{"title":"Prevalence of blindness and vision impairment among people 50 years and older in Nepal: a national Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness survey","authors":"Sailesh Mishra, Ranjan Shah, Parikshit Gogate, Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota, Reeta Gurung, Mohan Shrestha, Islay Mactaggart, Ian McCormick, Brish Bahadur Shahi, Rajiv Khandekar, Matthew Burton","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.06.24311588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.06.24311588","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To determine the prevalence and causes of blindness and vision impairment among people 50 years and older in Nepal.\u0000Methods: We conducted seven provincial-level Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) cross-sectional, population-based surveys between 2018-2021. Provincial prevalence estimates were weighted to give nationally representative estimates. Sampling, enumeration, and examination of the population 50 years and older were done at the province level following standard RAAB protocol.\u0000Results: Across seven surveys, we enrolled 33,228 individuals, of whom 32,565 were examined (response rate 98%). Females (n=17,935) made up 55% of the sample. The age-sex-province weighted national prevalence of blindness (better eye presenting visual acuity <3/60) was 1.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-1.2%), and any vision impairment <6/12 was 20.7% (95% CI 19.9-21.5%). The prevalence of blindness and any vision impairment were both higher in women than men (1.3% [95% CI 1.1-1.5%] vs 0.9% [95% CI 0.7-1.0%]). Age-sex weighted blindness prevalence was highest in Lumbini Province (1.8% [95% CI 1.3-2.2%]) and lowest in Bagmati Province (0.7% [95% CI 0.4-0.9%]) and Sudurpaschim Province (0.7% [95% CI 0.4-0.9%]). Cataract (65.2%) was the leading cause of blindness in our sample, followed by corneal opacity (6.4%), glaucoma (5.8%) and age-related macular degeneration (5.3%). Other posterior segment diseases accounted for 8.4% of cases.\u0000Conclusion: The prevalence of blindness was higher among women than men and varied by province. The Lumbini and Madesh Provinces in the Terai (plains) region had higher prevalence of blindness than elsewhere. Cataract was the leading cause of blindness, severe vision impairment and moderate vision impairment while refractive error was the leading cause of mild vision impairment.","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex S Baldwin, Marie-Celine Lorenzini, Annabel Wing-Yan Fan, Robert F Hess, Alexandre Reynaud
{"title":"The Dichoptic Contrast Ordering Test: A method for measuring the depth of binocular imbalance","authors":"Alex S Baldwin, Marie-Celine Lorenzini, Annabel Wing-Yan Fan, Robert F Hess, Alexandre Reynaud","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.05.24311503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.05.24311503","url":null,"abstract":"In binocular vision, the relative strength of the input from the two eyes can have significant functional impact. These inputs are typically balanced, however in some conditions (e.g. amblyopia) one eye will dominate over the other. To quantify imbalances in binocular vision, we have developed the Dichoptic Contrast Ordering Test (DiCOT). Implemented on a tablet device, the program uses rankings of perceived contrast (of dichoptically-presented stimuli) to find a scaling factor that balances the two eyes. We measured how physical interventions (applied to one eye) affect the DiCOT measurement. These were: i) neutral density filters, ii) Bangerter filters, and iii) optical blur introduced by a +3 D lens. The DiCOT results were compared to those from the Dichoptic Letter Test (DLT). Both the DiCOT and the DLT showed excellent test-retest reliability, however the magnitude of the imbalances introduced by the interventions was greater in the DLT. To find consistency between the methods, rescaling the DiCOT results from individual conditions gave good results. However, the adjustments needed for the +3 D lens condition were quite different from those for the ND and Bangerter filter. Our results indicate that the DiCOT and DLT measure partially separate aspects of binocular imbalance. This supports the simultaneous use of both measures in future studies.","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benton Chuter, Alex C Lieu, Justin Huynh, Jennifer J Bu, Linda M Zangwill
