CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5030030

Ying Zhuo, Pengfei Ma, Pu Jiao, Xinzhe Yuan

引用次数: 0

The Use of Waste Ceramic in Concrete: A Review 在混凝土中使用废陶瓷：综述

CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5020024

Zahraa Jwaida, Anmar Dulaimi, L. Bernardo

{"title":"The Use of Waste Ceramic in Concrete: A Review","authors":"Zahraa Jwaida, Anmar Dulaimi, L. Bernardo","doi":"10.3390/civileng5020024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5020024","url":null,"abstract":"Waste ceramic is produced from different sources and, if not reused, is often disposed of in landfills, contributing to the pressure on landfill capacity and potentially releasing toxins into the surrounding environment as ceramics break down over time. The waste can easily be crushed to the required sizes, which has interested many researchers. It has been used as a replacement for concrete constituents, including cement and aggregates. This offers a promising avenue for reducing the environmental impact and promoting sustainable construction practices by reducing the amount of energy consumed and resources required for concrete production, as well as the amount of waste being sent to landfills. This paper aims to provide a review of the use of waste ceramic in concrete. In essence, the paper is divided into several sections. The first section highlights the current environmental issues associated with concrete production and waste disposal. The second section deals with ceramics, its raw materials, production steps, and the different types of waste ceramic used in concrete. A literature review of the use of waste ceramic in concrete was included in the third section. The study reports different research on the use of waste ceramic and its impacts on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete.","PeriodicalId":503239,"journal":{"name":"CivilEng","volume":"44 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141118838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Sand for Sustainable Construction Performance and Environmental Benefits 评估再生混凝土骨料和砂的可持续建筑性能和环境效益

CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5020023

Saurabh Singh, S. Singh, Mohamed Mahgoub, Shahnawaz Ahmed Mir, S. Kanga, Sujeet Kumar, Pankaj Kumar, Gowhar Meraj

{"title":"Evaluating Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Sand for Sustainable Construction Performance and Environmental Benefits","authors":"Saurabh Singh, S. Singh, Mohamed Mahgoub, Shahnawaz Ahmed Mir, S. Kanga, Sujeet Kumar, Pankaj Kumar, Gowhar Meraj","doi":"10.3390/civileng5020023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5020023","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates the potential of utilizing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and recycled sand (RS), derived from crushed concrete cubes, as sustainable alternatives in construction materials. The study comprehensively evaluates the properties of RCA and RS, focusing on workability, impact resistance, abrasion resistance, and compressive strength to determine their viability as substitute construction materials. A notable finding is RS’s enhanced fire and heat resistance when used as a fine aggregate in mortar blends, mixed with cement and Sinicon PP in a 3:1 ratio. The experimental analysis included thorough assessments of uniformity, durability, and curing time, alongside Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for structural examination. Results show that RCA has an Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) of 5.76% and a Los Angeles Abrasion Value (LAA) of 21.78%, demonstrating excellent strength of the recycled aggregates. The mortar mix was also prepared using recycled sand, cement, and Sinicon PP, and its stability was confirmed through soundness tests, which resulted in a 0.53 mm expansion and a satisfactory consistency level of 44%. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests also indicated high-quality concrete formation using RCA and RS. SEM imaging corroborated this by revealing a bond between the cement paste and the aggregates. Incorporating RS and RCA in concrete mixtures impressively yielded a compressive strength of 26.22 N/mm2 in M20-grade concrete. The study concludes that using RCA and RS waste materials in the construction sector underlines that sustainable practices can be integrated without compromising material quality. This approach aligns with sustainable development goals and fosters a more environmentally friendly construction industry.","PeriodicalId":503239,"journal":{"name":"CivilEng","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strength and Durability Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) Binders: A Systematic Review 高容积粉煤灰 (HVFA) 粘合剂的强度和耐久性能：系统综述

CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5020022

Desire Runganga, Felix Okonta, I. Musonda

{"title":"Strength and Durability Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) Binders: A Systematic Review","authors":"Desire Runganga, Felix Okonta, I. Musonda","doi":"10.3390/civileng5020022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5020022","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa is endowed with a wealth of coal-fired power stations that can produce extremely high volumes of fly ash per year exceeding 34 million tonnes. The use of high-volume fly ash (HVFA) binders in the construction sector has the capacity to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with traditional cement production and offset the carbon footprint of Eskom. The excessive production of fly ash by Eskom warrants the need for developing ultra-high-volume fly ash binders (UHVFA, fly ash/binder > 60 wt%). Nonetheless, fly ash (FA) replacement of cement is still largely limited to 35% regardless of more ambitious research indicating the potential to surpass 60%. In view of the urgent need for South Africa to offset and reduce its carbon footprint, this work reviews and summarises the literature on the performance of HVFA binders with a focus on two specific areas: (i) strength and (ii) durability. On HVFA binder strength, the focus is drawn on work that analysed the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. This review focuses on the extant literature analysing the durability of HVFA binders using various tests, including sorptivity, resistivity, permeability, tortuosity, rapid chloride penetration tests, resistance to sulphate attack, and microstructural analysis. As the FA content increases towards optima, i.e., 50–80%, the most indicative composite characteristics of the strength and durability properties are UCS (30–90 MPa) and permeability (low). This review reveals the leading methodologies, instrumentation, findings, challenges, and contradictions.","PeriodicalId":503239,"journal":{"name":"CivilEng","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140996459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Non-Linear Dynamics of Simple Elastic Systems Undergoing Friction-Ruled Stick–Slip Motions 发生摩擦规则棒滑运动的简单弹性系统的非线性动力学

CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5020021

R. Barsotti, S. Bennati, Giovanni Migliaccio

{"title":"Non-Linear Dynamics of Simple Elastic Systems Undergoing Friction-Ruled Stick–Slip Motions","authors":"R. Barsotti, S. Bennati, Giovanni Migliaccio","doi":"10.3390/civileng5020021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5020021","url":null,"abstract":"The stick–slip phenomenon is a jerking motion that can occur while two objects slide over each other with friction. There are several situations in which this phenomenon can be observed: between the slabs of the friction dampers used to mitigate vibrations in buildings, as well as between the components of the base isolation systems used for seismic protection. The systems of this kind are usually designed to work in a smooth and flawless manner, but under particular conditions undesired jerking motions may develop, yielding complex dynamic behavior even when only a few degrees of freedom are involved. A simplified approach to the problems of this kind leads to the mechanical model of a rigid block connected elastically to a rigid support and at the same time with friction to a second rigid support, both the supports having a prescribed motion. Despite the apparent simplicity of this model, it is very useful for studying important features of the non-linear dynamics of many physical systems. In this work, after a suitable formulation of the problem, the equations of motion are solved analytically in the sticking and sliding phases, and the influence of the main parameters of the system on its dynamics and limit cycles is investigated and discussed.","PeriodicalId":503239,"journal":{"name":"CivilEng","volume":"86 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141016336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mix with Lightweight Expanded Polystyrene and Steel Fibers 轻质膨胀聚苯乙烯和钢纤维混凝土拌合物力学性能的实验研究

CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-02-17 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5010011

Syed Jahanzaib Shah, Asad Naeem, Farzad Hejazi, Waqas Ahmed Mahar, Abdul Haseeb

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mix with Lightweight Expanded Polystyrene and Steel Fibers","authors":"Syed Jahanzaib Shah, Asad Naeem, Farzad Hejazi, Waqas Ahmed Mahar, Abdul Haseeb","doi":"10.3390/civileng5010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5010011","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for lightweight aggregates in concrete compositions for diverse structural and non-structural applications in contemporary building construction has increased. This is to achieve a controllable low-density lightweight concrete, which reduces the overall structural weight. However, the challenge lies in achieving an appropriate strength in lightweight concrete while maintaining a lower unit weight. This research aims to evaluate the performance of lightweight concrete by integrating expanded polystyrene (EPS) as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate. Test specimens were cast by blending EPS with coarse aggregate at varying proportions of 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45%, while maintaining a constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.60. To enhance the bonding and structural capabilities of the proposed lightweight concrete mixes, reinforcement with 2% and 4% steel fibers by volume of the total concrete mix was incorporated. Silica fume was introduced into the mix to counteract the water hydrophobicity of EPS material and enhance the durability of lightweight concrete, added at a rate of 10% by weight of cement in all specimens. A total of 60 samples, including cylinders and beams, were prepared and cured over 28 days. The physical and mechanical properties of the lightweight EPS-based concrete were systematically examined through experimental testing and compared against a standard concrete mix. The analysis of the results indicates that EPS-based concrete exhibits a controllable low density. It also reveals that incorporating reinforcement materials, such as steel fibers, enhances the overall strength of lightweight concrete.","PeriodicalId":503239,"journal":{"name":"CivilEng","volume":"65 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140453572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ensuring Structural Integrity: An Evaluation of Vertical Shortening in Tall Concrete Buildings 确保结构完整性：高层混凝土建筑的垂直缩短评估

CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5010010

Esmerald Filaj, Enio Deneko, R. Moezzi, M. Gheibi, A. Annuk

{"title":"Ensuring Structural Integrity: An Evaluation of Vertical Shortening in Tall Concrete Buildings","authors":"Esmerald Filaj, Enio Deneko, R. Moezzi, M. Gheibi, A. Annuk","doi":"10.3390/civileng5010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5010010","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical shortening, a phenomenon inherent to concrete structures, plays a key role in the quality and safety of construction, particularly in tall reinforced concrete buildings. This behavior is intrinsically linked to the time-dependent properties of concrete, encompassing both creep and shrinkage. Neglecting these aspects, especially when non-uniformly distributed, can give rise to various structural issues, including partition distress, overloading, and potential cracking in horizontal elements. This paper delves into the principal factors influencing vertical shortening and presents a rigorous approach to their evaluation, treating creep and shrinkage as critical parameters. The investigation employs two illustrative case studies: the first revolves around a 15-story reinforced concrete building with single columns supporting tributary areas at various levels, acting as a calibration case; the second encompasses a 30-story reinforced concrete structure employing a dual system, providing a broader perspective applicable to three-dimensional structures. A diverse array of analyses is conducted, incorporating considerations for concrete’s linear and nonlinear behavior as well as the impact of construction stages. Our findings reveal that vertical shortening is directly proportional to the building’s height and inversely related to concrete strength, longitudinal reinforcement ratios, member dimensions, volume-to-surface ratios, age of the structure upon load application, and relative humidity. Consequently, precise assessments of differential shortening effects are paramount. The utilization of staged construction analysis and time-dependent effects is recommended as the most suitable approach for evaluating vertical shortening effects.","PeriodicalId":503239,"journal":{"name":"CivilEng","volume":"3 1‐6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139795595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ensuring Structural Integrity: An Evaluation of Vertical Shortening in Tall Concrete Buildings 确保结构完整性：高层混凝土建筑的垂直缩短评估

CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5010010

Esmerald Filaj, Enio Deneko, R. Moezzi, M. Gheibi, A. Annuk

{"title":"Ensuring Structural Integrity: An Evaluation of Vertical Shortening in Tall Concrete Buildings","authors":"Esmerald Filaj, Enio Deneko, R. Moezzi, M. Gheibi, A. Annuk","doi":"10.3390/civileng5010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5010010","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical shortening, a phenomenon inherent to concrete structures, plays a key role in the quality and safety of construction, particularly in tall reinforced concrete buildings. This behavior is intrinsically linked to the time-dependent properties of concrete, encompassing both creep and shrinkage. Neglecting these aspects, especially when non-uniformly distributed, can give rise to various structural issues, including partition distress, overloading, and potential cracking in horizontal elements. This paper delves into the principal factors influencing vertical shortening and presents a rigorous approach to their evaluation, treating creep and shrinkage as critical parameters. The investigation employs two illustrative case studies: the first revolves around a 15-story reinforced concrete building with single columns supporting tributary areas at various levels, acting as a calibration case; the second encompasses a 30-story reinforced concrete structure employing a dual system, providing a broader perspective applicable to three-dimensional structures. A diverse array of analyses is conducted, incorporating considerations for concrete’s linear and nonlinear behavior as well as the impact of construction stages. Our findings reveal that vertical shortening is directly proportional to the building’s height and inversely related to concrete strength, longitudinal reinforcement ratios, member dimensions, volume-to-surface ratios, age of the structure upon load application, and relative humidity. Consequently, precise assessments of differential shortening effects are paramount. The utilization of staged construction analysis and time-dependent effects is recommended as the most suitable approach for evaluating vertical shortening effects.","PeriodicalId":503239,"journal":{"name":"CivilEng","volume":"75 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139855471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Artificial Neural Network Models for Determining the Load-Bearing Capacity of Eccentrically Compressed Short Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns 确定偏心压缩短混凝土填充钢管柱承载能力的人工神经网络模型

CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5010008

A. Chepurnenko, Vasilina Turina, V. Akopyan

{"title":"Artificial Neural Network Models for Determining the Load-Bearing Capacity of Eccentrically Compressed Short Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns","authors":"A. Chepurnenko, Vasilina Turina, V. Akopyan","doi":"10.3390/civileng5010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5010008","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial neural networks (ANN) have a great promise in predicting the load-bearing capacity of building structures. The purpose of this work was to develop ANN models to determine the ultimate load of eccentrically compressed concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns of circular cross-sections, which operated on the widest possible range of input parameters. Short columns were considered for which the amount of deflection does not affect the bending moment. A feedforward network was selected as the neural network type. The input parameters of the neural networks were the outer diameter of the columns, the thickness of the pipe wall, the yield strength of steel, the compressive strength of concrete and the relative eccentricity. Artificial neural networks were trained on synthetic data generated based on a theoretical model of the limit equilibrium of CFST columns. Two ANN models were created. When training the first model, the ultimate loads were determined at a given eccentricity of the axial force without taking into account additional random eccentricity. When training the second model, additional random eccentricity was taken into account. The total volume of the training dataset was 179,025 samples. Such a large training dataset size has never been used before. The training dataset covers a wide range of changes in the characteristics of the pipe metal and concrete of the core, pipe diameters and wall thicknesses, as well as eccentricities of the axial force. The trained models are characterized by high mean square error (MSE) scores. The correlation coefficients between the predicted and target values are very close to 1. The ANN models were tested on experimental data for 81 eccentrically compressed samples presented in five different works and 265 centrally compressed samples presented in twenty-six papers.","PeriodicalId":503239,"journal":{"name":"CivilEng","volume":"36 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139870236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Artificial Neural Network Models for Determining the Load-Bearing Capacity of Eccentrically Compressed Short Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns 确定偏心压缩短混凝土填充钢管柱承载能力的人工神经网络模型

CivilEng Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.3390/civileng5010008

A. Chepurnenko, Vasilina Turina, V. Akopyan

{"title":"Artificial Neural Network Models for Determining the Load-Bearing Capacity of Eccentrically Compressed Short Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns","authors":"A. Chepurnenko, Vasilina Turina, V. Akopyan","doi":"10.3390/civileng5010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5010008","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial neural networks (ANN) have a great promise in predicting the load-bearing capacity of building structures. The purpose of this work was to develop ANN models to determine the ultimate load of eccentrically compressed concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns of circular cross-sections, which operated on the widest possible range of input parameters. Short columns were considered for which the amount of deflection does not affect the bending moment. A feedforward network was selected as the neural network type. The input parameters of the neural networks were the outer diameter of the columns, the thickness of the pipe wall, the yield strength of steel, the compressive strength of concrete and the relative eccentricity. Artificial neural networks were trained on synthetic data generated based on a theoretical model of the limit equilibrium of CFST columns. Two ANN models were created. When training the first model, the ultimate loads were determined at a given eccentricity of the axial force without taking into account additional random eccentricity. When training the second model, additional random eccentricity was taken into account. The total volume of the training dataset was 179,025 samples. Such a large training dataset size has never been used before. The training dataset covers a wide range of changes in the characteristics of the pipe metal and concrete of the core, pipe diameters and wall thicknesses, as well as eccentricities of the axial force. The trained models are characterized by high mean square error (MSE) scores. The correlation coefficients between the predicted and target values are very close to 1. The ANN models were tested on experimental data for 81 eccentrically compressed samples presented in five different works and 265 centrally compressed samples presented in twenty-six papers.","PeriodicalId":503239,"journal":{"name":"CivilEng","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139810228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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