Genes Brain and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Reelin deficiency exacerbates cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion by enhancing neuronal activity in the dorsomedial striatum","authors":"Giordano de Guglielmo,&nbsp;Attilio Iemolo,&nbsp;Aisha Nur,&nbsp;Andrew Turner,&nbsp;Patricia Montilla-Perez,&nbsp;Angelica Martinez,&nbsp;Caitlin Crook,&nbsp;Amanda Roberts,&nbsp;Francesca Telese","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12828","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12828","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The <i>Reln</i> gene encodes for the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin, which regulates several brain functions from development to adulthood, including neuronal migration, dendritic growth and branching and synapse formation and plasticity. Human studies have implicated Reelin signaling in several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Mouse studies using the heterozygous Reeler (HR) mice have shown that reduced levels of <i>Reln</i> expression are associated with deficits in learning and memory and increased disinhibition. Although these traits are relevant to substance use disorders, the role of Reelin in cellular and behavioral responses to addictive drugs remains largely unknown. Here, we compared HR mice to wild-type (WT) littermate controls to investigate whether Reelin signaling contributes to the hyperlocomotor and rewarding effects of cocaine. After a single or repeated cocaine injections, HR mice showed enhanced cocaine-induced locomotor activity compared with WT controls. This effect persisted after withdrawal. In contrast, Reelin deficiency did not induce cocaine sensitization, and did not affect the rewarding effects of cocaine measured in the conditioned place preference assay. The elevated cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion in HR mice was associated with increased protein Fos expression in the dorsal medial striatum (DMS) compared with WT. Lastly, we performed an RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization experiment and found that <i>Reln</i> was highly co-expressed with the <i>Drd1</i> gene, which encodes for the dopamine receptor D1, in the DMS. These findings show that Reelin signaling contributes to the locomotor effects of cocaine and improve our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the cellular and behavioral effects of cocaine.</p>","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/49/18/GBB-21-e12828.PMC9744517.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10729263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mice lacking proSAAS display alterations in emotion, consummatory behavior and circadian entrainment","authors":"Dipendra K. Aryal,&nbsp;Ramona M. Rodriguiz,&nbsp;Ngoc Lien Nguyen,&nbsp;Matthew W. Pease,&nbsp;Daniel J. Morgan,&nbsp;John Pintar,&nbsp;Lloyd D. Fricker,&nbsp;William C. Wetsel","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12827","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12827","url":null,"abstract":"<p>ProSAAS is a neuroendocrine protein that is cleaved by neuropeptide-processing enzymes into more than a dozen products including the bigLEN and PEN peptides, which bind and activate the receptors GPR171 and GPR83, respectively. Previous studies have suggested that proSAAS-derived peptides are involved in physiological functions that include body weight regulation, circadian rhythms and anxiety-like behavior. In the present study, we find that proSAAS knockout mice display robust anxiety-like behaviors in the open field, light–dark emergence and elevated zero maze tests. These mutant mice also show a reduction in cued fear and an impairment in fear-potentiated startle, indicating an important role for proSAAS-derived peptides in emotional behaviors. ProSAAS knockout mice exhibit reduced water consumption and urine production relative to wild-type controls. No differences in food consumption and overall energy expenditure were observed between the genotypes. However, the respiratory exchange ratio was elevated in the mutants during the light portion of the light–dark cycle, indicating decreased fat metabolism during this period. While proSAAS knockout mice show normal circadian patterns of activity, even upon long-term exposure to constant darkness, they were unable to shift their circadian clock upon exposure to a light pulse. Taken together, these results show that proSAAS-derived peptides modulate a wide range of behaviors including emotion, metabolism and the regulation of the circadian clock.</p>","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/78/fc/GBB-21-e12827.PMC9444949.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9225087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The complexity of ventral CA1 and its multiple functionalities","authors":"Ilgang Hong,&nbsp;Bong-Kiun Kaang","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12826","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12826","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The hippocampus is one of the most widely investigated brain regions with its massive contributions to multiple behaviours. Especially, the hippocampus is subdivided into the dorsal and ventral parts playing distinct roles. In this review, we will focus on the ventral hippocampus, especially the ventral CA1 (vCA1), whose role is being actively discovered. vCA1 is well known to be associated with emotion-like behaviour, in both positive (reward) and negative (aversive) stimuli. How can this small region in volume mediate such variety of responses? This question will be answered with technologies up to date that have allowed us to study in-depth the specific neural circuit and to map the complex connectivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bf/0f/GBB-21-e12826.PMC9744572.