Interpretation最新文献

{"title":"DEEP REFLECTION SEISMIC DATA FOR IMPROVED IMAGING OF CRUST STRUCTURE: 2D CASE STUDY OF THE SOUTHWEST SUB-BASIN IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA","authors":"Yuping Liu, Lijie Wang, Heng Zhang, Yunqian Lu, Fuyuan Li, Wenbin Jiang","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0076.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0076.1","url":null,"abstract":"Seismic imaging of crustal structures becomes difficult in the presence of rough basements or complex bathymetry. Here, we present a 900 km deep seismic reflection profile collected across the Southwest Sub-basin (SWSB) of the South China Sea. By analyzing the types and distinctions of noise and effective signals, we employed deep structure migration techniques to improve crustal structure imaging, wide-line processing to predict 3D space multiples, and F-K domain time-space variable adaptive de-ghosting and different offset stacking to enhance the weak signals reflected from deep strucutures. The imaged continental crustal structure in the Penxi Bank exhibits moderate thinning, down to 15 km, and is intersected by continental-ward low-angle normal faults. Within the limitations of the OBS P-wave velocity model, we detected sub-horizontal lower crustal reflections that may be indicative of a weak lower crust. Two small-scale rollover structures along detachment faults rooted and rafted to the top of these weak lower crust. Based on the presence of narrow continent-ocean transitions(COTs), continental-ward detachment faults, and high lithosphere heat flow, we deduced that the mantle lithosphere breakup occurred earlier than the crust in the SWSB. Moreover, the continent-ocean transitions and oceanic crust domains demonstrate rough basements with numerous faults and approximately 20% diffuse or weak Moho reflections. From the southern COT to the initial oceanic domain, the thickness of the crust gradually reduces to only 3-5 km. This suggests a relatively low magmatic budget and protracted tectonic extension from the continental breakup to the onset of seafloor spreading. Within the oceanic crust domain, the crust thickness ranges from approximately 4-6 km, indicating a thinner oceanic crust than normal crust. Lower crustal reflections with a ridge-ward dipping pattern terminate at the Moho reflections and are partly connected to syn-spreading faults, hinting at their possible generation through syn-spreading faulting.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"32 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139815720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DEEP REFLECTION SEISMIC DATA FOR IMPROVED IMAGING OF CRUST STRUCTURE: 2D CASE STUDY OF THE SOUTHWEST SUB-BASIN IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA","authors":"Yuping Liu, Lijie Wang, Heng Zhang, Yunqian Lu, Fuyuan Li, Wenbin Jiang","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0076.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0076.1","url":null,"abstract":"Seismic imaging of crustal structures becomes difficult in the presence of rough basements or complex bathymetry. Here, we present a 900 km deep seismic reflection profile collected across the Southwest Sub-basin (SWSB) of the South China Sea. By analyzing the types and distinctions of noise and effective signals, we employed deep structure migration techniques to improve crustal structure imaging, wide-line processing to predict 3D space multiples, and F-K domain time-space variable adaptive de-ghosting and different offset stacking to enhance the weak signals reflected from deep strucutures. The imaged continental crustal structure in the Penxi Bank exhibits moderate thinning, down to 15 km, and is intersected by continental-ward low-angle normal faults. Within the limitations of the OBS P-wave velocity model, we detected sub-horizontal lower crustal reflections that may be indicative of a weak lower crust. Two small-scale rollover structures along detachment faults rooted and rafted to the top of these weak lower crust. Based on the presence of narrow continent-ocean transitions(COTs), continental-ward detachment faults, and high lithosphere heat flow, we deduced that the mantle lithosphere breakup occurred earlier than the crust in the SWSB. Moreover, the continent-ocean transitions and oceanic crust domains demonstrate rough basements with numerous faults and approximately 20% diffuse or weak Moho reflections. From the southern COT to the initial oceanic domain, the thickness of the crust gradually reduces to only 3-5 km. This suggests a relatively low magmatic budget and protracted tectonic extension from the continental breakup to the onset of seafloor spreading. Within the oceanic crust domain, the crust thickness ranges from approximately 4-6 km, indicating a thinner oceanic crust than normal crust. Lower crustal reflections with a ridge-ward dipping pattern terminate at the Moho reflections and are partly connected to syn-spreading faults, hinting at their possible generation through syn-spreading faulting.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139875743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In appreciation of reviewers and editors","authors":"","doi":"10.1190/int-2024-0118-bm.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2024-0118-bm.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"59 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140487136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Subsurface Analysis: Integrating Computer Vision and Deep Learning for Near Real-Time Interpretation of Borehole Image Logs in the Illinois Basin Decatur Project","authors":"Mohammad Faiq Adenan, Ebrahim Fathi, Timothy R Carr, Brian J. Panetta","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0078.