{"title":"Assessing The Relationship Between Demand And Accessibility For Pediatric Ophthalmology Services By State In The United States","authors":"Benton Chuter, Alex C Lieu, Justin Huynh, Jennifer J Bu, Linda M Zangwill","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.03.24311451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.03.24311451","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To investigate the relationship between public demand for pediatric ophthalmology services and the accessibility of such services on a statewide basis in the United States, focusing on strabismus care.\u0000Methods: Using Google Trends data, search volumes for \"strabismus\" were analyzed from January 2014 to December 2023. Pediatric ophthalmologist availability was assessed via the American Academy of Ophthalmology directory, normalized for state population size to create a relative demand index. Additional metrics from the United States Census Bureau and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provided socioeconomic and health data. Correlation coefficients were used to explore relationships between search volumes, specialist availability, vision screening, socioeconomics, and demographic factors.\u0000Results: The data revealed variability in public interest in pediatric ophthalmology across states, with Alaska showing the highest relative search volume for strabismus. The data also indicated notable disparities in pediatric ophthalmologist density, with North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming having no pediatric ophthalmologists. A significant correlation was identified between pediatric ophthalmologist availability and vision screening (R = 0.486, p < 0.001). Negative correlations were observed between the relative demand index and urbanization (R = -0.388, p = 0.007), as well as the strabismus prevalence (R = -0.455, p = 0.001), indicating that urbanization and specialist distribution influence eyecare demand and access.\u0000Conclusion: The findings highlight disparities in accessibility and demand for pediatric ophthalmology services across the US, influenced by urbanization and distribution of healthcare professionals. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to improve access to care and bridge gaps in pediatric ophthalmology service provision.","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benton Chuter, Justin Huynh, Evan Walker, Shahin Hallaj, Jalil Jalili, Jeffrey Liebmann, Massimo A Fazio, Christopher A Girkin, Robert N Weinreb, Mark Christopher, Linda M Zangwill
{"title":"Accuracy of a New Foundation Model in Glaucoma Detection using Ocular Coherence Tomography Images","authors":"Benton Chuter, Justin Huynh, Evan Walker, Shahin Hallaj, Jalil Jalili, Jeffrey Liebmann, Massimo A Fazio, Christopher A Girkin, Robert N Weinreb, Mark Christopher, Linda M Zangwill","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.04.24311475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.04.24311475","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To fine tune and evaluate the performance of the retinal foundation model (RETFound) on a diverse longitudinal clinical research dataset in glaucoma detection from optical coherence tomography (OCT) RNFL scans. Subanalyses of the model performance were evaluated across different subgroups, various dataset sample sizes and training cycles (epochs). Design: Evaluation of a diagnostic technology Subjects, Participants, and Controls: 15,216 Spectralis OCT RNFL circle scans of 747 individuals of diverse race (56.9% White, 37.8% Black / African American, and 5.3% Other / Not reported (5.3%), glaucoma severity (30.8% mild, 18.4% moderate-to-severe, and 50.9% no glaucoma), and age (44.8% <60 years, 55.2% >60 years) from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES). All OCT b scans were labeled as \"Non-glaucomatous\" or \"Glaucomatous.\" Methods: RETFound was employed to perform binary glaucoma classification. The diagnostic accuracy of RETFound was iteratively tested across different combinations of dataset sample sizes (50 to 2000 OCT RNFL circle scans), epochs (5 to 50), and study subpopulations stratified by severity of glaucoma, age, and race). Main Outcome Measures: Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for classifying RNFL scans as \"Non-glaucomatous\" or \"Glaucomatous.\" Results: Performance metrics improved with larger training datasets and more training cycles, rising from an AUC of 0.61 (50 training images and 5 epochs) to AUC 0.91 (2,000 training images and 50 epochs). Gains in performance were marginal as training size increased beyond 500 scans. Performance was similar across race for all training size and cycle number combinations: African American (AUC=0.90) vs other (AUC=0.93). RNFL scans from older patients (>60 years) led to worse performance (AUC=0.85) compared to younger patients (<60 years, AUC=0.95), Performance was significantly higher for RNFL scans from patients with moderate-to-severe glaucoma vs mild glaucoma (AUC=0.99 vs 0.88, respectively). Conclusions: Good RETFound performance was observed with a relatively small sample size of images used for fine tuning and across differences in race and age. The ability of RETFound to adapt across a range of OCT training conditions and populations suggests it is a promising tool to automate glaucoma detection in a variety of use cases.","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas Neves de Oliveira, Matheus Gomes Reis Costa, Isadora Oliveira Santiago Pereira, Isabela Carolina Tokumoto, Joao Lucas de Magalhaes Leal Moreira, Matheus Carneiro Leal Freitas, Clarissa Silva Sampaio, Jose de Bessa Junior, Hermelino Lopes de Oliveira Neto
