{"title":"Can we study whisker movements to gain insights into the natural sensory behaviours of mammals?","authors":"Robyn A Grant","doi":"10.1113/JP288053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroscientists, behavioural scientists, mechanical engineers and roboticists collaborate in the broad field of whisker science to investigate tactile sensing and movement in mammals. Much of this research is focussed on the study of laboratory rodents, with important insights already gained from studying their whisker movements, control behaviours and the sensory processing of whisker signals. The findings of whisker behaviour studies in the laboratory have also formed the foundation for research in other captive settings, such as in zoos. However, without inspiration from more natural environments and stimuli, researchers are probably missing out on describing other important whisker behaviours, which may in turn give researchers better insights into the brain areas, signals and behaviours associated with active whisker touch sensing. Taking inspiration from recent findings from the field and zoo, developing more social and active foraging tasks for the laboratory would probably enrich whisker behaviour studies, as would including a wider variety of species. In the longer-term, a more integrated approach, with collaboration across laboratory, captive and field settings, will help to develop more natural behavioural tasks representative of what an animal experiences in the real world, which would give us greater insights into the natural sensory behaviours of mammals. This has implications for the fields of neuroscience, sensory biology and evolutionary biology, as well important applications for captive mammal health and welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas E J Addison, Daniel Mark Blake, Paul Coleman, Florence Lock, Emily Loud, Andrew Mackenzie, Shania Pande, Mike Tipton
{"title":"Physiological Considerations for Maximum Indoor Temperatures.","authors":"Thomas E J Addison, Daniel Mark Blake, Paul Coleman, Florence Lock, Emily Loud, Andrew Mackenzie, Shania Pande, Mike Tipton","doi":"10.1113/JP289174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP289174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E Lecce, P Amoruso, A Del Vecchio, A Casolo, F Felici, D Farina, I Bazzucchi
{"title":"Neural determinants of the increase in muscle strength and force steadiness of the untrained limb following a 4 week unilateral training.","authors":"E Lecce, P Amoruso, A Del Vecchio, A Casolo, F Felici, D Farina, I Bazzucchi","doi":"10.1113/JP288954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enhanced untrained muscle strength and force steadiness following unilateral resistance training (i.e. cross-education) are attributed to neural responses. However, the mechanisms of these adaptations for spinal motoneurons remain underexplored. Therefore, we examined maximal voluntary force (MVF), steady force variability (CovF) and longitudinally tracked motor unit adaptations in 10 individuals completing a 4 week unilateral strength intervention compared to nine controls. High-density surface EMG was recorded from the biceps brachii during steady (10% MVF) and trapezoidal (35% MVF) contractions. The relative proportion of common synaptic input (CSI) to motoneurons and its variability (CSI-V) were estimated using coherence and spectral analysis. Indirect estimates of persistent inward currents using firing rate hysteresis (∆F) and motor unit recruitment thresholds (MURTs) were assessed during ramps (35% MVF). MVF increased in both the trained (+14%, P < 0.001) and untrained limbs (+6%, P = 0.004), and CovF decreased in both limbs (P < 0.001). Greater CSI was observed on both sides (P < 0.01), concomitant with reduced CSI-V (P < 0.01). ∆F increased exclusively in trained limbs [+1.61 ± 0.71 pulse per second (pps); P < 0.001], and both sides exhibited lower MURTs (P < 0.001). In trained limbs, MVF gains were strongly associated with changes in CSI, MURT and ∆F (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.70, P < 0.01), while the contralateral muscle MVF increase was associated exclusively with CSI and MURT (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.65, P < 0.01). In both limbs, lower CovF was strongly associated with reduced CSI-V (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.70, P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that enhanced untrained muscle force and steadiness are mediated by increased relative strength of shared synaptic input with respect to independent noise and decreased variability of this shared input, with trained muscle MVF gains being associated with ∆F. KEY POINTS: Unilateral resistance training improves strength and force steadiness in the contralateral untrained limb, suggesting neural adaptations without directly overloading the muscle. Despite established force-related modifications, specific untrained limb responses in the relative shared synaptic input distribution and intrinsic motoneuron properties remain largely unknown. A 4 week unilateral training intervention enhanced muscle strength and force steadiness in the untrained limbs of 10 individuals, alongside a greater proportion of shared synaptic input, reduced variance in common input and lower motor unit recruitment thresholds. We demonstrated that the neural mechanisms underlying improved strength and force steadiness in muscles without mechanical overloading are associated with a higher relative shared input to motoneurons and reduced variance in these common input components.</p>","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Espen Hartveit, Margaret L Veruki, Áurea Castilho, Rémi Fournel
