The American Naturalist最新文献_第10页

Quantitative Characteristics of Stabilizing and Equalizing Mechanisms. 稳定和均衡机制的数量特征。

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-18 DOI: 10.1086/720665

Robert West, Nadav M Shnerb

引用次数: 0

Do Interactions among Microbial Symbionts Cause Selection for Greater Pathogen Virulence? 微生物共生体之间的相互作用会导致更大的病原体毒力的选择吗?

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-06 DOI: 10.1086/717679

Georgiana May, Ruth G Shaw, Charles J Geyer, Daniel J Eck

{"title":"Do Interactions among Microbial Symbionts Cause Selection for Greater Pathogen Virulence?","authors":"Georgiana May, Ruth G Shaw, Charles J Geyer, Daniel J Eck","doi":"10.1086/717679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717679","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe ecological and evolutionary consequences of microbiome treatments aimed at protecting plants and animals against infectious disease are not well understood, even as such biological control measures become more common in agriculture and medicine. Notably, we lack information on the impacts of symbionts on pathogen fitness with which to project the consequences of competition for the evolution of virulence. To address this gap, we estimated fitness consequences for a common plant pathogen, Ustilago maydis, over differing virulence levels and when the host plant (Zea mays) is coinfected with a defensive symbiont (Fusarium verticillioides) and compared these fitness estimates to those obtained when the symbiont is absent. Here, virulence is measured as the reduction in the growth of the host caused by pathogen infection. Results of aster statistical models demonstrate that the defensive symbiont most negatively affects pathogen infection and that these effects propagate through subsequent stages of disease development to cause lower pathogen fitness across all virulence levels. Moreover, the virulence level at which pathogen fitness is maximal is higher in the presence of the defensive symbiont than in its absence. Thus, as expected from theory for multiple parasites, competition from the defensive symbiont may cause selection for increased pathogen virulence. More broadly, we consider that the evolutionary impacts of interactions between pathogens and microbial symbionts will depend critically on biological context and environment and that interactions among diverse microbial symbionts in spatially heterogeneous communities contribute to the maintenance of the highly diverse symbiotic functions observed in these communities.","PeriodicalId":501264,"journal":{"name":"The American Naturalist","volume":" ","pages":"252-265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39719923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Potential Beneficial Effects of Vaccination on Antigenically Evolving Pathogens. 疫苗接种对抗原性进化病原体的潜在有益作用。

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-03 DOI: 10.1086/717410

Frank T Wen, Anup Malani, Sarah Cobey

{"title":"The Potential Beneficial Effects of Vaccination on Antigenically Evolving Pathogens.","authors":"Frank T Wen, Anup Malani, Sarah Cobey","doi":"10.1086/717410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717410","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractAlthough vaccines against antigenically evolving pathogens such as seasonal influenza ; and are designed to protect against circulating strains by affecting the emergence and transmission of antigenically divergent strains, they might in theory also be able to change the rate of antigenic evolution. Vaccination might slow antigenic evolution by increasing immunity, reducing the overall prevalence or population size of the pathogen. This reduction could decrease the supply and growth rates of mutants and might thereby slow adaptation. But vaccination might accelerate antigenic evolution by increasing the transmission advantage of more antigenically diverged strains relative to less diverged strains (i.e., by positive selection). Such evolutionary effects could affect vaccination's direct benefits to individuals and indirect benefits to the host population (i.e., the private and social benefits). To investigate these potential impacts, we simulated vaccination against a continuously circulating influenza-like pathogen in a simple population. On average, more vaccination decreased the incidence of infection. Notably, this decrease was driven partly by a vaccine-induced decline in the rate of antigenic evolution. To understand how the evolutionary effects of vaccines might affect their social and private benefits, we fitted linear panel models to simulated data. By slowing evolution, vaccination increased the social benefit and decreased the private benefit. Thus, vaccination's potential social and private benefits may differ from current theory, which omits evolutionary effects. These results suggest that conventional vaccines against influenza and other antigenically evolving pathogens, if protective against transmission and given to the appropriate populations, could further reduce disease burden by slowing antigenic evolution.","PeriodicalId":501264,"journal":{"name":"The American Naturalist","volume":" ","pages":"223-237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39735071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Host Energetics Explain Variation in Parasite Productivity across Hosts and Ecosystems. 宿主能量学解释了宿主和生态系统中寄生虫生产力的变化。