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10677502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormal whisker movements in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Ugne Simanaviciute,&nbsp;Richard E. Brown,&nbsp;Aimee Wong,&nbsp;Emre Fertan,&nbsp;Robyn A. Grant","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12813","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12813","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alzheimer's disease is the most frequent form of dementia in elderly people. The triple transgenic (3xTg-AD) mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease is important in biomedical research as these mice develop both neuropathological and behavioural phenotypes. However, their behavioural phenotype is variable, with findings depending on the specific task, as well as the age and sex of the mice. Whisker movements show motor, sensory and cognitive deficits in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, we examined whisker movements in 3, 12.5 and 17-month-old female 3xTg-AD mice and their B6129S/F2 wildtype controls. Mice were filmed using a high-speed video camera (500 fps) in an open arena during a novel object exploration task. Genotype and age differences were found in mice exploring the arena prior to object contact. Prior to whisker contact, the 3-month-old 3xTg-AD mice had smaller whisker angles compared with the wildtype controls, suggesting an early motor phenotype in these mice. Pre-contact mean angular position at 3 months and whisking amplitude at 17 months of age differed between the 3xTg-AD and wildtype mice. During object contact 3xTg-AD mice did not reduce whisker spread as frequently as the wildtype mice at 12.5 and 17 months, which may suggest sensory or attentional deficits. We show that whisker movements are a powerful behavioural measurement tool for capturing behavioural deficits in mouse models that show complex phenotypes, such as the 3xTg-AD mouse model.</p>","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/48/a4/GBB-21-e12813.PMC9744487.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormal sensory perception masks behavioral performance of Grin1 knockdown mice","authors":"Tatiana Lipina,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Men,&nbsp;Matisse Blundell,&nbsp;Ali Salahpour,&nbsp;Amy J. Ramsey","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12825","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12825","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development and function of sensory systems require intact glutamatergic neurotransmission. Changes in touch sensation and vision are common symptoms in autism spectrum disorders, where altered glutamatergic neurotransmission is strongly implicated. Further, cortical visual impairment is a frequent symptom of GRIN disorder, a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by pathogenic variants of GRIN genes that encode NMDA receptors. We asked if Grin1 knockdown mice (Grin1KD), as a model of GRIN disorder, had visual impairments resulting from NMDA receptor deficiency. We discovered that Grin1KD mice had deficient visual depth perception in the visual cliff test. Since Grin1KD mice are known to display robust changes in measures of learning, memory, and emotionality, we asked whether deficits in these higher-level processes could be partly explained by their visual impairment. By changing the experimental conditions to improve visual signals, we observed significant improvements in the performance of Grin1KD mice in tests that measure spatial memory, executive function, and anxiety. We went further and found destabilization of the outer segment of retina together with the deficient number and size of Meissner corpuscles (mechanical sensor) in the hind paw of Grin1KD mice. Overall, our findings suggest that abnormal sensory perception can mask the expression of emotional, motivational and cognitive behavior of Grin1KD mice. This study demonstrates new methods to adapt routine behavioral paradigms to reveal the contribution of vision and other sensory modalities in cognitive performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/38/11/GBB-21-e12825.PMC9744498.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10728739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory mice: strain, age, and sex differences","authors":"Angela Caruso,&nbsp;Maria Adelaide Marconi,&nbsp;Maria Luisa Scattoni,&nbsp;Laura Ricceri","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12815","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12815","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in different social contexts across lifespan. There is ethological evidence that pup USVs elicit maternal retrieval and adult USVs facilitate social interaction with a conspecific. Analysis of mouse vocal and social repertoire across strains, sex and contexts remains not well explored. To address these issues, in inbred (C57BL/6, FVB) and outbred (CD-1) mouse strains, we recorded and evaluated USVs as neonates and during adult social encounters (male–female and female–female social interaction). We showed significant strain differences in the quantitative (call rate and duration of USVs) and qualitative vocal analysis (spectrographic characterization) from early stage to adulthood, in line with specific patterns of social behaviors. Inbred C57BL/6 mice produced a lower number of calls with less internal changes and shorter duration; inbred FVB mice displayed more social behaviors and produced more syllables with repeated internal changes; outbred CD-1 mice had an intermediate profile. Our results suggest specific vocal signatures in each mouse strain, thus helping to better define socio-communicative profiles of mouse strains and to guide the choice of an appropriate strain according to the experimental settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/06/21/GBB-21-e12815.PMC9744514.