Journal of Mammalogy最新文献

{"title":"The clinical effects of brain-computer interface with robot on upper-limb function for post-stroke rehabilitation: a meta-analysis and systematic review.","authors":"Hao Qu, Feixiang Zeng, Yongbin Tang, Bin Shi, Zhijun Wang, Xiaokai Chen, Jing Wang","doi":"10.1080/17483107.2022.2060354","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17483107.2022.2060354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Many recent clinical studies have suggested that the combination of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can induce neurological recovery and improvement in motor function. In this review, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical effects of BCI-robot systems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The articles published from January 2010 to December 2020 have been searched by using the databases (EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL, EBSCO, Web of Science and manual search). The single-group studies were qualitatively described, and only the controlled-trial studies were included for the meta-analysis. The mean difference (MD) of Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scores were pooled and the random-effects model method was used to perform the meta-analysis. The PRISMA criteria were followed in current review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 897 records were identified, eight single-group studies and 11 controlled-trial studies were included in our review. The systematic analysis indicated that the BCI-robot systems had a significant improvement on motor function recovery. The meta-analysis showed there were no statistic differences between BCI-robot groups and robot groups, neither in the immediate effects nor long-term effects (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of BCI-robot systems has significant improvement on the motor function recovery of hemiparetic upper-limb, and there is a sustaining effect. The meta-analysis showed no statistical difference between the experimental group (BCI-robot) and the control group (robot). However, there are a few shortcomings in the experimental design of existing studies, more clinical trials need to be conducted, and the experimental design needs to be more rigorous.Implications for RehabilitationIn this review, we evaluated the clinical effects of brain-computer interface with robot on upper-limb function for post-stroke rehabilitation. After we screened the databases, 19 articles were included in this review. These articles all clinical trial research, they all used non-invasive brain-computer interfaces and upper-limb robot.We conducted the systematic review with nine articles, the result indicated that the BCI-robot system had a significant improvement on motor function recovery. Eleven articles were included for the meta-analysis, the result showed there were no statistic differences between BCI-robot groups and robot groups, neither in the immediate effects nor long-term effects.We thought the result of meta-analysis which showed no statistic difference was probably caused by the heterogenicity of clinical trial designs of these articles.We thought the BCI-robot systems are promising strategies for post-stroke rehabilitation. And we gave several suggestions for further research: (1) The experimental design should be more rigorous, and describe the experimental designs in detail, especially the control group intervention, to make the exp","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"61 1","pages":"30-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90237363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic footprints of Quaternary climatic fluctuations on the endangered Tuco-tuco-das-dunas (Ctenomys flamarioni)","authors":"Luiza Flores Gasparetto, Gabriela Paula Fernández, Cecilia Soledad Carnovale, Renan Maestri, Daniel Galiano, Willian Thomaz Peçanha, Bruno Busnello Kubiak, Thales Renato Ochotorena de Freitas","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyad111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyad111","url":null,"abstract":"The biogeographic history of a species results from responses to past and current processes, and understanding those responses at both temporal scales is essential. We explored phylogeographic and current genetic variation structure in Ctenomys flamarioni—a subterranean rodent that inhabits a small region of the coastal plain of Brazil—and contrasted the roles of “present-day niche suitability” versus “historical climate stability” to understand current and past intraspecific genetic diversity. We used both mitochondrial DNA sequences (concatenated Cytb and D-loop, n = 78) and nuclear DNA (9 microsatellites loci, n = 154) molecular markers for individuals across the entire distribution of the species. We used phylogeographic trees, Bayesian clustering, and haplotype networks to explore genetic variation and diversity. We correlated genetic diversity with measures of current niche suitability and potential areas of Late Quaternary paleostability. Phylogeographic patterns confirmed low levels of genetic diversity structured at different hierarchical levels. We also found a weak but significant pattern of isolation by distance, indicating that geographical distance partially modulates genetic differences among populations. We also observed a positive correlation between genetic diversity and climate paleostability for microsatellites at local and regional scales. However, we found no significant association between genetic diversity and niche suitability for microsatellites at local or regional scales. We observed several signatures of bottleneck and population expansion at different geographic scales. Our results suggest that Quaternary climatic fluctuations—acting together with habitat suitability and other contemporary factors—played a fundamental role in elucidating the evolutionary history of the species—including patterns of historical dispersal, and current patterns of habitat occupation and genetic structure. In addition, based on our molecular and environmental data sets from the across the range of the species and considering the restricted endemism of C. flamarioni, we emphasize the urgency of conservation actions to protect this endangered species.