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.1086/717430

Rita L Grunberg, David M Anderson

{"title":"Host Energetics Explain Variation in Parasite Productivity across Hosts and Ecosystems.","authors":"Rita L Grunberg, David M Anderson","doi":"10.1086/717430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717430","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractParasites are thought to play a role in ecosystem energetics, in part because some ecosystems harbor a substantial amount of parasite biomass. Nevertheless, the extent to which parasite biomass accurately reflects the flow of energy from hosts to parasites-and the linkages between their energetics-remains unclear. Here, we estimate parasite community energetics at the host and ecosystem level and test predictions for parasite energetics using the metabolic theory of ecology. Across 27 host species, parasite community abundance declines with average individual parasite energy use Rp as <math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>-0.50</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> and increases with host metabolic rate Rh as <math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0.64</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math>, which is inconsistent with metabolic theory. We next test whether the fraction of host energy that is allocated to parasitism is invariant across hosts. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that 85% of the variation in parasite community energy use can be explained by differences in host metabolic rate. However, parasite community energy use increases allometrically with host metabolic rate Rh as <math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0.67</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math>, suggesting that the fraction of host energy used by parasites declines with host metabolic rate. At the ecosystem level, we show that the energy flowing through parasite communities scales allometrically with the total rate of energy use by their fish hosts across three ecosystems. Importantly, directly examining energy flux revealed variation in parasite energy use among ecosystems that was not apparent when examining differences in biomass. Taken together, these results establish strong empirical links between host and parasite energetics, but our findings often did not align with predictions based on metabolic theory.","PeriodicalId":501264,"journal":{"name":"The American Naturalist","volume":" ","pages":"266-276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39735074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Rapid Body Color Change Provides Lizards with Facultative Crypsis in the Eyes of Their Avian Predators. 快速的身体颜色变化使蜥蜴在鸟类捕食者的眼中具有兼性隐性。

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-17 DOI: 10.1086/717678

Kelly Lin Wuthrich, Amber Nagel, Lindsey Swierk

{"title":"Rapid Body Color Change Provides Lizards with Facultative Crypsis in the Eyes of Their Avian Predators.","authors":"Kelly Lin Wuthrich, Amber Nagel, Lindsey Swierk","doi":"10.1086/717678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717678","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractColor change serves many antipredator functions and may allow animals to better match environments or disrupt outlines to prevent detection. Rapid color change could potentially provide camouflage to animals that frequently move among microhabitats. Determining the adaptiveness of whole-animal rapid color changes in natural habitats with respect to predator visual systems would greatly broaden our fundamental understanding of the evolution of rapid color change. We tested whether whole-body color change provides water anoles (Anolis aquaticus) with camouflage against avian predators and whether these rapid changes allow them to shift between environment matching and edge disruption. We manipulated A. aquaticus placement in natural microhabitats and used digital image analysis to quantify color matching, pattern matching, and edge disruption produced by microhabitat-induced color change. Color change reduced lizard detectability to predators in microhabitat-specific ways. Environment matching was favored when lizards were in solid-colored microhabitats, regardless of exposure to predators. Edge disruption was instead induced by high exposure and varied by body region. We provide the first evidence that rapid color change permits a tetrapod to flexibly employ the most optimal camouflaging strategy by form (e.g., color matching vs. edge disruption) to minimize detection in the eyes of its predators.","PeriodicalId":501264,"journal":{"name":"The American Naturalist","volume":" ","pages":"277-290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39719924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Game Theory in Biology: Moving beyond Functional Accounts. 生物学中的博弈论:超越功能性账户。

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1086/717429

John M McNamara

引用次数: 6

Novel Genomic Insights into Body Size Evolution in Cetaceans and a Resolution of Peto's Paradox. 鲸类动物体型进化的新基因组见解和皮托悖论的解决。

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-06 DOI: 10.1086/717768

Di Sun 孙迪, Simin Chai 柴思敏, Xin Huang 黄鑫, Yingying Wang 王滢莹, Linlin Xiao 肖琳琳, Shixia Xu 徐士霞, Guang Yang 杨光

{"title":"Novel Genomic Insights into Body Size Evolution in Cetaceans and a Resolution of Peto's Paradox.","authors":"Di Sun 孙迪, Simin Chai 柴思敏, Xin Huang 黄鑫, Yingying Wang 王滢莹, Linlin Xiao 肖琳琳, Shixia Xu 徐士霞, Guang Yang 杨光","doi":"10.1086/717768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717768","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractCetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have undergone a radical transformation from the typical terrestrial mammalian body plan to a streamlined body, while exhibiting dramatic interspecific size differences. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the diversification of cetacean body size are largely unknown. Here, by using genomic and phenotypic data for 22 cetaceans, we performed phylogenetic genome-body size analysis and explored the genetic basis of the high diversity of body size in cetaceans. A functional enrichment analysis showed that body size-related genes in cetaceans are enriched in pathways associated with immunity, cell growth, and metabolism, suggesting that they contributed to body size diversification. Genes showing correlated evolution with body size were mainly involved in immune surveillance, tumor suppression function, and development of hypertumors. The role of these genes in tumor control resolves Peto's paradox (i.e., the lack of a correspondence between an expansion in body size and, thereby, cell number and an increased cancer incidence). Our results provide novel insights into the evolution of substantial body size variation in cetaceans.","PeriodicalId":501264,"journal":{"name":"The American Naturalist","volume":" ","pages":"E28-E42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39719922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Habitat Specialization by Wildlife Reduces Pathogen Spread in Urbanizing Landscapes. 野生动物的栖息地特化减少了城市化景观中病原体的传播。

