Journal of Physiology-London最新文献

{"title":"The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: a key node in the control of behavioural states.","authors":"Karl J Iremonger, Emmet M Power","doi":"10.1113/JP288366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus contains diverse populations of neuropeptide-producing neurons. These include neurons that synthesise oxytocin, vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin. While it is well established that these neurons control the secretion of neuroendocrine hormones, there is growing evidence that they also control the expression of important homeostatic behaviours. Here we review recent data showing a critical role of PVN neurons in controlling arousal, social behaviour, defensive behaviour and pain. Collectively, this suggests that the PVN is a key node in a wider neural network controlling behavioural states.</p>","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Number and relative abundance of synaptic vesicles in functionally distinct priming states determine synaptic strength and short-term plasticity.","authors":"Kun-Han Lin, Mrinalini Ranjan, Noa Lipstein, Nils Brose, Erwin Neher, Holger Taschenberger","doi":"10.1113/JP286282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP286282","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heterogeneity in synaptic strength and short-term plasticity (STP) was characterized in post-hearing rat calyx of Held synapses at near-physiological external [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;] under control conditions and after experimentally induced synaptic potentiation. Kinetic modelling was combined with non-negative tensor factorization (NTF) to separate changes in synaptic vesicle (SV) priming kinetics from those in SV fusion probability (p&lt;sub&gt;fu&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;sub&gt;sion&lt;/sub&gt;). Heterogeneous synaptic strength and STP under control conditions can be fully accounted for by assuming a uniform p&lt;sub&gt;fusion&lt;/sub&gt; among calyx synapses yet profound synapse-to-synapse variation in the resting equilibrium of SVs in functionally distinct priming states. Although synaptic potentiation induced by either elevated resting [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;, elevated external [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;] or stimulation of the diacylglycerol (DAG) signalling pathway leads to seemingly similar changes, that is, stronger synapses with less facilitation and more pronounced depression, the underlying mechanisms are different. Specifically, synaptic potentiation induced by the DAG mimetic and Munc13/PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) only moderately enhances p&lt;sub&gt;fusion&lt;/sub&gt; but strongly increases the abundance of fusion-competent maturely primed SVs, demonstrating that the dynamic equilibrium of differentially primed SVs critically determines synaptic strength and STP. Activation of the DAG pathway not only stimulates priming at resting [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; but further promotes SV pool replenishment at elevated [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; following pool-depleting stimulus trains. A two-step priming and fusion scheme which recapitulates the sequential build-up of the molecular SV fusion machinery is capable of reproducing experimentally induced changes in synaptic strength and STP in numerical simulations with a small number of plausible model parameter changes. KEY POINTS: A relatively simple two-step synaptic vesicle (SV) priming and fusion scheme is capable of reproducing experimentally induced changes in synaptic strength and short-term plasticity with a small number of plausible parameter changes. The combination of non-negative tensor factorization (NTF)-decomposition analysis and state modelling allows one to separate experimentally induced changes in SV priming kinetics from those in SV fusion probability. A relatively low sensitivity of the SV priming equilibrium to changes in resting [Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; suggests that the amplitude of the 'effective' action potential (AP)-induced Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; transient is quite large, likely representing contributions of global and local Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; signals. Enhanced synaptic strength and stronger depression after stimulation of the diacylglycerol (DAG) signalling pathway is primarily caused by enhanced SV priming, leading to increased abundance of maturely primed SVs at rest with comparably small changes in SV","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fit for comparison: controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness in exercise physiology studies of sex as a biological variable.","authors":"Thomas R Tripp, Hilkka Kontro, Jenna B Gillen, Martin J MacInnis","doi":"10.1113/JP287735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP287735","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;More studies in exercise physiology are investigating sex as a biological variable, but the potential confounding effect of cardiorespiratory fitness is often neglected. As maximal oxygen uptake ( &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{max}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ) correlates with many physiological outcomes at rest and in response to exercise, differences in &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{max}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; between male and female participants may hinder interpretation. Here we revisit decades-old arguments that advocate for matching males and females for &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{max}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; normalized to fat-free mass (FFM) when investigating sex differences in the context of exercise. The rationale for using FFM to normalize &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{max}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , as opposed to total body mass, is that females, on average, have a greater proportion of body fat than males and body fat does not contribute to &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; . Using a multistudy dataset of males (n = 54) and females (n = 54) matched for &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{max}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; per FFM, we illustrate the different approaches to &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{max}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; normalization and the effects of poor or incorrect matching on interpretation. Modern assessments of body composition allow for segregation of bone from total FFM and regional measures of body composition; however neither approach seems to be an improvement on whole-body FFM as the normalization factor for &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;max&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{max}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; . A group-level difference of less than 5% for &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/m","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What's 'special' about our special issues?","authors":"Kim E Barrett, Alex Stewart","doi":"10.1113/JP288806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288806","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac neuromodulation with acute intermittent hypoxia in rats with spinal cord injury","authors":"Mehdi Ahmadian,&nbsp;Erin Erskine,&nbsp;Christopher R. West","doi":"10.1113/JP287676","DOIUrl":"10.1113/JP287676","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <div>It is well recognized that the interruption in bulbospinal sympathetic projections is the main cause of cardiovascular instability in individuals and experimental animals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Whether interrupted bulbospinal sympathetic projections contribute to cardiac dysfunction directly (i.e. input to the heart) or indirectly (i.e. vascular influences that alter loading conditions on the heart) post-SCI remains unknown, as does the potential effect of SCI-induced alterations in parasympathetic control on heart function. We employed a sequential pharmacological blockade approach to bridge this knowledge gap and additionally examined whether acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) is capable of neuromodulating the heart post-SCI. In two experiments, rats were given T3 contusion SCI and survived for 2 weeks. At 2 weeks post-SCI, rats were instrumented with left ventricular and arterial catheters to assess cardiovascular function in response to either a sequential pharmacological blockade targeting different sites of the autonomic neuraxis (experiment 1) or AIH (experiment 2). The findings from experiment 1 revealed that impaired direct sympathetic transmission to the heart underlies the majority of the SCI-induced reduction in heart function post-SCI. The findings from experiment 2 revealed that a single-session of AIH increased left ventricular pressure generation and arterial blood pressure immediately and up to 90 min post-AIH. Together, our findings demonstrate that disrupted bulbospinal sympathetic pathways contribute directly to the SCI-induced impairment in left ventricular function. We also show that a single session of AIH is capable of neuromodulating the heart post-SCI.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Key points</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 <ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The loss of sympathetic transmission to the heart is the main cause of reduced cardiac function in a rodent model of spinal cord injury (SCI).</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Parasympathetic control remains unaltered post-SCI and does not contribute to reduced cardiac function post-SCI.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Acute intermittent hypoxia neuromodulates the heart and increases left ventricular pressure generating capacity.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":"603 7","pages":"2139-2156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/JP287676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Even breathing gets old: Impact of ageing on small arteries of the diaphragm.","authors":"Andrew P Braun, Michael A Hill","doi":"10.1113/JP288718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288718","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The brain-liver axis in exercise: ketone production as a driver of cognitive function?","authors":"Julien Wirtz, Philippe Garnier, Marina Cefis","doi":"10.1113/JP288598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288598","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terminal Schwann cells: modulators of the neuromuscular junction and a potential target for nerve reinnervation.","authors":"Quentin K Tsang, Lucas Gallo, Xi Ming Zhu, Cameron F Leveille","doi":"10.1113/JP288563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288563","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Becoming mindful of mindfulness: a promising approach to reducing sympathetic nervous system overactivity in chronic kidney disease.","authors":"Molly K Courish, Carson Halliwell, Cory A Munroe, Beverly D Schwartz, Madeline E Shivgulam, Pamela Tanguay, Renaud Tremblay","doi":"10.1113/JP288479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288479","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to letter to the editor 'Does exercise truly affect brain-wide glucose metabolism?'","authors":"Jill K Morris, Zachary D Green, Jeffrey M Burns, Jonathan D Mahnken, Riley E Kemna, Eric D Vidoni","doi":"10.1113/JP288641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288641","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-London","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143659605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}