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"41 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139054355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To go or not to go: variable density-dependent dispersal in small mammals","authors":"Kate L. Rutherford, K. Cottenie, S. Denomme-Brown","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyac117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyac117","url":null,"abstract":"Population density has been widely understood to be a key influencer of dispersal behavior; however, the generality of density-dependent (DD) dispersal in vertebrates is unclear. We conducted a review of the available empirical data on small mammal DD dispersal, distinguishing between the three dispersal stages: emigration, immigration, and transience (dispersal distance). We focused on small mammals because they are a well-studied, functionally similar group of vertebrates, with a distinct ecological importance. We also examined the effect of season, body mass, study length, and study type on the strength and direction of DD dispersal. The majority of emigration and dispersal distance studies reported negative density dependence, while immigration was mostly independent of density. No correlative patterns were detected; however, interpretation of the available data was hindered by inconsistencies in experimental and analytical approach across studies. Our results suggest that the three phases of the dispersal process may be influenced differently by density and highlight the importance of distinguishing between emigration, immigration, and transience when considering the effects of density dependence. As well, our study identifies several limitations with the current available data which limit the ability to compare DD dispersal behavior across systems, and calls for future investigations that consider all three phases of dispersal in the same system.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"104 1","pages":"783 - 791"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60842208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogenetic and static scaling of antler mass in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","authors":"Willis P Sontheimer, Deanna Pfeffer, Floyd W Weckerly","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyad120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyad120","url":null,"abstract":"Antlers are a costly trait that require skeletal reserves to grow to a large size. Thus, insight into variation in antler size requires understanding the connection between antler and body size, which can be summarized through ontogenetic and static scaling relationships. Both types of scaling relationships are also needed to examine the influence of factors besides body mass on antler growth at different ages and whether the effects of these factors diminish with age. Dietary and maternal effects might decline with age as individuals attempt to mitigate size deficits. We examined the potential effects of diet and maternal attributes of dam (mother) age at birth and litter size on body–antler mass relationships throughout ontogeny and at discrete ages. Data on age, maternal characteristics, body mass, and antler mass were gathered from captive, pen-raised White-tailed Deer (n = 168) that consumed either a low-energy (1.77 kcal/g) or standard-energy diet (2.65 kcal/g) from the time they were weaned until they perished by 5.5 years of age. Both types of scaling relationships were estimated with linear mixed-effects models to account for repeated measurements of males, dams, and sires. Diet affected ontogenetic scaling relationships. Males eating the low-energy diet had faster antler growth when young and lighter in body mass than when they were older and heavier—whereas males fed the standard-energy diet had a similar rate of antler growth across the range of body masses. A Bayesian Information Criterion model selection analysis indicated that diet and litter size (singleton, multiple births), but not dam age at birth influenced static scaling relationships. Static scalar coefficients up to 3.5 years of age were positively allometric (>1.0), but isometric (1.0) in 4.5- and 5.5-year-old males. Furthermore, diet and litter size influenced both intercepts and slopes in only the youngest males (1.5 years) indicating that dietary and maternal effects can diminish with age. Body–antler mass relationships are complex. Young males that are small because of maternal effects, for example, might still be able to mitigate smaller body and antler sizes at older ages.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139054352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement response of small mammals to burn severity reveals importance of microhabitat features","authors":"Sandy A Slovikosky, Melissa J Merrick, Marina Morandini, John L Koprowski","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyad117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyad117","url":null,"abstract":"Disturbance events are increasing at a global scale, with cascading impacts to ecosystems and residents therein that include fragmentation and altered vegetation structure and composition. Such changes may disproportionately impact small mammal movements, risk perception, and community dynamics as smaller species perceive such changes at finer spatial scales. We examined movement response to burn severity, vegetation structure, and composition in Mexican woodrats (Neotoma mexicana), a common but understudied small mammal species. The study was conducted on Mt. Graham in southeastern Arizona, United States, following a fire that burned over 19,400 ha. We measured path tortuosity of woodrats translocated over patches of different burn severity. Tortuosity can indicate microhabitat selection, foraging behavior, and perceived predation risk—features affecting population-level processes that changes in community composition alone cannot fully