","doi":"10.1037/xlm0000728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000728","url":null,"abstract":"Stimuli encoded shortly before an aversive event are typically well remembered. Traditionally, this emotional memory enhancement has been attributed to beneficial effects of physiological arousal on memory formation. Here, we proposed an additional mechanism and tested whether memory formation is driven by the unpredictable nature of aversive events (i.e., aversive prediction errors). In a combined Pavlovian fear conditioning and incidental memory paradigm, participants saw initially neutral pictures from 2 distinct categories, 1 of which was associated with a risk to receive an electric shock. During encoding, we measured both physiological arousal and explicit prediction errors to explain memory differences in a surprise recognition test that followed approximately 24 hr later. In a first experiment, we show that physiological arousal, expressed as outcome-related skin conductance responses, was associated with improved recognition memory, corroborating arousal-based models. Critically, unsigned binary prediction errors derived from explicit shock expectancy ratings in each trial were also linked to enhanced recognition and model fits showed that the impact of prediction errors on memory was dissociable from the impact of arousal. In a second experiment, we replicated and extended the findings of the first experiment by demonstrating that the memory-promoting effect of prediction errors remained even after controlling for arousal. The present data point to prediction error-related learning as a cognitive mechanism that contributes to the emotional enhancement of memory, above and beyond the well-established effects of arousal in emotional memory formation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":504300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"234-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40538910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Prospect of performance-contingent reward distorts the action relevance of predictive context information. 绩效奖励的前景扭曲了预测情境信息的行为相关性。

IF 2.6

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-02-01 Epub Date: 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000727

Carmen Hefer, Gesine Dreisbach

{"title":"Prospect of performance-contingent reward distorts the action relevance of predictive context information.","authors":"Carmen Hefer, Gesine Dreisbach","doi":"10.1037/xlm0000727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000727","url":null,"abstract":"There is much evidence showing that the prospect of performance-contingent reward increases the usage of cuing information and cognitive stability. In a recent study, we showed that participants under reward conditions even continued using cues even when they were no longer predictive of the required response rule, even at the expense of higher errors feedback. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying this maladaptive perseveration. One possible mechanism was that participants under reward conditions use cue-related stimulus frequencies even when they are not indicative of response rule frequencies. In a series of 3 experiments, using modified versions of the classical AX-continuous performance task, this hypothesis was confirmed. Taken together, the findings have important implications, as they show that the prospect of performance-contingent reward encourages the selective usage of any information that might be relevant for preparatory behavior. And this reward-induced cue usage persists until the cuing information loses any predictive information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":504300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","volume":" ","pages":"380-399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40450391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

The role of maintenance and disengagement in predicting reading comprehension and vocabulary learning. 维持和脱离在预测阅读理解和词汇学习中的作用。

IF 2.6

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-06-06 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000705

Jessie D Martin, Zach Shipstead, Tyler L Harrison, Thomas S Redick, Michael Bunting, Randall W Engle

引用次数: 23