Journal of Physiology-Paris最新文献

{"title":"Role of PFC during retrieval of recognition memory in rodents","authors":"Pedro Bekinschtein ,&nbsp;Noelia Weisstaub","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One of the challenges for memory researches is the study of the neurobiology of episodic memory which is defined by the integration of all the different components of experiences that support the conscious recollection of events. The features of episodic memory includes a particular object or person (“what”), the context in which the experience took place (“where”) and the particular time at which the event occurred (“when”). Although episodic memory has been mainly studied in humans, there are many studies that demonstrate these features in non-human animals. Here, we summarize a set of studies that employ different versions of recognition memory tasks in animals to study the role of the medial prefrontal cortex in episodic memory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 4","pages":"Pages 252-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.03.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32258244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropharmacology of memory consolidation and reconsolidation: Insights on central cholinergic mechanisms","authors":"M.G. Blake,&nbsp;M.C. Krawczyk,&nbsp;C.M. Baratti,&nbsp;M.M. Boccia","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Central cholinergic system is critically involved in all known memory processes. Endogenous acetylcholine release by cholinergic neurons is necessary for modulation of acquisition, encoding, consolidation, reconsolidation, extinction, retrieval and expression. Experiments from our laboratory are mainly focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which acetylcholine modulates memory processes. Blockade of hippocampal alpha-7-nicotinic receptors (α7-nAChRs) with the antagonist methyllycaconitine impairs memory reconsolidation. However, the administration of a α7-nAChR agonist (choline) produce a paradoxical modulation, causing memory enhancement in mice trained with a weak footshock, but memory impairment in animals trained with a strong footshock. All these effects are long-lasting, and depend on the age of the memory trace. This review summarizes and discusses some of our recent findings, particularly regarding the involvement of α7-nAChRs on memory reconsolidation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 4","pages":"Pages 286-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32334720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hippocampal NMDA receptors and the previous experience effect on memory","authors":"Magalí C. Cercato ,&nbsp;Natalia Colettis ,&nbsp;Marina Snitcofsky ,&nbsp;Alejandra I. Aguirre,&nbsp;Edgar E. Kornisiuk,&nbsp;María V. Baez ,&nbsp;Diana A. Jerusalinsky","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) are thought to be responsible for switching synaptic activity specific patterns into long-term changes in synaptic function and structure, which would support learning and memory. Hippocampal NMDAR blockade impairs memory consolidation in rodents, while NMDAR stimulation improves it.</p><p>Adult rats that explored twice an open field (OF) before a weak though overthreshold training in inhibitory avoidance (IA), expressed IA long-term memory in spite of the hippocampal administration of MK-801, which currently leads to amnesia.</p><p>Those processes would involve different NMDARs. The selective blockade of hippocampal GluN2B-containing NMDAR with ifenprodil after training promoted memory in an IA task when the training was weak, suggesting that this receptor negatively modulates consolidation.</p><p><em>In vivo</em>, after 1<!--> <!-->h of an OF exposure-with habituation to the environment-, there was an increase in GluN1 and GluN2A subunits in the rat hippocampus, without significant changes in GluN2B. Coincidentally, <em>in vitro,</em> in both rat hippocampal slices and neuron cultures there was an increase in GluN2A-NMDARs surface expression at 30<!--> <!-->min; an increase in GluN1 and GluN2A levels at about 1<!--> <!-->h after LTP induction was also shown.</p><p>We hypothesize that those changes in NMDAR composition could be involved in the “anti-amnesic effect” of the previous OF. Along certain time interval, an increase in GluN1 and GluN2A would lead to an increase in synaptic NMDARs, facilitating synaptic plasticity and memory; while then, an increase in GluN2A/GluN2B ratio could protect the synapse and the already established plasticity, perhaps saving the specific trace.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 4","pages":"Pages 263-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32593062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Memory labilization in reconsolidation and extinction – Evidence for a common plasticity system?","authors":"Suellen Almeida-Corrêa ,&nbsp;Olavo B. Amaral","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reconsolidation and extinction are two processes occurring upon memory retrieval that have received great attention in memory research over the last decade, partly due to their purported potential in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Due to their opposite behavioral effects, the two phenomena have usually been considered as separate entities, with few attempts to build a unified view of how both could be produced by similar mechanisms. Based on computational modeling, we have previously proposed that reconsolidation and extinction are behavioral outcomes of the same set of plasticity systems, albeit working at different synapses. One of these systems seems to be pharmacologically similar to the one involved in initial memory consolidation, and likely involves traditional Hebbian plasticity, while the second seems to be more involved with the labilization of existing memories and/or synaptic changes. In this article, we review the evidence for the existence of a plasticity system specifically involved in memory labilization, as well as its possible molecular requirements, anatomical substrates, synaptic mechanisms and physiological roles. Based on these data, we propose that the field of memory updating might ultimately benefit from a paradigm shift in which reconsolidation and extinction are viewed not as separate processes but as different instantiations of plasticity systems responsible for reinforcement and labilization of synaptic