COMPEL最新文献

{"title":"Multiphysics performance of surrogate models on skewed pole surface-mounted permanent magnet motors","authors":"Issah Ibrahim, David Lowther","doi":"10.1108/compel-11-2023-0607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2023-0607","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Evaluating the multiphysics performance of an electric motor can be a computationally intensive process, especially where several complex subsystems of the motor are coupled together. For example, evaluating acoustic noise requires the coupling of the electromagnetic, structural and acoustic models of the electric motor. Where skewed poles are considered in the design, the problem becomes a purely three-dimensional (3D) multiphysics problem, which could increase the computational burden astronomically. This study, therefore, aims to introduce surrogate models in the design process to reduce the computational cost associated with solving such 3D-coupled multiphysics problems.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The procedure involves using the finite element (FE) method to generate a database of several skewed rotor pole surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors and their corresponding electromagnetic, structural and acoustic performances. Then, a surrogate model is fitted to the data to generate mapping functions that could be used in place of the time-consuming FE simulations.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>It was established that the surrogate models showed promising results in predicting the multiphysics performance of skewed pole surface-mounted permanent magnet motors. As such, such models could be used to handle the skewing aspects, which has always been a major design challenge due to the scarcity of simulation tools with stepwise skewing capability.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The main contribution involves the use of surrogate models to replace FE simulations during the design cycle of skewed pole surface-mounted permanent magnet motors without compromising the integrity of the electromagnetic, structural, and acoustic results of the motor.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of a quasi Newton method using Broyden’s update formula and an adjoint method for determining local magnetic material properties of electrical steel sheets","authors":"Andreas Gschwentner, Manfred Kaltenbacher, Barbara Kaltenbacher, Klaus Roppert","doi":"10.1108/compel-11-2023-0566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2023-0566","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Performing accurate numerical simulations of electrical drives, the precise knowledge of the local magnetic material properties is of utmost importance. Due to the various manufacturing steps, e.g. heat treatment or cutting techniques, the magnetic material properties can strongly vary locally, and the assumption of homogenized global material parameters is no longer feasible. This paper aims to present the general methodology and two different solution strategies for determining the local magnetic material properties using reference and simulation data.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The general methodology combines methods based on measurement, numerical simulation and solving an inverse problem. Therefore, a sensor-actuator system is used to characterize electrical steel sheets locally. Based on the measurement data and results from the finite element simulation, the inverse problem is solved with two different solution strategies. The first one is a quasi Newton method (QNM) using Broyden's update formula to approximate the Jacobian and the second is an adjoint method. For comparison of both methods regarding convergence and efficiency, an artificial example with a linear material model is considered.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The QNM and the adjoint method show similar convergence behavior for two different cutting-edge effects. Furthermore, considering <em>a priori</em> information improved the convergence rate. However, no impact on the stability and the remaining error is observed.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The presented methodology enables a fast and simple determination of the local magnetic material properties of electrical steel sheets without the need for a large number of samples or special preparation procedures.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-voltage pulse generation for induction heating load detection on a multi-output inverter with shared power devices","authors":"Pablo Guillén, Hector Sarnago, Oscar Lucia, José M. Burdio","doi":"10.1108/compel-09-2023-0423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2023-0423","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The purpose of this paper is to develop a load detection method for domestic induction cooktops. The solution aims to minimize its impact in the converter power transmission while enabling the estimation of the equivalent electrical parameters of the load. This method is suitable for a multi-output resonant inverter topology with shared power devices.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The considered multi-output converter presents power devices that are shared between several loads. Thus, applying load detection methods in the literature requires a halt in the power transfer to ensuring safe operation. The proposed method uses a complementary short-voltage pulse to excite the induction heating (IH) coil without stopping the power transfer to the remaining IH loads. With the current through the coil and the analytical equations, the equivalent inductance and resistance of the load is estimated. The precision of the method has been evaluated by simulation, and experimental results are provided.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The measurement of the current through the induction coil as a response to a short-time single-pulse voltage variation provides enough information to estimate the load equivalent parameters, allowing to differentiate between no-load, non-suitable IH load and suitable IH load situations.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The proposed method provides a solution for load detection without requiring additional circuitry. It aims for low power transmission to the load and ensures zero-voltage switching and reduced peak current even in no-load cases. Moreover, the proposed solution is extensible to less complex converters, as the half bridge.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A versatile plasma generation power supply featuring a multilevel converter for arbitrary waveforms generation","authors":"Ignacio Jesús Álvarez Gariburo, Hector Sarnago, Oscar Lucia","doi":"10.1108/compel-07-2023-0285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-07-2023-0285","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Plasma technology has become of great interest in a wide variety of industrial and domestic applications. Moreover, the application of plasma in the domestic field has increased in recent years due to its applications to surface treatment and disinfection. In this context, there is a significant need for versatile power generators able to generate a wide range of output voltage/current ranging from direct current (DC) to tens of kHz in the range of kVs. The purpose of this paper is to develop a highly versatile power converter for plasma generation based on a multilevel topology.