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From basic social neurobiology to better understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders","authors":"Andrey E. Ryabinin","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12818","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12818","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;This volume concludes our three-part series of Genes, Brain and Behaviors special issues. The previous two volumes started with research on autism and neurodevelopmental disorders, concluding that their full understanding is impossible without understanding of innate social behaviors, and continued into research on mechanisms of such innate behaviors across several animal species.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1, 2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; The current special issue continues the analysis of innate social behaviors and then brings us back to studies on animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders, hopefully with a greater appreciation for intricacies of social neurobiology.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In their research paper, Goncalves, Kareklas and colleagues have elegantly addressed a fundamental question on evolution: whether the motivational and the cognitive components comprising social behavior evolved independently or through selective pressure to increase sociality.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; To address this question, the authors phenotypically characterized several lines of male and female zebrafish (&lt;i&gt;Danio rerio&lt;/i&gt;) in four behavioral tests: shoal preference, conspecific recognition, object recognition and open-field. This characterization clustered behaviors across three principal factors: motivation, cognition and anxiety. Importantly, the social tendency module in this analysis aligned with object and social exploration, and clustered separately from object discrimination and social discrimination, which aligned together. These data provide strong support for the hypothesis that social recognition and social motivation did not evolve together as a common phenotype and instead separately co-opted general cognitive and motivational mechanisms. This conclusion is further supported by analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and behavioral modules. The genetic analysis shows that SNPs in candidate genes associated with social behaviors are statistically associated with the motivational but not the cognitive module. This finding is in agreement with the recent report showing that zebrafish lacking functional oxytocin receptors are deficient in social and object recognition but have intact social motivation.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; While the well-characterized behavioral repertoire and genetics of zebrafish allows the researchers to conclude that social recognition and social motivation can function as independent entities, this conclusion amplifies the need to study neural mechanisms regulating specific social behaviors, rather than the more generalized “social brain.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not all specific social behaviors, including social behaviors characteristic of humans, can be studied in standard laboratory species. The previous volume of the special issue highlighted the importance of choosing appropriate species for such studies by discussing the power of experiments in socially monogamous prairie voles for understanding the neurobiology of pair-bonding.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5, 6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; T","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9744557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of pairing on color change and central gene expression in lined seahorses","authors":"Sabrina L. Mederos,&nbsp;Rafael C. Duarte,&nbsp;Mira Mastoras,&nbsp;Megan Y. Dennis,&nbsp;Matthew L. Settles,&nbsp;Allison R. Lau,&nbsp;Alexandria Scott,&nbsp;Kacie Woodward,&nbsp;Colby Johnson,&nbsp;Adele M. H. Seelke,&nbsp;Karen L. Bales","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12812","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12812","url":null,"abstract":"Social monogamy is a reproductive strategy characterized by pair living and defense of a common territory. Pair bonding, sometimes displayed by monogamous species, is an affective construct that includes preference for a specific partner, distress upon separation, and the ability of the partner to buffer against stress. Many seahorse species show a monogamous social structure in the wild, but their pair bond has not been well studied. We examined the gene expression of lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) during and after the process of pairing in the laboratory as well as color change (luminance), a potential form of social communication and behavioral synchrony between pair mates. When a seahorse of either sex was interacting with its pair mate, their changes in luminance (“brightness”) were correlated and larger than when interacting with an opposite‐sex stranger. At the conclusion of testing, subjects were euthanized, RNA was extracted from whole brains and analyzed via RNA sequencing. Changes in gene expression in paired males versus those that were unpaired included processes governing metabolic activity, hormones and cilia. Perhaps most interesting is the overlap in gene expression change induced by pairing in both male seahorses and male prairie voles, including components of hormone systems regulating reproduction. Because of our limited sample size, we consider our results and interpretations to be preliminary, and prompts for further exploration. Future studies will expand upon these findings and investigate the neuroendocrine and genetic basis of these behaviors.","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/97/5a/GBB-21-e12812.PMC9744553.