changes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 4","pages":"Pages 292-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32628654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding intellectual disability through RASopathies","authors":"Alvaro San Martín,&nbsp;Mario Rafael Pagani","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Intellectual disability, commonly known as mental retardation in the International Classification of Disease from World Health Organization, is the term that describes an intellectual and adaptive cognitive disability that begins in early life during the developmental period. Currently the term intellectual disability is the preferred one. Although our understanding of the physiological basis of learning and learning disability is poor, a general idea is that such condition is quite permanent. However, investigations in animal models suggest that learning disability can be functional in nature and as such reversible through pharmacology or appropriate learning paradigms. A fraction of the cases of intellectual disability is caused by point mutations or deletions in genes that encode for proteins of the RAS/MAP kinase signaling pathway known as RASopathies.</p><p>Here we examined the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this group of genetic disorders focusing in studies which provide evidence that intellectual disability is potentially treatable and curable. The evidence presented supports the idea that with the appropriate understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved, intellectual disability could be treated pharmacologically and perhaps through specific mechanistic-based teaching strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 4","pages":"Pages 232-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.05.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32365679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mauthner-cell circuit of fish as a model system for startle plasticity","authors":"Violeta Medan ,&nbsp;Thomas Preuss","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Mauthner-cell (M-cell) system of teleost fish has a long history as an experimental model for addressing a wide range of neurobiological questions. Principles derived from studies on this system have contributed significantly to our understanding at multiple levels, from mechanisms of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity to the concepts of a decision neuron that initiates key aspects of the startle behavior. Here we will review recent work that focuses on the neurophysiological and neuropharmacological basis for modifications in the M-cell circuit. After summarizing the main excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the M-cell, we review experiments showing startle response modulation by temperature, social status, and sensory filtering. Although very different in nature, actions of these three sources of modulation converge in the M-cell network. Mechanisms of modulation include altering the excitability of the M-cell itself as well as changes in excitatory and inhibitor drive, highlighting the role of balanced excitation and inhibition for escape decisions. One of the most extensively studied forms of startle plasticity in vertebrates is prepulse inhibition (PPI), a sensorimotor gating phenomenon, which is impaired in several information processing disorders. Finally, we review recent work in the M-cell system which focuses on the cellular mechanisms of PPI and its modulation by serotonin and dopamine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 2","pages":"Pages 129-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32571405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific role of a glutamate receptor subtype in a pacemaker nucleus controlling electric behavior","authors":"Laura Quintana ,&nbsp;Erik Harvey-Girard ,&nbsp;Carolina Lescano ,&nbsp;Omar Macadar ,&nbsp;Daniel Lorenzo","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Electric communication signals, produced by South American electric fish, vary across sexes and species and present an ideal opportunity to examine the bases of signal diversity, and in particular, the mechanisms underlying sexually dimorphic behavior<span>. Gymnotiforms produce electric organ discharges (EOD) controlled by a hindbrain pacemaker nucleus (PN). Background studies have identified the general cellular mechanisms that underlie the production of communication signals, EOD chirps and interruptions, typically displayed in courtship and agonistic contexts. </span></span><em>Brachyhypopomus gauderio</em><span><span> emit sexually dimorphic signals, and recent studies have shown that the PN acquires the capability of generating chirps seasonally, only in breeding males, by modifying its glutamatergic system. We hypothesized that sexual dimorphism was caused by sexual differences in the roles of </span>glutamate<span><span><span> receptors. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed NMDA and AMPA mediated responses in PN slice preparations by field potential recordings, and quantified one AMPA subunit mRNA, in the PNs of males and females during the breeding season. </span>In situ hybridization of GluR2B showed no sexual differences in quantities between the male and female PN. Functional responses of the PN to glutamate and AMPA, on the other hand, showed a clear cut sexual dimorphism. In breeding males, but not females, the PN responded to glutamate and AMPA with bursting activity, with a temporal pattern that resembled the pattern of EOD chirps. In this study, we have been successful in identifying cellular mechanisms of sexual dimorphic communication signals. The involvement of </span>AMPA receptors in PN activity is part of the tightly regulated changes that account for the increase in signal diversity during breeding in this species, necessary for a successful reproduction.