Journal of Marine Systems最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the link between benthic tunicates and human-driven environmental changes in the central Cantabrian Sea (Bay of Biscay)","authors":"María Díez-Muñoz,&nbsp;Esteban Pascual-Parra,&nbsp;Ricardo López-Alonso,&nbsp;Andrés Arias","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Benthic tunicates, commonly known as sea squirts or ascidians, are filter-feeder sessile organisms that inhabit different marine habitats, especially rocky seashores. They are commonly found on various submerged anthropogenic surfaces, such as concrete, ropes and plastics, being common in marina docks that represent sheltered habitats for their settlement and proliferation. The primary aim of this study was to characterize the ascidian community in marina docks located in Asturias (Central Cantabrian Sea, northern Spain). Their abundance along the study area was compared and related with different environmental parameters such as chlorophyll <em>a</em> level, turbidity, pH, temperature, salinity, conductivity, redox potential, total dissolved solids and factors derived from anthropogenic activities which are heavy metals, nitrates, silicon levels and marine traffic. In addition, microplastics (MPs) in <em>Microcosmus squamiger</em> were quantified and compared among the different sampled marinas. A total of 18 species were found all over the sampling locations. Lastres and Gijón were the most abundant, rich and diverse localities, followed by Cudillero, El Puntal and lastly, Avilés. This pattern was strongly correlated to salinity and pH. Finally, it was observed that the abundance of MPs in <em>M. squamiger</em> and in water samples was similar in the marinas. Furthermore, the length of these particles was found to be similar in both water and organisms, suggesting consistent patterns of MPs presence in these environments. Results of this study highlight the need for a long-term monitoring of the shifts in ascidians communities as well as further research to collect information on MPs and benthic tunicates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 104249"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148542113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sustained expansion (2011−2022) and abrupt contraction (2023) of the Ross Sea polynyas","authors":"Xiaolu Ou,&nbsp;Lingqiao Cheng,&nbsp;Dongming Lin,&nbsp;Guoping Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ross Ice Shelf Polynya (RISP) and Terra Nova Bay Polynya (TNBP) in the Ross Sea are critical regions for sea ice production and dense water formation that influence global ocean circulation. However, despite their profound oceanic impacts, the interannual variability of the RISP and TNBP from 2011 to 2023, a period marked by significant atmospheric and sea ice extremes, remains inadequately quantified. By integrating thin-ice thickness data with meteorological reanalysis, we analyzed the interannual variability in polynya area and sea ice production during this period. Our results reveal a distinct two-phase evolution: a significant expansion in polynya area and sea ice production from 2011 to 2022, followed by a sharp decline in 2023. The expansion phase was driven by a deepening Amundsen Sea Low (ASL), which strengthened offshore winds, enhancing sea ice advection and ocean heat loss. The subsequent contraction coincided with a weakened ASL, which generated onshore winds that suppressed the polynya activity, compounded by extreme winter cooling. The RISP and TNBP exhibit different responses to wind forcing, showing a synergistic dynamic-thermodynamic response in the RISP, while demonstrating higher thermodynamic sensitivity in the TNBP. While large-scale modes, like the ASL, set the climatic background, synoptic-scale, local atmospheric forcing was the primary direct driver of polynya variability. The high sensitivity of these polynyas to short-term atmospheric extremes underscores their role as critical indicators for Antarctic Bottom Water formation, highlighting their vulnerability to changing climate patterns, with implications for the global overturning circulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 104255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148542119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The observations of physical, geological and biological impacts of seasonal internal tides in a deep embayment of the oceanic island system: Insights from outer Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia","authors":"Gerry Giliant Salamena ,&nbsp;Simon Tubalawony ,&nbsp;Sem Likumahua ,&nbsp;Intan Suci Nurhati ,&nbsp;Ristiyanto Adiputra ,&nbsp;Daniel Deonisius Pelasula ,&nbsp;Ferdimon Kainama","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of seasonal internal tides at highly supercritical slope (hereafter, the slope) of outer Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia on water stratification, sediment resuspension and the vertical chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) displacement were investigated. This study employed (i) longitudinal CTD casts starting from an offshore site with the absence of internal tides to the slope where internal tides likely exist, and (ii) 24-h CTD yoyo measurements at a point in the slope to observe hourly isothermal displacements linked to internal tides. The CTD measurements were coupled with Chl-a and turbidity profilers and were conducted during spring