demonstrate. We captured woodrats, released them 50 m away from their midden, and used fluorescent powder to track woodrat movement paths through areas of low–severe burn severity. We analyzed features of the resulting powder trails including straightness, average step length, fractal dimension, and squared displacement. We also compared used versus expected vegetation structure and composition along movement paths across burn severities. Analyses indicated shorter step length with increased bare ground, as well as higher squared displacement in areas with more logs. Vegetation analyses likewise showed that logs were heavily used in low-burned areas, whereas dense vegetation was avoided in highly burned areas. Burn severity alone did not have a direct effect on movement parameters, rather its influence on vegetative composition and structure appears to be most important. Selection for logs and avoidance of dense vegetation may be attributed to auditory concealment and ease of travel. With projected increases in wildfire extent and severity, this work represents an understudied approach to understanding these disturbances and their effects on ecological communities.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"41 12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139054351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site occupation and range expansion by the endangered, Mexican microendemic San Quintín Kangaroo Rat (<i>Dipodomys gravipes</i>).","authors":"Jorge Andrade-Sánchez, Eric Mellink, Mónica E Riojas-López, Scott Tremor, Sula E Vanderplank","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyad113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyad113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The San Quintin Kangaroo Rat, a rodent species microendemic to the San Quintin-El Rosario region in Baja California that was considered potentially extinct in the wild, was recently rediscovered. This stimulated subsequent searches by us throughout its known distribution range and on sites that seemed suitable beyond its limits. We captured the species at 19 out of 42 localities surveyed, of which 6 are beyond its historically known distribution range, expanding the latter by ~60 km. Most sites occupied by the species occur on abandoned farmland in early ecological successional stages. Our data support that in the highly transformed agricultural landscape into which the region was converted in the 20th century, the species was able to survive undetected and colonize/recolonize sites once habitat became adequate after agricultural abandonment. This exhibits that the species is highly resilient and persisted as a metapopulation. Further research and conservation actions must be framed within context of the region's agricultural development.</p>","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"105 1","pages":"168-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10894624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new extinct desert rodent from the Holocene of South America and its bearing on the diversity of Octodontidae (Hystricognathi)","authors":"Diego H Verzi, A Itatí Olivares, Nahuel A De Santi, Cecilia C Morgan, José Manuel López, Horacio Chiavazza","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyad106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyad106","url":null,"abstract":"A Late Holocene (ca. 3,100 to 380 BP) sample of the viscacha rat genus Octomys (Octodontidae) from the Vaquerías Gruta 1 site (VQ-G1) in western Argentina is reported. Phylogenetic and morphometric comparative analyses with living octodontids support that the VQ-G1 sample is related to the desert specialists Tympanoctomys and Octomys, and is sister to the only living species of the latter, O. mimax. The estimated morphological distance to O. mimax is greater than that between pairs of congeneric octodontid species, and even greater than that between some species belonging to different genera. This suggests that the sample represents a new species, whose young age prevents interpreting it as an anagenetic ancestor of O. mimax. If the new species is the result of cladogenesis, its absence in the current fauna represents actual extinction, which among caviomorphs is added to those of †Clyomys riograndensis, †Dicolpomys fossor, †Ctenomys viarapaensis, and †Galea tixiensis—also extinct in the Late Holocene. Thus, the VQ-G1 sample provides evidence of changes in diversity and distribution undergone by small mammals in southern South America during that time. The potential contribution of the Holocene record may be key to elucidate this issue from both an evolutionary and a conservation perspective. This requires a detailed systematic approach to determine whether the taxa under study are truly independent evolutionary units, as well as geographically broad sampling efforts to distinguish the changes affecting distribution from those producing irreversible changes in diversity.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138690265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes contribute to mass gain variation in female obligate hibernators","authors":"Samuel Degregori, Gina C Johnson, Paul H Barber, Daniel T Blumstein","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyad097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyad097","url":null,"abstract":"Obtaining body condition is an important life history challenge that directly impacts individual fitness and is particularly important for hibernating animals, whose maintenance of adequate body fat and mass is essential for survival. It is well-documented that host-associated microorganisms play a vital role in animal physiology and behavior. Recent work demonstrates that gut microbes are associated with fat accumulation and obesity, particularly the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The focus of most microbiome studies has been on human health or involved lab-reared animals used as a model system. However, these microbes likely are important for individual fitness in wild populations and provide potential mechanistic insights into the adaptability