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 2","pages":"Pages 155-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32314999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local vasotocin modulation of the pacemaker nucleus resembles distinct electric behaviors in two species of weakly electric fish","authors":"Rossana Perrone ,&nbsp;Adriana Migliaro ,&nbsp;Virginia Comas ,&nbsp;Laura Quintana ,&nbsp;Michel Borde ,&nbsp;Ana Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The neural bases of social behavior diversity in vertebrates have evolved in close association with hypothalamic neuropeptides. In particular, arginine-vasotocin (AVT) is a key integrator underlying differences in behavior across vertebrate taxa. Behavioral displays in weakly electric fish are channeled through specific patterns in their electric organ discharges (EODs), whose rate is ultimately controlled by a medullary pacemaker nucleus (PN). We first explored interspecific differences in the role of AVT as modulator of electric behavior in terms of EOD rate between the solitary <em>Gymnotus omarorum</em> and the gregarious <em>Brachyhypopomus gauderio.</em> In both species, AVT IP injection (10<!--> <!-->μg/gbw) caused a progressive increase of EOD rate of about 30%, which was persistent in <em>B. gauderio</em>, and attenuated after 30<!--> <!-->min in <em>G. omarorum</em>. Secondly, we demonstrated by <em>in vitro</em> electrophysiological experiments that these behavioral differences can be accounted by dissimilar effects of AVT upon the PN in itself. AVT administration (1<!--> <!-->μM) to the perfusion bath of brainstem slices containing the PN produced a small and transient increase of PN activity rate in <em>G. omarorum</em> vs the larger and persistent increase previously reported in <em>B. gauderio.</em> We also identified AVT neurons, for the first time in electric fish, using immunohistochemistry techniques and confirmed the presence of hindbrain AVT projections close to the PN that might constitute the anatomical substrate for AVT influences on PN activity. Taken together, our data reinforce the view of the PN as an extremely plastic medullary central pattern generator that not only responds to higher influences to adapt its function to diverse contexts, but also is able to intrinsically shape its response to neuropeptide actions, thus adding a hindbrain target level to the complexity of the global integration of central neuromodulation of electric behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 2","pages":"Pages 203-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32586553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postnatal brain development of the pulse type, weakly electric gymnotid fish Gymnotus omarorum","authors":"Leticia Iribarne,&nbsp;María E. Castelló","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Teleosts are a numerous and diverse group of fish showing great variation in body shape, ecological niches and behaviors, and a correspondent diversity in brain morphology, usually associated with their functional specialization. Weakly electric fish are a paradigmatic example of functional specialization, as these teleosts use self-generated electric fields to sense the nearby environment and communicate with conspecifics, enabling fish to better exploit particular ecological niches.</p><p>We analyzed the development of the brain of the pulse type gymnotid <em>Gymnotus omarorum,</em><span><span><span> focusing on the brain regions involved directly or indirectly in electrosensory information processing. A morphometric analysis has been made of the whole brain and of brain regions of interest, based on volumetric data obtained from 3-D reconstructions to study the growth of the whole brain and the relative growth of brain regions, from late larvae to adulthood. In the smallest studied larvae some components of the electrosensory pathway appeared to be already organized and functional, as evidenced by tract-tracing and in vivo field potential recordings of electrosensory-evoked activity. From late larval to adult stages, rombencephalic brain regions (cerebellum and electrosensory lateral line lobe) showed a positive allometric growth, mesencephalic brain regions showed a negative allometric growth, and the telencephalon showed an isometric growth. In a first step towards elucidating the role of </span>cell proliferation in the relative growth of the analyzed brain regions, we also studied the spatial distribution of proliferation zones by means of pulse type BrdU labeling revealed by </span>immunohistochemistry. The brain of </span><em>G. omarorum</em><span> late larvae showed a widespread distribution of proliferating zones, most of which were located at the ventricular–cisternal lining. Interestingly, we also found extra ventricular–cisternal proliferation zones at in the rombencephalic cerebellum and electrosensory lateral line lobe. We discuss the role of extraventricular–cisternal proliferation in the relative growth of the latter brain regions.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 2","pages":"Pages 47-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32355486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The insect mushroom body, an experience-dependent recoding device","authors":"Randolf Menzel","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The insect mushroom body is a higher order integration center involved in cross-sensory integration and memory formation. The relatively large mushroom bodies of social Hymenoptera (e.g. bees) have been related to the demands of a social system and the neural processes required to allow the animal to navigate in an ever-changing environment. Here I review studies aiming to elucidate the neural processes that take place at the input and the output sites of the mushroom bodies and that underlie cross-sensory integration, associative learning, memory storage and retrieval. Highly processed sensory information is received at modality-specific compartments of the input site, the calyx. The large number of intrinsic neurons of the mushroom body receive multiple sensory inputs establishing combinations of processed sensory stimuli. A matrix-like memory structure characterizes the dendritic area of the intrinsic neurons allowing storage of rich combinations of sensory information. The rather small number of extrinsic neurons read out from multiple intrinsic neurons, thereby losing their sensory coding properties. The response properties of these neurons change according to the value of stimulus combinations experienced. It is concluded that the mushroom bodies transform the highly dimensional sensory coding space into a low dimensional coding space of value-based information. A model of such an experience-dependent recoding device is presented and compared with the available data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"108 2","pages":"Pages 84-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32560594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}