La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento最新文献

Gamma-ray halos around pulsars: impact on pulsar wind physics and galactic cosmic ray transport 脉冲星周围的伽马射线晕：对脉冲星风物理学和银河宇宙射线传输的影响

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-024-00059-8

Elena Amato, Sarah Recchia

引用次数: 0

Erratum: SiPMs and examples of applications for low light detection in particle and astroparticle physics 勘误：SiPM 和粒子与天体粒子物理学中微光探测的应用实例

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-024-00058-9

L. Rignanese, Pietro Antonioli, R. Preghenella, E. Scapparone

引用次数: 0

SiPMs and examples of applications for low light detection in particle and astroparticle physics SiPM 及其在粒子和天体粒子物理学微光探测中的应用实例

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-024-00056-x

Luigi Pio Rignanese, Pietro Antonioli, Preghenella Roberto, Scapparone Eugenio

{"title":"SiPMs and examples of applications for low light detection in particle and astroparticle physics","authors":"Luigi Pio Rignanese, Pietro Antonioli, Preghenella Roberto, Scapparone Eugenio","doi":"10.1007/s40766-024-00056-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40766-024-00056-x","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as leading photon detectors in experimental physics since their introduction in the late 1990s. With performance characteristics superior to those of traditional photodetectors, SiPMs exhibit up to 60% photon detection efficiency, rapid signal rise times, and resistance to magnetic fields. Their solid-state construction enables mass production, compactness, and high spatial resolution, facilitating their integration into a wide range of experimental setups. Although susceptible to radiation damage, mitigation strategies are being studied to allow their reliable operation even in environments with elevated radiation levels. SiPMs excel in detecting low levels of light, making them well suited for applications involving scintillation and Cherenkov light. Their ability to operate effectively at cryogenic temperatures allows the construction of a new class of multi-tons rare event search experiments such as Darkside-20k. Insensitivity to the magnetic field and mitigation of the radiation damages are making SiPMs well-suited to be used in accelerator driven physics such as Cherenkov light detectors for Particle IDentification (PID) in the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC).","PeriodicalId":501364,"journal":{"name":"La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141514852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Statistics of intermittent granular flow from confined tabletop experiments 密闭桌面实验中的间歇性颗粒流动统计数据

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-024-00055-y

Alberto Petri

引用次数: 0

Advances in cavity-enhanced methods for high precision molecular spectroscopy and test of fundamental physics 用于高精度分子光谱和基础物理学测试的空腔增强方法的进展

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-024-00054-z

L. Gianfrani, S.-M. Hu, W. Ubachs

引用次数: 0

An Étude on the regularization and renormalization of divergences in primordial observables 关于原始观测数据发散的正则化和重正则化的研究

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-024-00053-0

Anna Negro, Subodh P. Patil

{"title":"An Étude on the regularization and renormalization of divergences in primordial observables","authors":"Anna Negro, Subodh P. Patil","doi":"10.1007/s40766-024-00053-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40766-024-00053-0","url":null,"abstract":"Many cosmological observables derive from primordial vacuum fluctuations evolved to late times. These observables represent statistical draws from some underlying quantum or statistical field theoretic framework where infinities arise and require regularization. After subtraction, renormalization conditions must be imposed by measurements at some scale, mindful of scheme and background dependence. We review this process on backgrounds that transition from finite duration inflation to radiation domination, and show how in spite of the ubiquity of scaleless integrals, ultraviolet (UV) divergences can still be meaningfully extracted from quantities that nominally vanish when dimensionally regularized. In this way, one can contextualize calculations with hard cutoffs, distinguishing between UV and infrared (IR) scales corresponding to the beginning and end of inflation from UV and IR scales corresponding to the unknown completion of the theory and its observables. This distinction has significance as observable quantities cannot depend on the latter, although they will certainly depend on the former. One can also explicitly show the scheme independence of the coefficients of UV divergent logarithms. Furthermore, certain IR divergences are shown to be an artifact of the de Sitter limit and are cured for finite duration inflation. For gravitational wave observables, we stress the need to regularize stress tensors that do not presume a prior scale separation in their definition (as with the standard Isaacson form), deriving an improved stress tensor fit to purpose. We conclude by highlighting the inextricable connection between inferring (N_textrm{eff}) bounds from vacuum tensor perturbations and the process of background renormalization.","PeriodicalId":501364,"journal":{"name":"La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140935383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins: “the fair switch project” 可逆开关荧光蛋白："公平开关项目"