{"title":"HCN channels in rod bipolar cells of rat retina: subcellular localization, kinetic properties and functional dynamics.","authors":"Espen Hartveit, Margaret L Veruki, Áurea Castilho, Rémi Fournel","doi":"10.1113/JP288673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperpolarization- and cyclic nucleotide-activated channels (HCN or I<sub>h</sub> channels) play an important role for the integrative dynamics of many types of neurons. In the retina, the multiple types of bipolar cells constitute parallel channels that connect the outer and inner retina. Differences in synaptic inputs and differential expression and localization of specific voltage-gated ion channels shape and modulate bipolar cell visual responses. Here, we examined the expression and function of HCN2-mediated I<sub>h</sub> in rod bipolar cells (RBCs) of rat retina. Using immunolabelling, we observed HCN2 channels in dendrites, cell bodies and axon terminals of RBCs. With whole-cell voltage-clamp recording, we observed that ZD7288 and Cs<sup>+</sup> blocked I<sub>h</sub> in RBCs, and from activation/deactivation data, we developed a Hodgkin-Huxley-type kinetic I<sub>h</sub> model that closely reproduced physiological responses. Applying a ZAP current stimulus, we found that the bandpass frequency-response characteristics of RBCs were blocked by Cs<sup>+</sup>, could be restored by dynamic clamp injection of a positive I<sub>h</sub> conductance (in Cs<sup>+</sup>) and could be eliminated by injecting a negative I<sub>h</sub> conductance (in control), suggesting that I<sub>h</sub> is necessary and sufficient for bandpass filtering properties in the examined voltage range. Implementing our kinetic model for I<sub>h</sub> in morphologically realistic compartmental models closely mimicked physiological bandpass characteristics, with little influence of the subcellular location of the I<sub>h</sub> conductance. Our results demonstrate how the specific kinetic properties of I<sub>h</sub> in RBCs determine their frequency-response properties, supporting an important role of I<sub>h</sub> in the functional dynamics of RBC visual responses. KEY POINTS: Hyperpolarization- and cyclic nucleotide-activated (HCN) channels are found throughout the nervous system and contribute to physiological activities including rhythmic neuronal behaviour and control of the resting membrane potential. Unlike most voltage-gated channels, HCN channels are activated by hyperpolarizing voltages and, in some cells, generate bandpass behaviour, thereby amplifying certain frequencies of transmitted signals. We demonstrate that HCN2 channels are located at the dendrites, soma and axon terminals of rod bipolar cells, which are important for transmitting visual signals at night. Chemically blocking or electronically subtracting the HCN channels eliminates bandpass behaviour, whereas electronically adding the channels restores bandpass behaviour. We have implemented a Hodgkin-Huxley-type kinetic model for HCN channels that allows for computer simulations with realistic models of rod bipolar cells. We demonstrate that HCN channels are necessary and sufficient to confer bandpass properties and thus contribute to understanding how these voltage-gated ion channels generate diverse ","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui-Ying Luk, Nigel C Jiwan, Casey R Appell, Heather L Vellers, Danielle E Levitt, Yasuki Sekiguchi
{"title":"Passive dehydration increases oxidative stress and mTOR signalling pathway activation in young men following resistance exercise.","authors":"Hui-Ying Luk, Nigel C Jiwan, Casey R Appell, Heather L Vellers, Danielle E Levitt, Yasuki Sekiguchi","doi":"10.1113/JP288434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dehydration is prevalent and adversely affects exercise performance; however, its influence on cellular responses to exercise remains unclear. Thus, this study examined the intramuscular responses to resistance-exercise (RE) in RE-trained men under dehydrated and euhydrated states. Eleven men (21 ± 1 years, 175.9 ± 6.2 cm, 79.2 ± 12.3 kg, 18.4% ± 6.7% fat) completed two identical lower-body RE sessions, either with (DEHY) or without (EUHY) fluid-restriction from 24 h before to 3 h after RE. At pre-RE (PRE), 1 h, and 3 h post-RE, muscle samples were collected and analysed for protein content of AKT/mTOR/p70S6K/rpS6 