{"title":"Prevalence of Low Visual Acuity in children from public schools in Northeast of Brazil","authors":"Lucas Neves de Oliveira, Matheus Gomes Reis Costa, Isadora Oliveira Santiago Pereira, Isabela Carolina Tokumoto, Joao Lucas de Magalhaes Leal Moreira, Matheus Carneiro Leal Freitas, Clarissa Silva Sampaio, Jose de Bessa Junior, Hermelino Lopes de Oliveira Neto","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.01.24311293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.01.24311293","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of Low Visual Acuity (LVA) in public school students in Feira de Santana (FSA), Bahia (BA). METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional, exploratory study. The sample consisted of schoolchildren from the 2nd to the 4th grade of five public schools in FSA/BA. Data collection was carried out in the schools themselves, with a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire applied and Visual Acuity (VA) measured using the Snellen E optotype chart. LVA was defined as uncorrected VA < 20/25 in at least one eye. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 358 children, with a median age of 9 [8-10] years, of which 189 (52.9%) were female. 248 (69.3%) individuals had never been to an ophthalmologist. LVA was found in 105 (29.3%) schoolchildren, and of these, 7.6% (8/105) current used glasses. Factors associated with LVA were female gender and white ethnicity. LVA was evidenced in 60 (31.7%) schoolchildren with excessive screen use and in 35 (25.5%) without excessive use (OR 1.35; 95% CI 0.83 - 2.19, p = 0.222), and excessive screen use was associated with visual signs/symptoms such as tearing and eye itching. CONCLUSION: LVA was observed in approximately 30% of children in public schools in the interior of Bahia, and less than 10% of these current used glasses. Our study reinforces the importance of visual screening of schoolchildren through active search in our region and the creation of strategies to facilitate access to ophthalmological consultations and glasses.","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"298 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristina Cuscó, Pau Esteve-Bricullé, Ana Almazán-Moga, Jimena Fernández-Carneado, Berta Ponsati
{"title":"Microvascular Metrics on Diabetic Retinopathy: Insights from a Meta-Analysis of Diabetic Eye Images from Real-World Data","authors":"Cristina Cuscó, Pau Esteve-Bricullé, Ana Almazán-Moga, Jimena Fernández-Carneado, Berta Ponsati","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.01.24311332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.01.24311332","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To quantify microvascular lesions in a large Real-World Data (RWD) set, based on single central retinal fundus images from different origins, with the aim of validating its use as a precision tool for classifying Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) severity.\u0000Design: Retrospective meta-analysis across multiple fundus image datasets.\u0000Sample size: The study analyzed 2,340 retinal fundus images from diabetic patients across four diverse RWD international datasets, including populations from Spain, India, China and the US.\u0000Intervention: The quantification of specific microvascular lesions: microaneurysms (MAs), hemorrhages (Hmas) and hard exudates (HEs) using advanced automated image analysis techniques on central retinal images to validate reliable metrics for DR severity assessment. The images were pre-classified in the DR severity levels as defined by the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy (ICDR) scale.\u0000Main Outcome Measures: The primary variables measured were the number of MAs, Hmas, red lesions (RLs) and HEs. These counts were related with DR severity levels using statistical methods to validate the relationship between lesion counts and disease severity.\u0000Results: The analysis revealed a robust and statistically significant increase (p<0.001) in the number of microvascular lesions and the DR severity across all datasets. Tight data distributions were reported for MAs, Hmas and RLs, supporting the reliability of lesion quantification for accurately assessing DR severity. HEs also followed a similar pattern, but with a broader dispersion of data. Data used in this study are consistent with the definition of the DR severity levels established by the ICDR guidelines.