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>This paper proposes a versatile multilevel topology able to generate versatile output waveforms. The followed methodology includes simulation of the proposed architecture, design of the power electronics, control and magnetic elements and test laboratory tests after building an eight-level prototype.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The proposed converter has been designed and tested using an experimental prototype. The designed generator is able to operate at 10 kVpp output voltage and 10 kHz, proving the feasibility of the proposed approach.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The proposed converter enables versatile waveform generation, enabling advanced studies in plasma generation. Unlike previous proposals, the proposed converter features bidirectional operation, allowing to test complex reactive loads. Besides, complex waveforms can be generated, allowing testing complex patterns for optimized cold-plasma generation methods. Besides, unlike transformer- or resonant-network-based approaches, the proposed generator features very low output impedance regardless the operating point, exhibiting improved and reliable performance for different operating conditions.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization and uncertainty quantification for inductors based on neural network","authors":"Xiaohan Kong, Shuli Yin, Yunyi Gong, Hajime Igarashi","doi":"10.1108/compel-11-2023-0552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2023-0552","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The prolonged training time of the neural network (NN) has sparked considerable debate regarding their application in the field of optimization. The purpose of this paper is to explore the beneficial assistance of NN-based alternative models in inductance design, with a particular focus on multi-objective optimization and uncertainty analysis processes.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>Under Gaussian-distributed manufacturing errors, this study predicts error intervals for Pareto points and select robust solutions with minimal error margins. Furthermore, this study establishes correlations between manufacturing errors and inductance value discrepancies, offering a practical means of determining permissible manufacturing errors tailored to varying accuracy requirements.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The NN-assisted methods are demonstrated to offer a substantial time advantage in multi-objective optimization compared to conventional approaches, particularly in scenarios where the trained NN is repeatedly used. Also, NN models allow for extensive data-driven uncertainty quantification, which is challenging for traditional methods.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>Three objectives including saturation current are considered in the multi-optimization, and the time advantages of the NN are thoroughly discussed by comparing scenarios involving single optimization, multiple optimizations, bi-objective optimization and tri-objective optimization. This study proposes direct error interval prediction on the Pareto front, using extensive data to predict the response of the Pareto front to random errors following a Gaussian distribution. This approach circumvents the compromises inherent in constrained robust optimization for inductance design and allows for a direct assessment of robustness that can be applied to account for manufacturing errors with complex distributions.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D electromagnetic analytical model for radial-flux eddy-current couplers","authors":"Mohammed Messadi, Larbi Hadjout, Noureddine Takorabet","doi":"10.1108/compel-11-2023-0558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2023-0558","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This paper aims to develop a new 3D analytical model in cylindrical coordinates to study radial flux eddy current couplers (RFECC) while considering the magnetic edge and 3D curvature effects, and the field reaction due to the induced currents.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The analytical model is developed by combining two formulations. A magnetic scalar potential formulation in the air and the magnets regions and a current density formulation in the conductive region. The magnetic field and eddy currents expressions are obtained by solving the 3D Maxwell equations in 3D cylindrical coordinates with the variable separation method. The torque expression is derived from the field solution using the Maxwell stress tensor. In addition to 3D magnetic edge effects, the proposed model takes into account the reaction field effect due to the induced currents in the conducting part. To show the accuracy of the developed 3D analytical model, its results are compared to those from the 3D finite element simulation.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The obtained results prove the accuracy of the new developed 3D analytical model. The comparison of the 3D analytical model with the 2D simulation proves the strong magnetic edge effects impact (in the axial direction) in these devices which must be considered in the modelling. The new analytical model allows the magnetic edge effects consideration without any correction factor and also presents a good compromise between precision and computation time.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>The proposed 3D analytical model presents a considerably reduced computation time compared to 3D finite element simulation which makes it efficient as an accurate design and optimization tool for radial flux eddy current devices.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>A new analytical model in 3D cylindrical coordinates has been developed to find the electromagnetic torque in radial flux eddy current couplers. This model considers the magnetic edge effects, the 3D curvature effects and the field reaction (without correction factors) while improving the computation time.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140803043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of current distribution and termination conditions in 2D metasurfaces","authors":"Sami Barmada, Nunzia Fontana, Leonardo Sandrolini, Mattia Simonazzi","doi":"10.1108/compel-10-2023-0548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2023-0548","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding on how metasurfaces behave, in terms of currents in each unit cell. A better knowledge of their behavior could lead to an ad-hoc design for specific applications.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The methodology used is both theoretical and numerical; it is based on circuit theory and on an optimization procedure.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The results show that when the knowledge of the current in each unit cell of a metasurface is needed, the most common approximations currently used are often not accurate. Furthermore, a procedure for the termination of a metasurface, with application-driven goals, is given.