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0078.1","url":null,"abstract":"The accurate quantification and mapping of subsurface natural fracture systems using a borehole imaging logs are critical for the success of CO2 sequestration in geological formations, optimization of engineered geothermal systems, and hydrocarbon production enhancement. However, traditional interpretation processes suffer from time-consuming procedures and human bias. To address these challenges and expedite fracture analysis, we investigated the application of integrated computer vision and deep learning workflows to automate image log analysis. Specifically, the design of our workflow was crafted to swiftly detect fractures and baffles by utilizing actual amplitude values from acoustic image logs alongside their binary representation. This novel approach significantly reduces computational time while providing invaluable insights. By incorporating conventional logging and microseismic data, we present a regional subsurface natural fracture mapping technique. Through the minimization of human bias in image log analysis, our automated workflow achieves reduced fracture interpretation time and costs, while ensuring robust and reproducible results. We demonstrated the efficacy of our approach by applying the workflow to The Illinois Basin – Decatur Project (IBDP) site. The automated workflow successfully identified major fractured zones, multiple baffles, and an interbedded layer with high resolution of 0.01 ft or 0.12 inch (0.3 cm) and can be upscaled to any desired resolution. Validation through microseismic and image log interpretations allows for accurate and near-real-time mapping of fractures and baffles, significantly enhancing CO2 pressure forecasting and post-injection site care. Our approach stands out due to its robustness, consistency, and reduced computational cost compared to alternative feature extraction technologies. It presents exciting possibilities for advancing CO2 sequestration and engineered geothermal efforts by offering comprehensive and efficient fracture mapping solutions. This technology can contribute significantly to the optimization of CO2 sequestration projects, facilitating sustainable environmental practices and combating climate change.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"43 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139593853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Real-time Fracture Detection on Image Logs Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks , YoloV5","authors":"Behnia Azizzadeh Mehmandost Olya, Reza Mohebian, Hassan Bagheri, Arzhan Mahdavi Hezaveh, Abolfazl Khan Mohammadi","doi":"10.1190/int-2022-0104.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2022-0104.1","url":null,"abstract":"Fractures in reservoirs have a profound impact on hydrocarbon production operations. The more accurately fractures can be detected, the better the exploration and production processes can be optimized. Therefore, fracture detection is an essential step in understanding the reservoir's behavior and the stability of the wellbore. The conventional method for detecting fractures is image logging, which captures images of the borehole and fractures. However, the interpretation of these images is a laborious and subjective process that can lead to errors, inaccuracies, and inconsistencies, even when aided by software. Automating this process is essential for expediting operations, minimizing errors, and increasing efficiency.While there have been some attempts to automate fracture detection, this paper takes a novel approach by proposing the use of YOLOv5 as a Deep Learning (DL) tool to detect fractures automatically. YOLOv5 is unique in that it excels at speed, both in training and detection, while maintaining high accuracy in fracture detection. We observed that YOLOv5 can detect fractures in near real-time with a high mean average precision (mAP) of 98.2, requiring significantly less training than other DL algorithms. Furthermore, our approach overcomes the shortcomings of other fracture detection methods.The proposed method has many potential benefits, including reducing manual interpretation errors, decreasing the time required for fracture detection, and improving fracture detection accuracy. Our approach can be utilized in various reservoir engineering applications, including hydraulic fracturing design, wellbore stability analysis, and reservoir simulation. By using this technique, the efficiency and accuracy of hydrocarbon exploration and production can be significantly improved.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"5 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139525699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CONSTRAINING MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL STRESS USING WELLBORE BREAKOUTS -- A CASE STUDY FROM ORDOVICIAN TIGHT RESERVOIR OF NORTHEASTERN OUED MYA BASIN, ALGERIA","authors":"R. Baouche, Souvik Sen, S. Ganguli, S. Benmamar, Prakash Kumar","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0053.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0053.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we interpret the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) azimuth from the breakout positions of wellbore and attempt to constrain the SHmax gradient based on the interpreted breakout width. A cumulative of 110 m of breakouts were deciphered within the Ordovician Hamra Quartzite interval of the Oued Mya Basin from a 138 m of acoustic image log. These breakouts were ranked as “A-Quality” following the World Stress Map ranking guidelines. We infer a mean SHmax orientation of N28°E ± 8°. Following the frictional faulting mechanism and stress polygon approach, measurement of minimum horizontal stress (Shmin) from minifrac tests and observations of compressive failures from acoustic image log provided strong constraints on the SHmax magnitude in the reservoir interval in the absence of core-measured rock strength. Interpreted breakout widths exhibit a range between 32.6° and 90.81°, which indicated a SHmax range of 24.4–34.7 MPa/km. The average breakout width of 62.58° translates to a narrower SHmax gradient range, varying between 27.2 and 31.2 MPa/km. The relative magnitudes of the principal stresses indicate a strong strike-slip tectonic stress state. Considering all the uncertainties, we infer a SHmax/Shmin ratio of 1.41–1.81 within the Ordovician interval.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"24 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139613736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic expression of shallow-water carbonate structures through geologic time","authors":"Marcello Badali’","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0014.