\u0000Conclusions: The statistically significant increase in the number of microvascular lesions across DR severity validate the use of lesion quantification in a single central retinal field as a key biomarker for disease classification and assessment. This quantification method demonstrates an improvement over traditional assessment scales, providing a quantitative metric that enhances the precision of disease classification and patient monitoring. The inclusion of a numerical component allows for the detection of subtle variations within the same severity level, offering a deeper understanding of disease progression. The consistency of results across diverse datasets not only confirms the method's reliability but also its applicability in a global healthcare setting.","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ASSESSING THE ACCESSIBILITY, AFFORDABILITY, AND ACCEPTABILITY OF REFRACTIVE SERVICES AS BARRIERS TO UPTAKE OF THESE SERVICES IN KAKAMEGA MUNICIPALITY, KENYA","authors":"Naimah E Khan, Martin Masinde Kisenge","doi":"10.1101/2024.07.24.24310925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.24.24310925","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background information: Refractive errors and presbyopia remain a burden to the entire population. An estimated 76% of the 191 million blind people have preventable or treatable causes. Uncorrected Refractive Error (URE), the number one cause (51%) of moderate and severe vision impairment is easily preventable. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the accessibility, affordability, and acceptability of refractive services in Kakamega Municipality. Methodology: A population-based descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in Kakamega municipality using a cluster sampling method and descriptive data analysis. Results: Out of 358 participants, 199 (55.6%) were male and 159 (44.4%) were female. The analysis shows affordability (18.3%) as the main reason for not using spectacles, followed by lack of quality care (3.4%), access to eye care (3.4%), awareness (2.5%), unpleasant past experiences (2.2%), importance not given to eye care issues (1.6%), lack of communication (0.9%), and disapproval from family members (0.9%). The study found that the affordable price range for spectacles varies between Kshs.5000 and less than Kshs.2000. More participants (38.0%) reported above Kshs.5000, while 29% indicated less Kshs.2000. The study found that affordability (p = 0.000), availability (p=0.004), and accessibility (p=0.005) of refractive services significantly influenced the uptake of these services.\u0000Conclusion: The study reveals that refractive services in Kakamega municipality are not easily accessible due to the lack of adequate services in government hospitals. Additionally, patients in the municipality struggle to afford spectacles due to the direct cost of spectacles and the lack of services in easily accessible public facilities.\u0000Keywords: Barriers Accessibility Affordability Availability Uptake Refractive services","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141784845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivan M. Tavares, Flavio E. Hirai, Diogo F. C. Landim, Paola Zucchi
{"title":"Initial Treatment of Glaucoma with Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty: Economic Impact from the Perspective of the Brazilian Public Health System.","authors":"Ivan M. Tavares, Flavio E. Hirai, Diogo F. C. Landim, Paola Zucchi","doi":"10.1101/2024.07.21.24310769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.21.24310769","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To evaluate the economic impact on the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) of the initial treatment of glaucoma in two scenarios: (1) the traditional continuous clinical treatment with hypotensive eye drops and (2) the single treatment with Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty.\u0000Methods: Economic impact analysis was conducted in three scenarios, from the least to the most conservative, for the two initial treatment methods for open-angle glaucoma in a hypothetical cohort of 5,000 individuals. Projections were then made based on a prevalence of 3% of the Brazilian population in 2021. Results: All three scenarios analyzed showed a significantly lower economic impact for Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty on the Brazilian Public Health System over one to five years, with a favorable difference of more than 8 billion US dollars over five years when considering 3% of the Brazilian population over 40 years old in 2021.\u0000Conclusion: The economic impact on the Brazilian Public Health System was lower for Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty compared to the use of latanoprost and timolol maleate eye drops as the initial treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma in all scenarios studied over one and five-year periods.","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141746434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonathan Fhima, Jan Van Eijgen, Anat Reiner-Benaim, Lennert Beeckmans, Or Abramovich, Ingeborg Stalmans, Joachim A. Behar
