Journal of Cave and Karst Studies最新文献

{"title":"Lithogeochemical Vectors and Mineral Paragenesis of Hydrothermal REE-Bearing Fluorite Veins and Breccias in the Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico","authors":"Evan J. Owen, A. Gysi, V. McLemore, N. Hurtig","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2870","url":null,"abstract":"The Gallinas Mountains district located in Lincoln and Torrance Counties, New Mexico, is host to hydrothermal REE-bearing fluorite veins and breccias. Rare earth elements (REE) are found in bastnäsite-(Ce) ([Ce,La]CO 3 F), which is also the primary ore mineral mined in several important carbonatite deposits (e.g. Mountain Pass in California; Bayan Obo in China). Minor production of REE, fluorite, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, and Fe has been recorded in the Gallinas Mountains district between the early 1900s and the 1950s. The REE-bearing fluorite veins and breccias are hosted in Permian sedimentary rocks as well as genetically related trachyte/syenite sills and dikes emplaced between 28-30 Ma. Previous studies have described the REE occurrences in the Gallinas Mountains, but the controls of hydrothermal processes on the transport and deposition of REE in the district remain unclear. In this study, we combine microtextural observations with mineral and whole rock chemistry of hydrothermal REE-bearing fluorite veins and breccias to determine the vein types, alteration styles, and establish a detailed mineral paragenesis. The goal of this study is to determine lithogeochemical vectors towards REE enriched zones in the district by linking thin section and deposit scale observations with mineral and whole rock geochemistry. This district is an exceptional natural laboratory for studying the role of hydrothermal processes for transport/deposition of REE in an alkaline F-rich magmatic-hydrothermal system because very few deposits worldwide have such well-preserved and exposed geology. Hand samples of hydrothermal veins and breccias containing ± barite ± bastnäsite-(Ce) were collected from outcrops, prospect pits, and mine dumps. Optical microscopy was used to identify minerals and determine the textural features and crosscutting relationships of the different fluorite veins. Multiple vein generations have been observed: i) early K-feldspar veins; ii) barite-fluorite ± hematite ± quartz veins; iii) bastnäsite-fluorite veins; iv) late quartz and calcite veins. Bastnäsite-(Ce) is commonly found in veins overprinting earlier barite-fluorite veins and contain barite that display dissolution textures (skeletonized crystals). Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy reveals at least three distinct fluorite generations with complex overprinting, including a generation intergrown with bastnäsite-(Ce). These textural observations suggest a key control of REE mineralization in the Gallinas Mountains district is by coupled dissolution of barite-fluorite veins and precipitation of later bastnäsite-fluorite veins. LA-ICP-MS analysis was performed on multiple fluorite generations to link fluorite chemistry with textural relationships. At least three distinct chondrite-normalized REE patterns are revealed, including: i) enriched LREE; ii) flat LREE with depleted HREE; iii) depleted LREE with enriched HREE. One fluorite generation seen replacing euhedra contains over 1% total REE. Geoche","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87565102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Heteromorph Ammonite Haresiceras (Haresiceras) montanaense (Reeside, 1927) From New Mexico","authors":"P. Sealey, S. Lucas","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2780","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74447262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snowy River’s Second Decade: Chaos Prevails","authors":"John T. M. Lyles","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2843","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79498795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Two Independent Water Systems in Fort Stanton Cave","authors":"Henry Schneiker","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2785","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86850555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fort Stanton Cave and the northern Sacramento Mountains: Regional geologic and hydrologic context","authors":"L. Land","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2808","url":null,"abstract":"Fort Stanton Cave, located in the northern Sacramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico, is formed in the middle Permian San Andres limestone. The cave is situated on the west flank of the Mescalero Arch, a broad structural divide separating the gently dipping eastern slopes of the mountains from structurally low areas of the Tularosa and Sierra Blanca Basins to the west. Fort Stanton Cave is located downgradient from extensive outcrops of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks as well as igneous and volcanic rock exposed at higher elevations in the Sierra Blanca Basin. This complex geologic setting results in surface drainage systems that originate on non-carbonate bedrock and are thus probably undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, making downstream dissolution and cave formation more likely. Evidence of both accretionary and dissolutional processes are widespread in the region. Tufa mounds associated with active and relict springs are a common feature in the southern Sacramentos. The most distinctive accretionary feature in Fort Stanton Cave is the Snowy River formation, a pool deposit composed of white calcite that coats the floor of the Snowy River passage, and currently extends >17 km with its southern terminus still undefined. Core samples collected from the Snowy River deposit reveal a laminated internal structure, indicating episodic deposition of sub-millimeter scale calcite laminae during periods when the passage stream is activated. The age of the basal layer has been determined to be only 820 years old, suggesting an abrupt change in climatic or hydrochemical conditions within the past millennium. The origin of water flow in the Snowy River passage is unknown, but appears to be associated with extreme summer precipitation events or heavy winter snowfall in the northern Sacramento Mountains. Field observations and hydrograph records support a point source or sources for water in the Snowy River passage via sinkholes or losing streams upgradient from the southwesternmost mapped stations in the cave.","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82490944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Sediment Erosion and Deposition in the Arroyo de los Pinos Through Structure from Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry","authors":"Rebecca Moskal, D. Cadol","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2827","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77690294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfuric Acid Speleogenesis in the Frasassi Cave System, Italy, and Possible Implications for Guadalupe Mountain Caves","authors":"Daniel S. Jones","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2848","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"759 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78809504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fort Stanton Cave Formation Repair and Restoration Project","authors":"Michael C. Mansur","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86092276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reservoir Model for Snowy River Flooding","authors":"Steve S. Peerman","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2783","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85545245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting Microbial Communities in Cave Ferromanganese Deposits With Overlying Surface Soils","authors":"D. Northup, Jason C. Kimble, Ara S. Winter, R. Sinsabaugh","doi":"10.56577/sm-2022.2834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2022.2834","url":null,"abstract":"Arid-land carbonate caves, such as Fort Stanton Cave, receive limited surface input; hence, critical constituents required for microbial communities are often limited. We hypothesized that the microbial communities residing in surface soils would differ from their subsurface counterparts found throughout the Snowy River passage on walls and ceilings in soil-like material ( speleosol ) rich in Fe- and Mn-oxides. Also referred to as ferromanganese deposits (FMDs), these secondary mineral deposits represent low nutrient environments that would likely select for organisms with metabolisms that favor low-nutrient local conditions and may be chemolithotrophic (“rock eaters”). We examined archaeal and bacterial makeup of low-nutrient ferromanganese deposits occurring in Fort Stanton Cave, NM, USA, and in corresponding overlying surface soils. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicate that bacterial and archaeal communities in the cave are taxonomically significantly dissimilar to their corresponding surface soils. Core microbial constituents of these communities, representing operational taxonomic units (OTUs) occurring in >80% of all samples, determined that there were only 19 and 17 archaeal and bacterial OTUs shared between surface and cave samples, respectively out of the total 1,639 archaeal and 12,051 bacterial OTUs. Surface archaeal communities were primarily represented by the Thaumarchaeota class Soil Crenarchaeotic Group (SCG), which play important roles in nitrogen cycling. Dominant archaeal groups in the subsurface included the Euryarchaeota class Thermoplasmata and Thaumarchaeota classes South African Gold Mine Gp 1 (SAGMCG-1), Marine Group I, and AK31. Bacterial cave OTUs significantly different from surface bacteria included Nitrospirae, GAL15, Omnitrophica , Zixibacteria, Latescibacteria , SBR1093,","PeriodicalId":50244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85035735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}