Journal of Sea Research最新文献

{"title":"Shoreline evolution modeling of embayed beaches incorporating long-term temporal signals","authors":"Changbin Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shoreline is defined as the boundary between land and water, and most predictive and observational techniques are based on this definition. From a process perspective, shoreline evolution is primarily driven by external forcings, particularly waves propagating from the open sea. In this study, the shoreline is defined based on its distance from the wave diffraction point, which may help reduce cross-shore variability. Polynomial regression is then applied to long-term shoreline observations to account for temporal shoreline variability across multiple shoreline profiles. Application of different polynomial orders to the Narrabeen-Collaroy Beach observations indicated that the fourth-order polynomial provided the most reasonable representation of the observed temporal variability. The proposed methodology can be implemented within existing shoreline evolution models driven by wave forcing. It is further evaluated using independent validation with prediction horizons ranging from 2 to 48 months. The results show reasonable predictive agreement for shorter prediction horizons, whereas predictive performance began to deteriorate noticeably beyond approximately 24 months. This approach provides a practical extension for representing temporal shoreline variability across multiple shoreline profiles while retaining the basic structure of the underlying shoreline evolution model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 102735"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148959151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-driven shifts in distributions and habitat suitability of amphipod species under future ocean change","authors":"Farzaneh Momtazi,&nbsp;Hanieh Saeedi","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concern about how climate change affects marine ecosystems is growing, despite international commitments to reduce CO2 emissions. Predicting amphipod species' responses to ocean warming is critical given their high abundance and key ecological roles in marine ecosystems. We selected 35 widespread benthic amphipod species with at least 30 unique occurrence records after thinning from two or more biogeographical regions and classified them according to depth and feeding strategy. Following spatial thinning, 17 species retained sufficient occurrence records for Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modeling; of which 15 met the model evaluation criteria by having a Partial ROC value below 1 or a 5% omission rate exceeding 0.2. We projected species distributions under the low-emission RCP 2.6 and high-emission RCP 8.5 scenarios for 2050 and 2100. To compare species responses among feeding groups, we used linear mixed-effects models with feeding type, scenario_time combination, and their interaction as fixed effects and species identity as a random effect. Species were also classified by depth, but statistical comparisons among depth groups were not performed because of limited species representation. Projected distributions showed substantial species-specific distribution shifts, including both gains and losses of suitable habitat and changes in areas of high species richness. Linear mixed-effects models showed that potential future changes in suitable habitat area did not differ significantly among feeding groups, whereas centroid shifts were significantly influenced by the interaction between feeding type and scenario–time combinations. This indicates that trophic strategy influences the spatial response of amphipods to future climate change. These findings highlight that climate change may dramatically alter the functional composition of benthic communities and their ecological roles, beyond simple changes in species distributions. Incorporating trophic identity and functional roles into climate impact assessments will be essential for predicting ecosystem responses and informing conservation strategies that safeguard marine ecosystems functioning under future climate change. This approach will improve predictions of ecosystem responses and strengthen conservation and management strategies aimed at maintaining ecosystem functioning in a rapidly changing ocean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 102734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148959549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic and morphological evidence of asymmetric hybridization between sympatric Rastrelliger brachysoma and R. kanagurta: Implications for sustainable marine fisheries management","authors":"Trifan Budi,&nbsp;Opas Chamason,&nbsp;Parinthon Youkongkaew,&nbsp;Sanit Piyapattanakorn,&nbsp;Wanlada Klangnurak","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sympatric mackerels <em>Rastrelliger brachysoma</em> and <em>R. kanagurta</em> exhibit extensively overlapping distributions throughout Southeast Asia and are frequently harvested in