{"title":"Computerized analysis of the eye vasculature in a mass dataset of digital fundus images: the example of age, sex and primary open-angle glaucoma","authors":"Jonathan Fhima, Jan Van Eijgen, Anat Reiner-Benaim, Lennert Beeckmans, Or Abramovich, Ingeborg Stalmans, Joachim A. Behar","doi":"10.1101/2024.07.21.24310763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.21.24310763","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To develop and validate an automated end-to-end methodology for analyzing retinal vasculature in large datasets of digital fundus images (DFIs), aiming to assess the influence of demographic and clinical factors on retinal microvasculature.\u0000Design: This study employs a retrospective cohort design to achieve its objectives.\u0000Participants: The research utilized a substantial dataset consisting of 115,237 digital fundus images obtained from individuals undergoing routine eye examinations. There was no inclusion of a separate control group in this study.\u0000Methods: The proposed methodology integrates multiple stages: initial image quality assessment, detection of the optic disc, definition of the region of interest surrounding the optic disc, automated segmentation of retinal arterioles and venules, and the engineering of digital biomarkers representing vasculature characteristics. To analyze the impact of demographic variables (age, sex) and clinical factors (disc size, primary open-angle glaucoma [POAG]), statistical analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects models.\u0000Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes measured were changes in the retinal vascular geometry. Special attention was given to evaluating the independent effects of age, sex, disc size, and POAG on the newly engineered microvasculature biomarkers.\u0000Results: The analysis revealed significant independent similarities in retinal vascular geometry alterations associated with both advanced age and POAG. These findings suggest a potential mechanism of accelerated vascular aging in patients with POAG.\u0000Conclusions: This novel methodology allows for the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of retinal vasculature, facilitating the investigation of its correlations with specific diseases. By enabling the reproducible analysis of extensive datasets, this approach provides valuable insights into the state of retinal vascular health and its broader implications for cardiovascular and ocular health. The software developed through this research will be made publicly available upon publication, offering a critical tool for ongoing and future studies in retinal vasculature.","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141744546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eye Movement Variations in Indoor, Outdoor, and Reading Scenarios and their Implications for Myopia","authors":"Qi Li, Chao Zhou, Tingting Liu, Yingxiang Han, Dajiang Wang, Xiaofei Wang","doi":"10.1101/2024.07.20.24310744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.20.24310744","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To quantitatively measure eye movement behaviors in indoor, outdoor, and reading scenarios to understand their potential link to myopia. Methods: Forty-one healthy adult subjects freely viewed indoor and outdoor scenes and performed reading activities using virtual reality (VR). Eye movement data were recorded with the built-in eye tracker of the VR headset (HTC Vive Pro Eye). Gaze and fixation data were calculated and reported for eight regions of the visual field.\u0000Results: Indoor scenes exhibited a more pronounced downward gaze than outdoor environments. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in gaze and fixation behaviors were observed between reading and other scenarios. In region 8 (peripheral inferior visual field), the median (1st quartile, 3rd quartile) number of gaze points were 816 (463, 1175), 1123 (743, 1497), and 1705 (966, 2382) for outdoor, indoor and reading scenarios, respectively. Similarly, fixation behavior counts were 4 (1, 9), 7 (1, 11), and 39 (22, 54), respectively. Conclusions: Downward gaze and fixation behaviors are more prevalent in reading and indoor environments. Given that downwards eye movements can induce instantaneous axial elongation, our results suggested a potential biomechanical pathway for myopia progression through optic nerve traction and ocular tissue remodeling. This study underscores the need for further research to explore the specific role of eye movement behaviors in the progression of myopia, especially in real-life settings.","PeriodicalId":501390,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141744505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}