tide condition to consider the peak of isothermal excursion and under seasonal-varying thermocline during easterly and westerly monsoons. Both seasons under the prevailing spring tide condition showed the signatures of the phenomenon indicated by vertical isothermal excursion with the internal tide amplitude and the associated vertical velocity larger during easterly monsoon (140 m; 9 × 10–3 m/s) than during westerly monsoon (50 m; 4 × 10–3 m/s). This corresponded to the weaker stratification during easterly monsoon than westerly monsoon. The effects of seasonal internal tides to water column, sediment resuspension and Chl-a distribution are as follows. The signature of vertical mixing was detected during the measurements when comparing Brunt-Vaisala frequency (N²) in both seasons between an offshore station without internal tides and stations at the slope with internal tides. Here, the reduced stratification was found at stations located at the slope, indicating that vertical mixing occurred due to internal tide dissipation over the slope. The internal tide dissipation along the slope created bottom sediment resuspension, indicated by the increased bottom turbidity, over a larger area during easterly monsoon (1.5 km across the slope) than westerly monsoon (0.4 km across the slope). The formation of a bottom nepheloid layer (turbidity ≥3 NTU) was only observed in easterly monsoon. For the two seasons, maximum of Chl-a was observed at different depth (near surface for easterly and mid-depth for westerly monsoon) and only the mid-depth maximum was affected by the vertical displacement of the internal tides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 104222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147802492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal variability in primary productivity and associated shifts in bacterial community structure at chlorophyll maximum depths in the eastern Arabian Sea","authors":"Ashutosh Shankar Parab ,&nbsp;Mayukhmita Ghose ,&nbsp;Cathrine Sumathi Manohar","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The eastern Arabian Sea experiences a seasonal increase in primary productivity during the southwest monsoon. However, how this seasonal increase restructures bacterial communities and ecological dynamics at the chlorophyll maximum depths remains insufficiently resolved. This study examines how monsoon-driven hydrographic changes regulate bacterial community structure and ecological functions across coastal and offshore stations off Goa, Mangalore, and Trivandrum, integrating <em>in situ</em> primary productivity measurements, physicochemical profiling, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Monsoon intensification resulted in a shallower mixed layer (25–50 m), with enhanced nutrients, and higher mean primary productivity (65 mg C m⁻³ d⁻¹), and microbial processes within a narrower upper-water column. A significant positive correlation between primary productivity and bacterial carbon biomass demonstrated strong coupling between autotrophic production and bacterial responses. This productivity enhancement coincided with pronounced seasonal restructuring of community composition. Non-monsoon bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, adapted to relatively nutrient-limited conditions. In contrast, the monsoon favored Cyanobacteria along with diverse heterotrophic lineages, including Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and several <em>Candidatus</em> phyla, reflecting enhanced processing of freshly produced organic substrates. Multivariate analyses confirmed that primary productivity and physicochemical variables significantly structured bacterial communities across seasons. Predictive functional profiling indicated a shift from heterotroph-dominated carbon recycling during the non-monsoon to increased representation of phototrophic and carbon assimilation functions during the monsoon, suggesting a seasonal transition in microbial trophic strategies. These findings suggest that monsoon-driven hydrographic variability influences microbial trophic balance, linking physical forcing to bacterial community restructuring and inferred carbon-processing pathways in tropical marine systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 104234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147995164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Not one shoe fits all: Applicability of hydrodynamic models for the simulation of ocean alkalinity enhancement in the Baltic Sea","authors":"Anna-Adriana Anschütz,&nbsp;Thomas Neumann,&nbsp;Peter Holtermann,&nbsp;Hagen Radtke","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) has become the focus of intensive research as a potential method for future carbon dioxide removal (CDR). In the Baltic Sea, the deposition of alkaline minerals on the seafloor is one of the considered options, as their dissolution raises local alkalinity. Once the additional alkalinity reaches the sea surface, it increases the ocean’s potential for uptake of atmospheric CO₂. A reliable estimation of the vertical transport of dissolved constituents is therefore essential for a model’s applicability to ocean alkalinisation research. While concentrations of seawater ingredients are often straightforward to measure, the corresponding transports of these ingredients by advection and turbulent diffusion are not. Based on an example from the study of ocean alkalinity enhancement, we