mixed schools. The recent observation of individuals displaying ambiguous and intermediate morphological characters obscure taxonomic boundaries and suggests the occurrence of natural hybridization. As prolonged hybridization could threaten biodiversity and sustainable fisheries practices, this study aimed to clarify morphological differences and investigate the extent of genetic admixture among <em>R. brachysoma</em>, <em>R. kanagurta</em>, and a phenotypically unknown group localized in the middle Gulf of Thailand using 24 morphological characters and 21 microsatellite loci. Cluster analysis based on morphological characters clearly differentiated <em>R. brachysoma</em> and <em>R. kanagurta</em>, whereas the unidentified group formed a cluster overlapping with both distinct species. Microsatellite analysis indicated substantial genetic diversity (<em>H</em>_o = 0.592 ± 0.029; <em>AR</em> = 8.142 ± 3.507) within the middle Gulf of Thailand populations. Furthermore, while the two reference species exhibited distinct genetic clustering, the unidentified group displayed signatures of genetic admixture (<em>Q</em>-value = 0.1–0.9). Notably, the morphological characteristics and genetic profile of the unidentified group suggested a higher contribution from <em>R. kanagurta</em>, suggesting asymmetric introgression. These findings provide insight into evolutionary dynamics of <em>Rastrelliger</em> species and offer critical data for fisheries management strategies aimed at sustaining economic development and biodiversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 102733"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148959548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foraminiferal eDNA reveals ecological dynamics of a deep-sea cold seep ecosystem: Evidence from the “Haima” seep, South China Sea","authors":"Haotian Li,&nbsp;Yanli Lei,&nbsp;Haiyan Jin,&nbsp;Zaibao Yang,&nbsp;Junfeng Shi,&nbsp;Fanyong Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cold seeps host chemosynthesis-based ecosystems that play an important role in shaping deep-sea benthic biodiversity. Benthic foraminifera are widely used as indicators of environmental change, yet their molecular ecological responses to cold seep activity and their long-term dynamics remain poorly understood. In this study, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding was applied to investigate foraminiferal communities in surface sediments along a seepage gradient and in a radiocarbon-dated sediment core (SY186–3) from the “Haima” cold seeps in the South China Sea. Surface sediments reveal a distinct distribution pattern of foraminiferal assemblages. Read abundance declines toward the seep center, whereas Shannon–Wiener and Margalef diversity indices increase, producing a characteristic high-diversity but low-abundance community in seep-influenced sediments. Functional annotation of bacterial communities shows an enrichment of sulfur-metabolizing microorganisms near the seep core, suggesting intensified sulfur cycling and close interactions between microbial activity and benthic microfauna. The sediment core further documents two phases in Holocene ecosystem development. An earlier stage is marked by a gradual increase in foraminiferal abundance and diversity, indicating the establishment of seep-influenced benthic habitats. In contrast, the later stage shows pronounced millennial-scale fluctuations in community composition. Overall, these findings demonstrate that sedimentary eDNA records can link microbial activity, sedimentary geochemical conditions, and benthic microfaunal communities, offering a powerful approach for investigating ecological dynamics in deep-sea methane-seep environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 102725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148634652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trophic modelling as a pathway to ecosystem-based management – the Marine Protected Area “Sylt Outer Reef - Eastern German Bight”","authors":"Chaimae Slila,&nbsp;Sabine Horn,&nbsp;Miriam Püts,&nbsp;Holger Haslob,&nbsp;Jan Beermann,&nbsp;Marie-Catherine Riekhof,&nbsp;Lars Gutow,&nbsp;Karen Helen Wiltshire","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Marine Protected Area of the Sylt Outer Reef – Eastern German Bight (SOR), located in the German Exclusive Economic Zone of the North Sea, is an ecologically important region that provides essential habitats for numerous species and supports high benthic faunal diversity. In this study, we developed the first mass-balanced food web model for the SOR covering the period 2010–2020, using Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE), in order to understand ecosystem functioning, structure, and energy flows prior to the implementation of management measures. The model included 44 functional groups and 8 fishing gear types. We found that the SOR is dominated by low trophic levels and strong benthic recycling, with detritus and primary producers contributing 33.43% and 20.41% of total system throughput (TST), respectively. Ecosystem