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10728729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social deficits in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mice vary with ecological validity of the test","authors":"Maciej Winiarski,&nbsp;Ludwika Kondrakiewicz,&nbsp;Kacper Kondrakiewicz,&nbsp;Joanna Jędrzejewska-Szmek,&nbsp;Krzysztof Turzyński,&nbsp;Ewelina Knapska,&nbsp;Ksenia Meyza","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12814","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12814","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Translational value of mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders depends heavily on the accuracy with which they replicate symptoms observed in the human population. In mouse models of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) these include, among others, social affiliation, and communication deficits as well as impairments in understanding and perception of others. Most studies addressing these issues in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse, an idiopathic model of ASD, were based on short dyadic interactions of often non-familiar partners placed in a novel environment. In such stressful and variable conditions, the reproducibility of the phenotype was low. Here, we compared physical conditions and the degree of habituation of mice at the time of testing in the three chambered social affiliation task, as well as parameters used to measure social deficits and found that both the level of stress and human bias profoundly affect the results of the test. To minimize these effects, we tested social preference and network dynamics in mice group-housed in the Eco-HAB system. This automated recording allowed for long-lasting monitoring of differences in social repertoire (including interest in social stimuli) in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J and normosocial c57BL/6J mice. With these observations we further validate the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse as a model for ASD, but at the same time emphasize the need for more ecological testing of social behavior within all constructs of the Systems for Social Processes domain (as defined by the Research Domain Criteria framework).</p>","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9744492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The developmental impact of sex chromosome trisomies on emerging executive functions in young children: Evidence from neurocognitive tests and daily life skills","authors":"Kimberly C. Kuiper,&nbsp;Hanna Swaab,&nbsp;Nicole Tartaglia,&nbsp;Griet van Buggenhout,&nbsp;Caroline Wouters,&nbsp;Sophie van Rijn","doi":"10.1111/gbb.12811","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gbb.12811","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sex chromosomal trisomies (SCT) are associated with impairments in executive functions in school-aged children, adolescents, and adults. However, knowledge on preschool development of executive functions is limited but greatly needed to guide early intervention. The current study examined emerging executive functions in young children with SCT. Participants were 72 SCT children and 70 population-based controls, aged 3–7 years, who completed a neurocognitive assessment of both global executive function (MEFS) and verbal executive function skills (NEPSY Word Generation). Caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire to capture real-world behavioral manifestations of impairments in executive functions. Results showed that impairments were significantly more prevalent in SCT than in controls and already present from 3 years, specifically verbal executive functions and working memory. Broader more pronounced impairments were found in older children with SCT. Age was significantly related to executive functions, but specific domains showed different relations with age. For example, deficits in planning and organizing remained evident with older age in SCT whereas it declined with age in controls. Impairments in executive functions were present across different levels of intelligence. Already at an early age, impairments across executive functions should be considered part of the neurodevelopmental profile of SCT, which appear more prominent at later age. Future studies should investigate developmental pathways of executive functions in SCT, given its relevance in cognitive, social, and emotional development. Executive functions should be screened and monitored in children with SCT and could be an important target of preventive intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":50426,"journal":{"name":"Genes Brain and Behavior","volume":"21 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9744538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10728721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}