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0014.1","url":null,"abstract":"Shallow-water carbonate structures are characterized by different shapes, sizes and identifying features, which depend, among other factors, on the age of deposition and on the carbonate factory associated with a specific geologic period. These variations have a significant impact on the imaging of these structures in reflection seismic data. This study aims at providing an overall, albeit incomplete, picture of how the seismic expression of shallow-water carbonate structures has evolved through deep time. 297 shallow-water carbonate systems of different ages, spanning from Precambrian to present, with a worldwide distribution of 159 sedimentary basins, have been studied. For each epoch, representative seismic examples of shallow-water carbonate structures were described through the assessment of a selection of discriminating seismic criteria, or parameters. The thinnest structures, commonly represented by ramp systems, usually occurred after mass extinction events, and are mainly recognizable in seismic data through prograding clinoform reflectors. The main diagnostic seismic features of most of the thickest structures, which were found to be Precambrian, Late Devonian, Middle-Late Triassic, Middle-Late Jurassic, some Early Cretaceous pre-salt systems, #8220;middle#8221; and Late Cretaceous, Middle-Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene, are steep slopes, and reefal facies. Slope-basinal, resedimented seismic facies, were mostly observed in thick, steep-slope platforms, and they are more common, except for megabreccias, in post-Triassic structures. Seismic-scale, early karst-related dissolution features were mostly observed in icehouse, platform deposits. Pinnacle structures and the thickest margin rims are concentrated in a few epochs, such as Middle-Late Silurian, Middle-Late Devonian, earliest Permian, Late Triassic, Late Jurassic, Late Paleocene, Middle-Upper Miocene, and Plio-Pleistocene, which are all characterized by high-efficiency reef builders.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"52 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing a new section and revisiting established sections in Interpretation","authors":"V. Egorov","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-1221-fe.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-1221-fe.1","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p> </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"73 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139155833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOHO REFLECTIONS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA OCEANIC BASIN","authors":"Minghui Geng, Chen Xi, Baojin Zhang, Zhao Bin, Zhang Ruwei, Donghui Bian, Yunqian Lu, Wang Lijie","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0077.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0077.1","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution and the characteristics of the Moho reflections (M-reflections) in oceanic basins record the seafloor spreading process and provide crucial insights into the formation and evolution of the oceanic basins. Approximately 20000 km of multi-channel seismic reflection sections (MCS) are used to characterize the M-reflections and the crustal structures in the South China Sea (SCS) oceanic sub-basins. The identified M-reflections are mainly distributed in the Northwest Sub-basin, the East Sub-basin and the northern and southern flanks of the Southwest Sub-basin. They exhibit a banded distribution pattern in two-way travel time along the north-south direction, with shallower depths observed in the central region and gradually deepening towards the northern and southern sides. Additionally, the M-reflection amplitudes generally weaken, the reflection events become less-continuous as the igneous oceanic crust thins along with the seafloor spreading prior to the second ridge jump event. Ultimately, the M-reflection become indistinguishable in proximity to fossil spreading centers. These observations suggest a decreasing magma supply towards the cessation of the spreading. Despite the significance of Moho interface imaging at the crust-mantle boundary, the distinct M-reflections are absent in the Southwest Sub-basin and in the vicinity of the Zhenbei-Huangyan Seamounts Chain, which are attributed to several factors, especially the vague nature of Moho interfaces.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139185034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"POST-RIFT BURIED VOLCANOES AND IGNEOUS PLUMBING SYSTEMS ALONG A CONTINENTAL RIBBON: INSIGHTS FROM THE XISHA MASSIF, NORTHWESTERN MARGIN OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA","authors":"Lijie Wang, Ruwei Zhang, Fucheng Li, Shengxuan Liu, Fuyuan Li, Yongjian Yao, Yuan Gu, H. Zhuo","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0039.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0039.1","url":null,"abstract":"possible to investigate the size, age, and geographical distribution of the buried volcanoes from multi-beam, single-, and multi-channel seismic data collected beneath the South China Sea (SCS) Xisha massif, which we argue is a continental ribbon. These data made it evident that the Middle Miocene volcanoes frequently generated massive volcanic fields that erupted along the rift fault zones, in contrast to the Early Miocene volcanoes, which typically built clusters of small-volume volcanic cones in the half-graben. Details include the presence of numerous volcanoes above and to the side of the dome-shaped main edifice that constitutes the middle Miocene volcanic field. Intrusive sills beneath volcanoes are isolated and have a dispersed distribution pattern at different levels, whereas dykes beneath volcanoes are numerous and have vertical zones of disruption (VZD) that connect to underlying faults or extend through the sediments to the crust. The relationship between the volcanoes and intrusions suggests that shallow igneous plumbing systems within the Xisha massif are most likely dyke domains. The Xisha massif has favorable conditions, including a relatively thin sedimentary sequence over a slightly extended continental crust (20–28 km) that might provide enough magma pressure for an igneous plumbing system that is primarily fed by dykes. Additionally, rifted faults in the upper crust and possibly sub-vertical foliations in the basement rock mass were thought to be viable routes for magma transport vertically. We emphasize the importance of crustal structure on the continental ribbon in controlling igneous plumbing styles and the distribution of post-rift volcanic systems along magma-poor continental margins, including crustal thickness, pre-existing faults, heterogeneous basement, and sediments.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"56 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139185805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}