indicators highlight that the system is detritus-driven with high internal recycling. It has multiple alternative pathways for energy and biomass flow, supporting a complex trophic structure and potentially being resilient to disturbance. Keystone groups and species included surface-feeding birds and harbour porpoise, whereas key structuring groups included carnivorous polychaetes, phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, and sandeels. Fishing gears in the SOR target both pelagic and demersal groups, primarily forage fish such as sandeels and sprat. The static food web model of the SOR is a baseline for evaluating the effect of the implemented management measures on the ecosystem as the next step, supporting ecosystem-based management decisions for the Sylt Outer Reef such as the exclusion of bottom trawling from many areas of the SOR in March 2023.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 102724"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148634651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-lived mesoscale Eddy populations in contrasted dynamical environments around the Canary Islands","authors":"H. Bañuls-Cervera ,&nbsp;D. Vega-Moreno ,&nbsp;F. Machín ,&nbsp;A. Olivé-Abelló","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mesoscale eddies are recurrent features in the Canary Islands region, where the interaction between the Canary Current, the islands topography, and the nearby North African coastal upwelling is associated with a complex variety of vortices. Despite decades of regional studies, the relative importance, spatial differentiation, vertical structure, seasonal variability and persistence of the different eddy populations remain poorly quantified. The aim of this work is to provide the first long-term and consistent evaluation of the main eddy populations associated with contrasted dynamical environments in the region, offering a systematic distinction between vortices associated with island– and upwelling–current interactions, by analyzing the formation, evolution, and dynamics of eddies generated over the period 1993–2022. Using satellite altimetry from the META product and three-dimensional structure data from ARMOR3D, eddies were grouped according to their rotation (cyclonic or anticyclonic) and their formation within island-wakes or upwelling-front dynamical environments, enabling a comparative characterization of their properties. Results show that anticyclonic eddies represent a larger fraction of the detected long-lived mesoscale eddy population (approximately 56% over the 30-year study period) and, on average, exhibit greater abundance, persistence, and energetic intensity than cyclonic eddies, with larger amplitude, radius, and mean velocity. Seasonal variability strongly modulates eddy generation and persistence, particularly for upwelling-front eddies. Vertical temperature, salinity, and geostrophic velocity distribution reveal that anticyclones have deeper and more coherent cores, with higher surface velocities, reinforcing their role as the most structurally robust eddies in the region. By explicitly separating eddy populations associated with different dynamical environments, this study shows that mesoscale eddies commonly treated as a single population exhibit fundamentally different dynamical, energetic, and vertical structures, highlighting the importance of a population-based classification linked to contrasted dynamical environments. These findings provide the first systematic comparison of eddy populations in the Canary Islands region, emphasizing their importance for the transport of physical and biogeochemical properties in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 102703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the relationship between taxonomic and functional diversity in benthic communities of coarse sediments in the English Channel","authors":"Robin Van Paemelen ,&nbsp;Éric Thiébaut ,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Pezy","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trait-based approaches can complement taxonomic descriptors by revealing changes in functional organization under strong environmental filtering. However, in high-energy coarse-sediment habitats, how taxonomic and functional diversity covary, and how sieve mesh size influences the information obtained, remain poorly resolved. We investigated these questions in the English Channel, where high-energy coarse sediments dominate, and evaluated the additional information gained by retaining the 1–2 mm size fraction. Specifically, benthic macrofauna and sediments were sampled at 35 stations during four baseline surveys (autumn 2022 and 2023; winter 2023 and 2024) in the Bay of Seine, within areas targeted for offshore wind development. We quantified conventional taxonomic metrics and four functional diversity indices (FRic, FEve, FDiv, RaoQ) based on eight response traits, and compared patterns across seasons, sediment facies, and sieve mesh sizes (1 mm vs 2 mm). A total of 247,618 individuals (392 