demonstrate that these transport estimates can exhibit a considerable range of uncertainty even when well-calibrated models are employed. To evaluate the reliability of such estimates by current physical ocean models, we recreated a passive tracer release experiment in the Gotland Deep (Baltic Sea) in three model setups: two hydrodynamic models with differing vertical coordinate systems, including two resolutions for one of the models. The resulting simulations produced substantially different estimates of vertical tracer transport. In the case of OAE, this could lead to considerable variability in the predicted time lags between mineral deposition and sea surface contact and thereby in the desired CO₂ drawdown. We conclude that, in addition to typical comparisons with salt and temperature observations, a specific validation of transport processes as a prestudy is necessary to assess whether a hydrodynamic model setup is suitable for research questions that require reliable physical transport estimates. These research questions encompass a range of typical applications of hydrodynamic modelling, including simulating the transport of nutrients, toxic substances, or fish larvae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 104226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147951259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal variability of kelp-like (Saccorhiza polyschides) populations along the Asturias Coast (north of Spain)","authors":"Pelayo Rico ,&nbsp;Enol Navarro-Murillo ,&nbsp;Paloma Peón-Torre ,&nbsp;Jose M. Rico","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Once dominant on temperate rocky shores around the world, kelp forests started declining globally during the last century, especially in the last two decades, due to an increasing interaction with anthropogenic-derived stressors (including ocean warming, marine heat waves, fishing and kelp harvesting, pollution and eutrophication). Between early 80s and late 90s, <em>Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria ochroleuca</em> and <em>Saccorhiza polyschides</em> were three of the most abundant species along the north coast of Spain. However, since the late 90s, the distribution of these three species has significantly shifted onwards the disappearance of both <em>Laminaria</em> species (rarely finding isolated individuals), and the decreasing presence of <em>S. polyschides</em>. Here, we present the results of monitoring 12 transects along the West coast of Asturias over the last 14 years (2009 to 2023). We took different approaches to examine whether two factors, longitude and time, have a significant impact on the distribution of <em>S. polyschides</em>. Results showed a significant gradient of kelp abundance and density from bigger populations on the west coast to eastern locations, even finding local extinctions on two different eastern locations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 104231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147995830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioindicator-based multi-decadal study (1980–2021) of microplastic pollution in an estuarine system of the Bay of Biscay using Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776)","authors":"Esteban Pascual-Parra ,&nbsp;Ricardo López-Alonso ,&nbsp;Omar Sánchez ,&nbsp;Andrés Arias","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic production has increased exponentially since the 1950s, leading to widespread contamination of marine environments. Microplastics (MPs), originating from both manufactured products and the fragmentation of larger plastics, pose particular risks to benthic organisms. In this study, we conducted a trend analysis of the evolution of the presence, quantity, typology, and distribution of ingested MPs of <em>Hediste diversicolor</em> (a key estuarine polychaete) from 1980 to 2021 in the Partial Nature Reserve of the Villaviciosa estuary (Bay of Biscay). <em>Hediste diversicolor</em> specimens were identified based on combined morphological and molecular analyses of the COI gene. Results show a consistent concentration of MPs over the last five decades. However, smaller individuals contained significantly higher MP concentrations per unit mass. The estimated sources of these MPs were 68.58% from the textile industry, 2.32% from the marine industry, 16.26% from other industries and 12.79% from the food and packaging sector. This indicates early contamination by microplastics in the environment and reflects the problem of the textile industry. These findings suggest that local human activities and species-specific traits exert greater influence on MP accumulation than global production trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 104232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial heterogeneity in mussel larval abundance across fjord systems of northern Chilean Patagonia","authors":"Felipe I. Torres ,&nbsp;Carlos Lara ,&nbsp;Carlos Molinet ,&nbsp;Nicole Castillo-Villagrán ,&nbsp;Bernardo R. Broitman","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is reshaping marine ecosystems by altering the timing, intensity, and predictability of key biological processes. In northern Chilean Patagonia, where mussel aquaculture depends on wild seed collection, variability in oceanographic and climatic conditions may affect mussel larval abundance at local scales. Here, we analyze a decade of monthly data on mussel larvae collected at seven