{"title":"Integrating Berthing Plan and Container Transshipment at the Sea-Rail Intermodal Terminal","authors":"Weite Pan, Baicheng Yan, Li Wang, Xiaoning Zhu","doi":"10.1049/itr2.70123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.70123","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The adoption of positioning, tracking and communication technologies in modern ports enables real-time monitoring of vessel arrivals, container movements and equipment status, while automated technologies help ensure operations adhere more closely to schedules. These capabilities allow ports to implement more intelligent and dynamic planning and scheduling strategies. Building on this technological foundation, this paper investigates a comprehensive operation optimization approach that integrates the berth allocation (BAP) and container transshipment problem at a port terminal within a sea-rail intermodal transportation system. The study focuses on berth and quay crane allocation on the quayside, as well as container storage and train operation scheduling on the landside, with components interconnected through the flow of import intermodal containers. A mathematical programming model is developed and a variable neighbourhood search algorithm is proposed, with its performance compared against GUROBI and other heuristic algorithms. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic approach. Furthermore, the impacts of quayside equipment deployment and rail yard operational capacity are analysed to provide managerial insights for improving container terminal operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50381,"journal":{"name":"IET Intelligent Transport Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/itr2.70123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zixuan Chai, Parth Deshpande, Xiaoxiang Na, David Cebon
{"title":"Traffic Data Collection and Representation as National-Level Fundamental Diagrams for England","authors":"Zixuan Chai, Parth Deshpande, Xiaoxiang Na, David Cebon","doi":"10.1049/itr2.70137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.70137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traffic congestion significantly affects speed, and thus energy consumption of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). One of the ways of correlating traffic state with vehicle speed is fundamental diagrams (FDs). This study develops a methodology to collect national-level traffic data for England, integrate it with vehicle data, and use the data to construct FDs by type of road in England. Traffic counts and time-averaged traffic speed are obtained from the National Highways database and Road Traffic dataset, and space-averaged traffic speed data is obtained from HERE Maps. Missing entries are added using the temporal pattern of traffic flow, and outliers in the count data are filtered using spline-regression and unsupervised k-means clustering. Traffic data is classified by road types using information from HERE Maps. FDs are constructed for each type of road and validated using a separate test dataset from the National Highways database. The correlation between macroscopic traffic flow data and microscopic vehicle data is verified by validating the FDs with HGV speed data collected from on-board telematics systems. The results can be used to predict vehicle speed directly from traffic density using universal HGV FDs for England, that is useful for estimating energy consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":50381,"journal":{"name":"IET Intelligent Transport Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/itr2.70137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Hybrid A*-APF Path Planning Method for Ships Entering the Berthing Waters","authors":"Zhuo Wen, Jinfen Zhang, Jiongjiong Liu, Wu Ning","doi":"10.1049/itr2.70142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.70142","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ship berthing is a critical and high-risk phase of navigation that requires highly precise path planning in environments with numerous obstacles. This paper presents a two-stage hybrid path planning approach designed to improve both safety and manoeuvrability during berthing operations. The first stage involves constructing an accurate environmental model based on berth characteristics. In the second stage, an enhanced A* algorithm is introduced with a directional consistency penalty to generate globally feasible paths with improved continuity. To further enhance local obstacle avoidan ce and edge-following capabilities, the artificial potential field method is applied. The resulting path is coupled with a ship dynamics model and a dynamic look-ahead strategy combined with PID control is employed to enable closed-loop heading and speed tracking. Simulation results show that the proposed method significantly enhances path smoothness and obstacle clearance. Specifically, the average heading change is reduced to 2.51° and the minimum obstacle distance increases from 15.12 to 39.04 m. This approach offers a practical and effective solution for autonomous berthing in constrained port environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":50381,"journal":{"name":"IET Intelligent Transport Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/itr2.70142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erick Okoth, Azad Erdem, Tunahan Degirmenci, Cahit Sanver
{"title":"The Impact of Transportation Technologies, Technological Exports, Trade Freedom and Trade Globalisation on Transport-Based CO2 Emissions in the Top 10 Emitter Countries","authors":"Erick Okoth, Azad Erdem, Tunahan Degirmenci, Cahit Sanver","doi":"10.1049/itr2.70130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.70130","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High and medium technology exports play a crucial role in supporting economic growth, fostering international competition and potentially reducing carbon dioxide emissions through the adoption of advanced technologies. However, the environmental effects of such exports, particularly in the transportation sector, remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining how transportation technologies, high and medium technology exports, trade freedom, and trade globalisation affect CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from transportation. The analysis covers the ten countries with the highest transportation-related emissions over the period 1995–2020, employing augmented mean group (AMG) and common correlated effects (CCE) estimators. The results reveal heterogeneous effects across countries. Transportation technologies are found to increase emissions in Japan but reduce them in South Korea, the United States and Mexico. High and medium technology exports raise transportation emissions in China, France, Germany, the USA and the overall panel. Trade globalisation increases emissions in France, whereas it reduces them in Germany. These findings suggest that advancing transportation technologies, aligning trade openness with environmental goals and shifting exports toward higher technology products can support the reduction of transportation-related carbon emissions. Such measures are vital for progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":50381,"journal":{"name":"IET Intelligent Transport Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/itr2.70130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Optimization Method for Solving Three-Phase Unbalance and Vehicle-to-Grid Reactive Power Compensation Utilizing Three-Phase Inverter Control","authors":"Yin Yi, Yun Zhou, Donghan Feng, Hengjie Li, Kaiyu Zhang, Chen Fang","doi":"10.1049/itr2.70136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/itr2.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) poses challenges to voltage stability and power quality in distribution networks, especially under three-phase unbalanced load conditions. This study aims to develop a practical and effective method for mitigating three-phase unbalance and providing reactive power compensation (RPC) in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications. The scope of the work focuses on residential distribution networks where V2G charging piles are deployed, considering both balanced and unbalanced operating scenarios. The main contributions are threefold: (1) a realistic V2G AC–DC control scheme based on conventional <i>d</i>–<i>q</i> control is adopted to ensure compatibility with existing charging hardware; (2) a novel three-phase four-wire inverter topology and control strategy is proposed to suppress neutral point voltage shift and absorb zero-sequence current under unbalanced conditions; and (3) an OPF-based RPC control method is integrated to regulate node voltage and improve voltage unbalance factor (VUF) without affecting user charging requirements. Simulation studies and a real residential case in demonstrate that the proposed approach can maintain node voltage within ±5% of nominal value, reduce VUF to below 2% and provide up to 2176 kVAr of reactive power support, confirming its practical feasibility and effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":50381,"journal":{"name":"IET Intelligent Transport Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/itr2.70136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145905258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}