and their corresponding phosphorylation sites, REDD1 and selected autophagy markers, cathepsin L, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration, fibre cross-sectional area (CSA), and muscle water content. Significant time × condition interaction effects revealed that p-rpS6<sup>S240/244</sup> was greater in DEHY than EUHY at PRE and increased from PRE to 1 h and 3 h in both conditions. In DEHY, REDD1 increased from PRE to 1 h and 3 h, active-cathepsin L decreased from 1 h to 3 h and was greater than EUHY at 1 h, and muscle water content increased from 1 h to 3 h. Significant condition main effects revealed that p-S6K<sup>T389</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> were greater, and CSA was smaller, in DEHY versus EUHY. Significant time main effects revealed that p-AKT<sup>S473</sup> and p-mTOR<sup>S2448</sup> increased from PRE to 1 h and 3 h, LC3-I decreased from PRE and 1 h to 3 h, LC3-II decreased from PRE to 1 h and 3 h, and LC3-II/LC3-I decreased from PRE to 1 h and increased from 1 h to 3 h. These results suggest that performing RE in a dehydrated state imposes additional stress on the muscle, leading to greater cellular stress and growth signalling. KEY POINTS: Dehydration can negatively impact exercise performance, overall health, and cognitive function in humans. Water makes up about 70% of muscle mass, and dehydration has been shown to decrease muscle size in humans. However, the mechanisms by which dehydration affects muscle response on anabolic and catabolic signalling have only been observed in in vitro studies, leaving the processes in humans still not fully understood. Following 24 h of dehydration, there was an increase in the activation of rpS6 at rest. Additionally, young men exhibited greater activation of S6K during resistance exercise (RE) while dehydrated compared to when they were adequately hydrated. Concurrently, stress (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and REDD1) and proteolytic (active-cathepsin L) responses were elevated after RE in a dehydrated state compared to an adequately hydrated state. Our research offers new insights into the importance of hydration in muscle responses to exercise, particularly for individuals who are frequently dehydrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A coculture model to study sympathetic regulation of the maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.","authors":"Marcos Eliezeck, Itamar C G Jesus","doi":"10.1113/JP289024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP289024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tabitha R Stephenson, Megan Y Wong, Nathan R Schiele
{"title":"Leveraging mechanobiology: Identifying mechanotransducers with potential applications for tendon repair.","authors":"Tabitha R Stephenson, Megan Y Wong, Nathan R Schiele","doi":"10.1113/JP286508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP286508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tendons are collagen-rich tissues that are necessary for movement and, as such, are exposed to mechanical forces. Mechanical loading impacts tendon formation, homeostasis and injury. Frequent injury and poor healing of tendon is a major clinical issue. An improved understanding of how tendon cells respond to mechanical forces is needed to advance new therapies to treat tendon injuries and limit degeneration caused by aberrant mechanical loading. In this review, we highlight recent discoveries in how mechanical stimulation impacts tendon and enthesis formation during development, as well as tendon maintenance and degradation during adulthood. We focus on understanding the cell-level mechanotransduction mechanisms, which include calcium signalling, activation of specific cell receptors and ion channels, and the effect on primary cilia and other downstream cell signalling pathways. These recently identified mechanotransducers in tendon cells show promise as future therapeutic targets, which can be leveraged for tendon healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Verity F T Mitchener, Millie J Thackray, I Lorena Arancibia-Cárcamo
{"title":"The glia-immune network: Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes as microglial co-ordinators in health and disease.","authors":"Verity F T Mitchener, Millie J Thackray, I Lorena Arancibia-Cárcamo","doi":"10.1113/JP287015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP287015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has long been established that microglia are integral to the CNS immune system. Their surveying and adaptive nature is key in brain development and maintaining homeostasis as well as in the manifestation and progression of neuropathology. However with advancing technology it is becoming increasingly recognised that they do not serve this role in isolation. Previously most work has focused on microglia-derived signalling, with less attention on the sensing and signalling capacity of macroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes). Recent developments