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-024-00052-1

Riccardo Nifosì, Barbara Storti, Ranieri Bizzarri

{"title":"Reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins: “the fair switch project”","authors":"Riccardo Nifosì, Barbara Storti, Ranieri Bizzarri","doi":"10.1007/s40766-024-00052-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40766-024-00052-1","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have transformed cell biology through their use in fluorescence microscopy, enabling precise labeling of proteins via genetic fusion. A key advancement is altering primary sequences to customize their photophysical properties for specific imaging needs. A particularly notable family of engineered mutants is constituted by Reversible Switching Fluorescent Proteins (RSFPs), i.e. variant whose optical properties can be toggled between a bright and a dark state, thereby adding a further dimension to microscopy imaging. RSFPs have strongly contributed to the super-resolution (nanoscopy) revolution of optical imaging that has occurred in the last 20 years and afforded new knowledge of cell biochemistry at the nanoscale. Beyond high-resolution applications, the flexibility of RSFPs has been exploited to apply these proteins to other non-conventional imaging schemes such as photochromic fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). In this work, we explore the origins and development of photochromic behaviors in FPs and examine the intricate relationships between structure and photoswitching ability. We also discuss a simple mathematical model that accounts for the observed photoswitching kinetics. Although we review most RSFPs developed over the past two decades, our main goal is to provide a clear understanding of key switching phenotypes and their molecular bases. Indeed, comprehension of photoswitching phenotypes is crucial for selecting the right protein for specific applications, or to further engineer the existing ones. To complete this picture, we highlight in some detail the exciting applications of RSFPs, particularly in the field of super-resolution microscopy.","PeriodicalId":501364,"journal":{"name":"La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aspects of higher spin symmetry in flat space 平面空间中高级自旋对称性的各个方面

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-024-00051-2

Simon Alexandre Pekar

{"title":"Aspects of higher spin symmetry in flat space","authors":"Simon Alexandre Pekar","doi":"10.1007/s40766-024-00051-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40766-024-00051-2","url":null,"abstract":"We review some aspects of higher spin symmetry, in (Anti-)de Sitter and flat space–times, aiming at closing the gap between the constantly curved and flat cases. On (Anti-)de Sitter space, non-Abelian higher spin algebras are at the core of the construction of interacting theories of higher spin gravity. By considering a suitable contraction of these algebras, we show that similar considerations can apply to Minkowski space–time. We identify a unique candidate to the role of higher spin symmetry in flat space that can also be built as a quotient of the universal enveloping algebra of the isometries of the vacuum, as in the (Anti-)de Sitter case. We then show how to recover the free dynamics from the gauging of the resulting algebra at the linear level. Finally, we show how to realise this gauge algebra as a subset of the global symmetries of a Carrollian conformal scalar field theory living on the null infinity of Minkowski space–time. This theory emerges as the limit of vanishing speed of light of a free massless relativistic scalar. The identification of the same higher spin algebra that rules the dynamics in the bulk of space–time within the global symmetries of this boundary theory paves the way to a flat counterpart of higher spin holography.","PeriodicalId":501364,"journal":{"name":"La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140584745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Positron emission tomography: its 65 years and beyond 正电子发射断层扫描：65 年及其后

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-024-00050-3

N. Belcari, M. G. Bisogni, A. Del Guerra

引用次数: 0

The search for neutrinoless double-beta decay 寻找无中子双贝塔衰变

La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-023-00049-2

{"title":"The search for neutrinoless double-beta decay","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40766-023-00049-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40766-023-00049-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> Neutrinos are the only particles in the Standard Model that could be Majorana fermions, that is, completely neutral fermions that are their own antiparticles. The most sensitive known experimental method to verify whether neutrinos are Majorana particles is the search for neutrinoless double-beta decay. The last 2 decades have witnessed the development of a vigorous program of neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments, spanning several isotopes and developing different strategies to handle the backgrounds masking a possible signal. In addition, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of the nuclear matrix elements of neutrinoless double-beta decay, thus reducing a substantial part of the theoretical uncertainties affecting the particle–physics interpretation of the process. On the other hand, the negative results by several experiments, combined with the hints that the neutrino mass ordering could be normal, may imply very long lifetimes for the neutrinoless double-beta decay process. In this report, we review the main aspects of such process, the recent progress on theoretical ideas and the experimental state of the art. We then consider the experimental challenges to be addressed to increase the sensitivity to detect the process in the likely case that lifetimes are much longer than currently explored, and discuss a selection of the most promising experimental efforts.","PeriodicalId":501364,"journal":{"name":"La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139584488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0