and survival of wildlife. Here we tested whether symbiotic microorganisms within the phyla of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were associated with summer mass gain in an exceptionally well-studied wild population of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) by analyzing 207 fecal samples collected over 5 summer active seasons. Results showed that marmots with higher mass gain rates had a greater relative abundance of Firmicutes. In contrast, a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was associated with lower mass gain rates, but only for marmots living in harsher environments. Similar patterns were found at the family level where Ruminococcaceae, a member of Firmicutes, was associated with higher mass gain rates, and Muribaculaceae, a member of Bacteroidetes, was associated with lower mass gain rates in harsher environments. Although correlative, these results highlight the potential importance of symbiotic gut microbiota to mass gain in the wild—a trait associated with survival and fitness in many taxonomic groups.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138690342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skull shape and size changes in different subpopulations of the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) in Mexico","authors":"Rosalía Aguilar Medrano, Víctor Hugo Cruz Escalona, Juan Ángel Payán Alcacio, Larissa Rosa de Oliveira, Arelly Ornelas Vargas, Claudia J Hernández Camacho, Carlos Mauricio Peredo","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyad104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyad104","url":null,"abstract":"California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are distributed along the Gulf of California and northeastern Pacific coast. Genetic studies have suggested the existence of 3 to 4 subpopulations in Mexico—1 on the Pacific coast of the Baja California peninsula (PC) and 3 in the Gulf of California—but the extent of this divergence is unclear, and it remains unknown if these subpopulations are morphologically distinct. In this context, we analyzed variation in skull size and shape of adult males between 5 and 13 years of age among 2 (north and central) of the 3 subpopulations of Z. californianus from the Gulf of California and the PC in Mexico. However, since the sample sizes for the 2 subpopulations in the Gulf of California were small, we merged all samples into 1 that we called the Gulf of California (GC) subpopulation. Artificial neural networks and geometric morphometrics were used to analyze skull images to quantify the extent to which these geographically separated subpopulations are undergoing morphological divergence. Our results find no significant differences in size in any view between the 2 subpopulations, but significant differences in the morphology of the dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull between the 2 subpopulations. Overall, Z. californianus from the GC subpopulation have wider and lower skulls, extended back and outward with a more voluminous (bulky) nuchal crest, and narrow rostrum in comparison with skulls of Z. californianus from the PC subpopulation. Results concur with a previous genetic-based study, demonstrating that Z. californianus from both subpopulations in Mexico are diverging in their skull morphology and perhaps suggesting that they are experiencing different evolutionary pressures.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"74 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138690264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From backyard to backcountry: changes in mammal communities across an urbanization gradient","authors":"Christopher P Hansen, Roland Kays, Joshua J Millspaugh","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyad110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyad110","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization often results in biodiversity loss and homogenization, but this result is not universal and there is substantial variability in the spatiotemporal effects of urbanization on wildlife across cities and taxa. Areas with lower population and housing density are some of the fastest-growing regions in the western United States; thus, more research in these areas could offer additional insight into the effects of urbanization on wildlife and the potential importance of wild spaces in maintaining a diverse biotic community surrounding developed areas. To address this need, we conducted a study to identify the effects of urbanization (i.e. housing density) on mammals along a housing density gradient from wilderness to suburbia in Missoula, Montana. We deployed 178 motion-activated trail cameras at random sites within urban/suburban, exurban, rural, and wild regions from May to October 2019 to 2020. We identified all mammals &amp;gt;150 g, then evaluated how housing density influenced: (i) occupancy and (ii) species richness using multispecies occupancy models; (iii) relative abundance using Poisson models; and (iv) diel activity patterns using kernel density estimation and logistic regression. Urbanization was the strongest driver of mammal distribution, with a linear decline in mammal species richness as housing density increased. Urbanization also had strong effects on occupancy and detection rates, with larger-bodied mammals generally having stronger negative associations. Overall, mammal relative abundance was highest in suburban regions; however, this effect was largely driven by White-tailed Deer. Natural environmental factors explained most changes in mammal nocturnal activity; however, urbanization strongly affected nocturnality in some species, with Black Bear and White-tailed Deer becoming more nocturnal and Red Fox and Northern Raccoon becoming less nocturnal as housing density increased. While our study confirms that some mammals can live and thrive in developed areas, it emphasizes the importance of maintaining wild areas for those species that cannot.","PeriodicalId":50157,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammalogy","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}