sites distributed across contrasting fjord and channel systems. We assess phenological patterns, extreme events, and long-term trends in larval abundance, and evaluate their associations with local hydrography and large-scale climate indices (ENSO, PDO, SAM) and local hydrographic variability. Larval peaks varied in timing and duration across sites, and we identified extreme positive and negative events. Extreme positive larval abundances were concentrated at mid-latitude sites and occurred during strong negative PDO phases, often combined with La Niña or positive SAM. In contrast, decreasing trends were detected at the southernmost sites, while a positive trend emerged at one mid-latitude site. These contrasting patterns suggest that larval dynamics are primarily shaped by large-scale climate forcing, with local hydrographic conditions modulating site-specific responses. These contrasting patterns highlight strong spatial heterogeneity in larval dynamics, suggesting that local hydrographic conditions and geomorphological setting play a key role in modulating the effects of large-scale climate variability. Our results emphasize that larval abundance cannot be generalized across the region and must be interpreted within the context of site-specific processes. Understanding these local dynamics is critical for predicting variability in seed availability and supporting the sustainability of mussel aquaculture under changing environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 104227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D tool for monitoring fouling in small vessels from Asturias, Bay of Biscay","authors":"I. Carrera-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;V. Soto-López ,&nbsp;Ricardo López-Alonso ,&nbsp;Esteban Pascual-Parra ,&nbsp;Claudia González-Toral ,&nbsp;Andrés Arias ,&nbsp;Eduardo Cires ,&nbsp;J.A. García-Maza ,&nbsp;M. Bartolomé ,&nbsp;D. Menéndez-Teleña","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transfer of invasive species poses a serious threat to global ecology and economy, causing substantial damage to biodiversity. These species colonize new habitats outside their natural distribution range due to human activities, resulting in ecological, economic, and health-related harm. The primary pathways for their introduction are ballast water and biofouling. Biofouling not only causes biological contamination but also negatively impacts the hydrodynamic performance of vessels, increasing fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions.</div><div>This study focused on the analysis of biofouling on small vessels across nine ports in Asturias, in the Bay of Biscay. During dry-docking, biofouling samples were collected from 40 vessels, and information on their characteristics, hull treatments, and navigation areas was recorded. A total of 163 species were identified, 15 (10.6%) of which were classified as invasive. 3D technologies and RGB image recognition were employed to model the hulls and assess the percentage of biofouling on each vessel.</div><div>The study revealed that the majority of vessels exhibited significant fouling coverage, with 90% of the ships showing biofouling levels between 50% and 100% of the hull surface. The findings underscore the urgent need for more effective strategies to control biofouling on small vessels, which are often not subject to strict regulations. The implementation of 3D technologies and RGB image recognition could facilitate the monitoring and control of this phenomenon, which might reduce the spread of invasive species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 104230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based downscaling of ocean surface vector wind over the Taiwan Strait and its adjacent seas with Pangu-weather","authors":"Jun Yi ,&nbsp;Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Jiuke Wang ,&nbsp;Yunfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ran Yang ,&nbsp;Yafei Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2026.104224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a critical economic hub for fisheries and maritime transport, the Taiwan Strait and its adjacent seas urgently require high-resolution ocean surface vector wind (OSVW) forecasting with extended lead times. However, accurate OSVW forecasting in this region is particularly challenging due to complex monsoon regimes and unique geography. In this study, we developed UNet-based deep learning (DL) downscaling approaches and enhanced the resolution of the DL-based weather prediction model, Pangu-Weather, from 0.25° to 0.03° for OSVW over the Taiwan Strait and its adjacent seas. The model was trained using high-resolution (0.01°) atmospheric reanalysis data from the High-Resolution China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System (HRCLDAS). Results show that the Temporal Enhanced UNet (TempE-UNet) slightly improved overall prediction skill compared to the time-agnostic UNet during the 120 h (5 days) forecast window. Additionally, TempE-UNet more accurately captured local wind field characteristics than the standard UNet. Our results demonstrate that incorporating temporal information as an additional predictor enhances downscaling performance, offering a promising paradigm for operational OSVW forecasting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 104224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147802490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}