in single-cell transcriptomics have allowed extensive analysis of cell profiles in health and disease; these studies have drawn attention to the capacity of macroglia to also engage in immune signalling pathways. This is particularly relevant in neuropathologies, including in Alzheimer's disease (AD), where specific disease-associated profiles of glia (DAGs) have been established. These changes are predominantly related to immune pathways, which were long considered limited to immune cells, including cytokine and chemokine production, antigen presentation and phagocytosis. There is an increasing body of evidence that glia should be considered as active components of the CNS immune system forming a glia-specific immune-like network, whereby macroglia, acting as sensors of the CNS microenvironment, function within this network to co-ordinate diverse CNS effect(s)/function(s). To gain an in-depth understanding of AD pathology, the intimate molecular dialogue of glia needs to be elucidated. This review aims to examine the evidence for macroglia-derived immune signalling and its relevance in health and disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scott F Thrall, Alex M Williams, Philip J Millar, Megan L Lance, Brooke M Shafer, Conan L H Shing, Jordan D Bird, Christopher R West, Glen E Foster
{"title":"Acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia augments left ventricular contractility.","authors":"Scott F Thrall, Alex M Williams, Philip J Millar, Megan L Lance, Brooke M Shafer, Conan L H Shing, Jordan D Bird, Christopher R West, Glen E Foster","doi":"10.1113/JP288115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH) evokes persistent increases in vascular sympathetic activity and blood pressure. Whether myocardial contractility is enhanced to contribute to this pressor response is unknown. We hypothesized that IHH would augment left ventricular systolic function. Twenty-four healthy participants (nine females; aged 25 ± 4 years) underwent 40 consecutive 1 min bouts of 40 s of hypercapnic hypoxia ( <math> <semantics><msub><mi>P</mi> <mrow><mi>ET</mi> <msub><mi>O</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </msub> <annotation>${P_{{mathrm{ET}}{{mathrm{O}}_2}}}$</annotation></semantics> </math> : 48 mmHg; <math> <semantics><msub><mi>P</mi> <mrow><mi>ETC</mi> <msub><mi>O</mi> <mn>2</mn></msub> </mrow> </msub> <annotation>${P_{{mathrm{ETC}}{{mathrm{O}}_2}}}$</annotation></semantics> </math> : +5 mmHg) and 20 s of normocapnic normoxia. Cardiac, haemodynamic, respiratory and sympathetic measurements were made at rest and during three 5 min stages of progressive lower body negative pressure (LBNP) (-15, -30 and -45 mmHg) before and after IHH. Following IHH, stroke work [Δ: 64 mJ; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 14-113; P = 0.007], longitudinal strain (Δ: -0.9%; CI = -0.1 to -1.7; P = 0.007) and single-beat estimates of preload-recruitable stroke work (PRSW<sub>sb</sub>; Δ: 0.9 mJ mL<sup>-1</sup>; CI = 0.2-1.5; P = 0.004) were enhanced. Across LBNP stages, IHH further enhanced ejection fraction (Δ: 1.0%; CI = 0.0-2.0; P = 0.041), stroke work (Δ: 44 mJ; CI = 23-66; P < 0.001), longitudinal strain (Δ: -0.5%; CI = 0.0 to -0.9; P = 0.047), end-systolic elastance (Δ: 0.15 mmHg mL<sup>-1</sup>; CI = 0.05-0.25; P = 0.004) and PRSW<sub>sb</sub> (Δ: 0.60 mJ mL<sup>-1</sup>; CI = 0.36-0.85; P < 0.001). Linear end-systolic pressure-volume relationships (+0.13 ± 0.06 mmHg mL<sup>-1</sup>, P = 0.024) and preload-recruitable stroke work slopes (+0.83 ± 0.17 mJ mL<sup>-1</sup>, P < 0.001) were also increased post-IHH. Ventricular stiffness (E/E' ratio) and relaxation (peak diastolic strain rate) were unaltered by IHH (P > 0.236), whereas the passive/active diastolic filling (E/A) ratio was reduced (P = 0.022), potentially via increased atrial kick contribution (P = 0.068). We demonstrate that increased left ventricular systolic function following acute IHH contributes to the pressor response in addition to the established vasopressor arm in humans. KEY POINTS: Acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia evokes persistent sympathoexcitation and increased arterial pressure, known to be mediated by increased vasoconstrictor signalling. Chronic intermittent hypoxia increases cardiac contractility associated with cardiac sympathetic and structural remodelling. However, whether increases in contractility manifest acutely following intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia is unknown. We show increases in indices of cardiac systolic performance at rest and across progressive hypovolaemia following acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia. Diastolic relaxation was unch","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Linking altered structure and post-translational modification of Troponin T to dystonia in nemaline myopathies.","authors":"Damien M Callahan","doi":"10.1113/JP289097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP289097","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}