WIREs Cognitive Science最新文献

The strategic allocation theory of vigilance 警觉的战略分配理论

WIREs Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1693

Samuel Murray, Santiago Amaya

{"title":"The strategic allocation theory of vigilance","authors":"Samuel Murray, Santiago Amaya","doi":"10.1002/wcs.1693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1693","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its importance in different occupational and everyday contexts, vigilance, typically defined as the capacity to sustain attention over time, is remarkably limited. What explains these limits? Two theories have been proposed. The Overload Theory states that being vigilant consumes limited information‐processing resources; when depleted, task performance degrades. The Underload Theory states that motivation to perform vigilance tasks declines over time, thereby prompting attentional shifts and hindering performance. We highlight some conceptual and empirical problems for both theories and propose an alternative: the Strategic Allocation Theory. For the Strategic Allocation Theory, performance on vigilance tasks optimizes as a function of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, including metacognitive factors such as the expected value of effort and the expected value of planning. Limited capacities must be deployed across task sets to maximize expected reward. The observed limits of vigilance reflect changes in the perceived value of, among other things, sustaining attention to a task rather than attending to something else. Drawing from recent computational theories of cognitive control and meta‐reasoning, we argue that the Strategic Allocation Theory explains more phenomena related to vigilance behavior than other theories, including self‐report data. Finally, we outline some of the testable predictions the theory makes across several experimental paradigms.This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science Psychology > Attention ","PeriodicalId":501132,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Local brain abnormalities in emotional disorders: Evidence from resting state fMRI studies 情绪失调的局部大脑异常：静息状态 fMRI 研究的证据

WIREs Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1694

Xize Jia, Mengting Li, Chunjie Wang, Collins Opoku Antwi, Adjei Peter Darko, Baojing Zhang, Jun Ren

引用次数: 0

Children's anthropomorphism of inanimate agents 儿童将无生命的物体拟人化

WIREs Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1676

Elizabeth J. Goldman, Diane Poulin‐Dubois

{"title":"Children's anthropomorphism of inanimate agents","authors":"Elizabeth J. Goldman, Diane Poulin‐Dubois","doi":"10.1002/wcs.1676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1676","url":null,"abstract":"This review article examines the extant literature on animism and anthropomorphism in infants and young children. A substantial body of work indicates that both infants and young children have a broad concept of what constitutes a sentient agent and react to inanimate objects as they do to people in the same context. The literature has also revealed a developmental pattern in which anthropomorphism decreases with age, but social robots appear to be an exception to this pattern. Additionally, the review shows that children attribute psychological properties to social robots less so than people but still anthropomorphize them. Importantly, some research suggests that anthropomorphism of social robots is dependent upon their morphology and human‐like behaviors. The extent to which children anthropomorphize robots is dependent on their exposure to them and the presence of human‐like features. Based on the existing literature, we conclude that in infancy, a large range of inanimate objects (e.g., boxes, geometric figures) that display animate motion patterns trigger the same behaviors observed in child‐adult interactions, suggesting some implicit form of anthropomorphism. The review concludes that additional research is needed to understand what infants and children judge as social agents and how the perception of inanimate agents changes over the lifespan. As exposure to robots and virtual assistants increases, future research must focus on better understanding the full impact that regular interactions with such partners will have on children's anthropomorphizing.This article is categorized under: Psychology > Learning Cognitive Biology > Cognitive Development Computer Science and Robotics > Robotics ","PeriodicalId":501132,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140800925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Computation for cognitive science: Analog versus digital 认知科学的计算：模拟与数字

WIREs Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1679

Corey J. Maley

{"title":"Computation for cognitive science: Analog versus digital","authors":"Corey J. Maley","doi":"10.1002/wcs.1679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1679","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive science was founded on the idea that the mind/brain can be understood in computational terms. While computational modeling in science is ubiquitous, cognitive science takes the stronger stance that the mind/brain literally performs computations. Moreover, performing computations is crucial to explaining what the mind/brain does, qua mind/brain. Unfortunately, most scientists fail to consider analog computation as a legitimate and theoretically useful type of computation in addition to digital computation; to the extent that analog computation is acknowledged, it is mostly based on a simplistic and incomplete understanding. Taking computation to consist of only one type (i.e., digital) while ignoring another, interestingly distinct type (i.e., analog) leads to an impoverished understanding of what it could mean for minds/brains to compute. A full appreciation and understanding of analog computation—particularly in relation to digital computation—allows researchers to develop computational frameworks and hypotheses in new and exciting ways. Thus, somewhat counterintuitively, looking to the once‐dominant computing paradigm of yesteryear can provide novel computational ways of thinking about the mind and brain.This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science ","PeriodicalId":501132,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140800894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparing cognition across major transitions using the hierarchy of formal automata 利用形式化自动机的层次结构比较各主要过渡时期的认知情况

WIREs Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1680

Colin Klein, Andrew B. Barron

引用次数: 0

Causal learning by infants and young children: From computational theories to language practices 婴幼儿的因果学习：从计算理论到语言实践

WIREs Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1678

Samantha Basch, Su‐hua Wang

{"title":"Causal learning by infants and young children: From computational theories to language practices","authors":"Samantha Basch, Su‐hua Wang","doi":"10.1002/wcs.1678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1678","url":null,"abstract":"Causal reasoning—the ability to reason about causal relations between events—is fundamental to understanding how the world works. This paper reviews two prominent theories on early causal learning and offers possibilities for theory bridging. Both theories grow out of computational modeling and have significant areas of overlap while differing in several respects. Explanation‐Based Learning (EBL) focuses on young infants' learning about causal concepts of physical objects and events, whereas Bayesian models have been used to describe causal reasoning beyond infancy across various concept domains. Connecting the two models offers a more integrated approach to clarifying the developmental processes in causal reasoning from early infancy through later childhood. We further suggest that everyday language practices offer a promising space for theory bridging. We provide a review of selective work on caregiver–child conversations, in particular, on the use of scaffolding language including causal talk and pedagogical questions. Linking the research on language practices to the two cognitive theories, we point out directions for further research to integrate EBL and Bayesian models and clarify how causal learning unfolds in real life.This article is categorized under: Psychology > Learning Cognitive Biology > Cognitive Development ","PeriodicalId":501132,"journal":{"name":"WIREs Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140595851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Testing for implicit bias: Values, psychometrics, and science communication 内隐偏见的检验:价值观、心理测量学和科学传播

WIREs Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2022-06-07 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1612

Nick Byrd, Morgan Thompson

引用次数: 0