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>This paper investigates the distribution of the currents in a 2D metamaterial realized with magnetically coupled resonant coils. Different models for the analysis of these structures are illustrated, and the effects of the approximations they introduce on the current values are shown and discussed. Furthermore, proper terminations of the resonators on the boundaries have been investigated by implementing a numerical optimization procedure with the purpose of achieving a uniform distribution of the resonator currents. The results show that the behavior of a metasurface (in terms of currents in each single resonator) depends on different properties; as a consequence, their design is not a trivial task and is dependent on the specific applications they are designed for. A design strategy, with lumped impedance termination, is here proposed.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140627992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling permanent magnet excited uniform fields with rational approximations","authors":"Stefano Costa, Eugenio Costamagna, Paolo Di Barba","doi":"10.1108/compel-11-2023-0584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2023-0584","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>A novel method for modelling permanent magnets is investigated based on numerical approximations with rational functions. This study aims to introduce the AAA algorithm and other recently developed, cutting-edge mathematical tools, which provide outstandingly fast and accurate numerical computation of potentials and vector fields.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>First, the AAA algorithm is briefly introduced along with its main variants and other advanced mathematical tools involved in the modelling. Then, the analysis of a circular Halbach array with a one-pole pair is carried out by means of the AAA-least squares method, focusing on vector potential and flux density in the bore and validating results by means of classic finite element software. Finally, the investigation is completed by a finite difference analysis.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>AAA methods for field analysis prove to be strikingly fast and accurate. Results are in excellent agreement with those provided by the finite element model, and the very good agreement with those from finite differences suggests future improvements. They are also easy programming; the MATLAB code is less than 200 lines. This indicates they can provide an effective tool for rapid analysis.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Research limitations/implications</h3>\u0000<p>AAA methods in magnetostatics are novel, but their extension to analogous physical problems seems straightforward. Being a meshless method, it is unlikely that local non-linearities can be considered. An aspect of particular interest, left for future research, is the capability of handling inhomogeneous domains, i.e. solving general interface problems.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The authors use cutting-edge mathematical tools for the modelling of complex physical objects in magnetostatics.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"188 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140612731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An FEM framework for modeling forces between NdFeB magnets and HTS bulks","authors":"Guilherme Homrich, Aly Ferreira Flores Filho, Paulo Roberto Eckert, David George Dorrell","doi":"10.1108/compel-10-2023-0526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2023-0526","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This paper aims to introduce an alternative for modeling levitation forces between NdFeB magnets and bulks of high-temperature superconductors (HTS). The presented approach should be evaluated through two different formulations and compared with experimental results.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The <em>T-A</em> and <em>H</em>-<em>ϕ</em> formulations are among the most efficient approaches for modeling superconducting materials. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to apply them to magnetic levitation models and predict the forces involved.The permanent magnet movement is modeled by combining moving meshes and magnetic field identity pairs in both 2D and 3D studies.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>It is shown that it is possible to use the homogenization technique for the <em>T-A</em> formulation in 3D models combined with mixed formulation boundaries and moving meshes to simulate the whole device’s geometry.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Research limitations/implications</h3>\u0000<p>The case studies are limited to the formulations’ implementation and a brief assessment regarding degrees of freedom. The intent is to make the simulation straightforward rather than establish a benchmark.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The <em>H-ϕ</em> formulation considers the HTS bulk domain as isotropic, whereas the <em>T-A</em> formulation homogenization approach treats it as anisotropic. The originality of the paper lies in contrasting these different modeling approaches while incorporating the external magnetic field movement by means of the Lagrangian–Eulerian method.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140602002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of novel cross-type hybrid 4-pole carrier system and experimental air gap control","authors":"Enes Mahmut Göker, Ahmet Fevzi Bozkurt, Kadir Erkan","doi":"10.1108/compel-05-2023-0193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/compel-05-2023-0193","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel cross (+) type yoke with hybrid electromagnets and new reluctance modeling to precisely calculate attraction force is given.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The comparison of attraction force and torque analyses between the proposed formulation and the existing formulation in the literature is comparatively presented. For the correctness of the force and torque values calculated in the model created, the system was created in ANSYS Maxwell and its accuracy was proved by making analyses. The maglev carrier system is inherently unstable from the point of view of control engineering. For that, it needs an active controller to eliminate this instability. For the levitation of the carrier system, it is necessary to design a controller in three axes (z, α and β). I-PD controller was designed for the air gap control of the carrier system in three axes and the controller parameters were determined by the canonical method.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>While the new formulation proposed in the modeling of the carrier system has a maximum error of 1.03%, the existing formula in the literature has an error of 16.83% in the levitation distance point.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>A novel cross-type hybrid carrier system has been proposed in the literature. With the double integral used in modeling the system, it takes a long time to solve symbolically, and it is difficult to simulate dynamic behavior in control validation. To solve this problem, attraction force and inclination torque values are easily characterized by new formulation and besides the simulations are conducted easily. The experimental setup was manufactured and assembled, and the carrier system was successfully levitated, and reference tracking was performed without overshoot.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":501376,"journal":{"name":"COMPEL","volume":"159 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140601661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}