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-23 DOI: 10.1086/717655

Claire S Teitelbaum, Sonia Altizer, Richard J Hall

{"title":"Habitat Specialization by Wildlife Reduces Pathogen Spread in Urbanizing Landscapes.","authors":"Claire S Teitelbaum, Sonia Altizer, Richard J Hall","doi":"10.1086/717655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717655","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractUrban areas are expanding globally with far-reaching ecological consequences, including for wildlife-pathogen interactions. Wildlife show tremendous variation in their responses to urbanization; even within a single population, some individuals can specialize on urban or natural habitat types. This specialization could alter pathogen impacts on host populations via changes to wildlife movement and aggregation. Here, we build a mechanistic model to explore how habitat specialization in urban landscapes affects interactions between a mobile host population and a density-dependent specialist pathogen that confers no immunity. We model movement on a network of resource-stable urban sites and resource-fluctuating natural sites, where hosts are urban specialists, natural specialists, or generalists that use both patch types. We find that for generalists, natural and partially urban landscapes produce the highest infection prevalence and mortality, driven by high movement rates at natural sites and high densities at urban sites. However, habitat specialization protects hosts from these negative effects of partially urban landscapes by limiting movement between patch types. These findings suggest that habitat specialization can benefit populations by reducing infectious disease transmission, but by reducing movement between habitat types it could also carry the cost of reducing other movement-related ecosystem functions, such as seed dispersal and pollination.","PeriodicalId":501264,"journal":{"name":"The American Naturalist","volume":" ","pages":"238-251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39719926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Larval Density, Sex, and Allocation Hierarchy Affect Life History Trait Covariances in a Bean Beetle. 幼虫密度、性别和分配等级对豆甲虫生活史性状协方差的影响。

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-05 DOI: 10.1086/717639

Samuel J L Gascoigne, Desire I Uwera Nalukwago, Flavia Barbosa

{"title":"Larval Density, Sex, and Allocation Hierarchy Affect Life History Trait Covariances in a Bean Beetle.","authors":"Samuel J L Gascoigne, Desire I Uwera Nalukwago, Flavia Barbosa","doi":"10.1086/717639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717639","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractLife history theory aims to understand how different environments result in differential investment in fitness-related traits. While trade-offs between traits are expected, many studies show positive or no correlation between pairs of costly traits. One hypothesis that may explain the inconsistency of trade-offs in the literature is that trait investment may occur in a dichotomous hierarchy (the tree model), which allows for differential trait investment weighted by the traits' respective positions within the hierarchy. Previous mathematical models predict different covariances between traits depending on their position on the allocation tree. While hierarchical differential investment is often used to discuss findings in life history theory, the role of an allocation hierarchy in trait covariances has not been directly tested. In turn, this study aims to identify trait covariances between behavioral and morphological phenotypes on different branches of an allocation tree for the bean beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. While trade-offs between copulatory behaviors and morphology were found for both males and females, only traits at the base and far from each other in the hierarchy negatively covaried. This study empirically shows that trade-offs may be the result of hierarchical investment.","PeriodicalId":501264,"journal":{"name":"The American Naturalist","volume":" ","pages":"291-301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39735073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retiring "Cradles" and "Museums" of Biodiversity. 取消生物多样性的“摇篮”和“博物馆”。

IF 2.9

The American Naturalist Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.1086/717412

Thais Vasconcelos, Brian C O'Meara, Jeremy M Beaulieu

{"title":"Retiring \"Cradles\" and \"Museums\" of Biodiversity.","authors":"Thais Vasconcelos, Brian C O'Meara, Jeremy M Beaulieu","doi":"10.1086/717412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717412","url":null,"abstract":"In 1974, G. Ledyard Stebbins provided a metaphor illustrating how spatial gradients of biodiversity observed today are by-products of the way environment-population interactions drive species diversification through time. We revisit the narrative behind Stebbins's \"cradles\" and \"museums\" of biodiversity to debate two points. First, the usual high-speciation versus low-extinction and tropical versus temperate dichotomies are oversimplifications of the original metaphor and may obscure how gradients of diversity are formed. Second, the way in which we use modern gradients of biodiversity to interpret the potential historical processes that generated them are often still biased by the reasons that motivated Stebbins to propose his original metaphor. Specifically, the field has not yet abandoned the idea that species-rich areas and \"basal lineages\" indicate centers of origin, nor has it fully appreciated the role of traits as regulators of environment-population dynamics. We acknowledge that the terms \"cradles\" and \"museums\" are popular in the literature and that terminologies can evolve with the requirements of the field. However, we also argue that the concepts of cradles and museums have outlived their utility in studies of biogeography and macroevolution and should be replaced by discussions of actual processes at play.","PeriodicalId":501264,"journal":{"name":"The American Naturalist","volume":" ","pages":"194-205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39719927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20