taxa; &gt;1 mm) were identified. Sediment facies mainly affected functional dispersion, with lower RaoQ in gravel than in sandy gravel. Seasonal differences were expressed by higher biomass, FRic, and RaoQ in autumn than in winter. Taxonomic and functional β-diversity were strongly coupled (RV = 0.82), yet functional variation showed reduced amplitude, consistent with trait convergence under strong abiotic filtering. The 1–2 mm fraction added 10.8% taxa and about 30% individuals but only about 2% biomass; it minimally altered taxonomic patterns while substantially reshaping functional indices, indicating non-redundant functional information carried by small-bodied, trait-distinct taxa. These results support combining taxonomic and trait-based indicators for monitoring coarse-sediment benthos and suggest that finer sieving may improve the sensitivity of functional diagnoses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 102704"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147802401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New turbulence model: Langevin stochastic equations in lieu of the Navier-Stokes equations","authors":"V.M. Canuto","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physical oceanographers must describe turbulent processes at different depths due to different sources. The time-honored tool to treat turbulence were the Navier-Stokes Equations, NSE. In 1971, turbulence theorist R. H. Kraichnan, after an unsuccessful attempt to derive the universal Kolmogorov kinetic energy spectrum using the NSE, <em>suggested that, because of their structural simplicity, the Langevin Stochastic Equations LSE should be used.to describe turbulence.</em> His suggestion was not implemented for 25 years until 1996–1999 when a series of papers were published in <em>The Physics of Fluids in which an LSE-based turbulence model was derived, implemented and assessed on more than 80 non-geophysical turbulence data.</em> The LSE were then extended to treat oceanic mesoscales and sub-mesoscales (<span><span>Canuto and Dubovikov, 2005</span></span>, <span><span>Canuto and Dubovikov, 2006</span></span>) and OGCM results were favorably compared to those based on different turbulence models (<span><span>Canuto et al., 2018</span></span>, <span><span>Canuto et al., 2019</span></span>). It has now been realized that the oceanographic community has not yet been presented with a step-by-step derivation of the LSE-based turbulence model and its applications. The goal of this work is to remedy that shortcoming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 102702"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic sequencing reveals multiple microbial risks in ballast tank sediments: high diversity, virulence potential, and antibiotic resistance","authors":"Xiao Wei ,&nbsp;Caiying Yang ,&nbsp;Shihui Yan ,&nbsp;Wen Tian ,&nbsp;Yangchun Han ,&nbsp;Yuyao Liu ,&nbsp;Caixia Yue ,&nbsp;Pei Yu ,&nbsp;Zhaozhao Xue ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ballast water and associated sediments serve as major vectors for the global transfer of microorganisms, posing significant ecological, economic, and public health risks. In this study, metagenomic sequencing was employed to comprehensively characterize the microbial communities and functional potential of sediments collected from ballast tanks of three international vessels. A total of 38,194 species were identified, with bacteria comprising over 92% of all taxa, followed by Archaea (4.3%) and Eukaryota (2.8%). Metagenomic analysis revealed 196 potential pathogenic species, primarily within Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Vibrionaceae, underscoring the role of sediments as reservoirs for pathogens. Functional annotation demonstrated strong metabolic potential, particularly in energy and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) were detected, indicating risks associated with antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity. These findings establish ballast tank sediments as a distinct and complex microbial habitat, rich in both functional diversity and potential biohazards, and the results provide critical insights and baseline data to support global ballast water and sediment management strategies aimed at mitigating microbial invasion and environmental risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 102705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and validation of wave-state-based parameterizations in the COARE Air-Sea heat flux algorithm","authors":"Siyuan Wu ,&nbsp;Sheng Chen ,&nbsp;Xiongbo Zheng ,&nbsp;Baoshan Yang ,&nbsp;Linfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Chuanjiang Huang ,&nbsp;Fangli Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2026.102707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on two years of in situ air-sea heat flux observations from the Chengbei observation tower in the southern Bohai Sea, this study examines systematic biases in the widely used Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment version 3.5 bulk air-sea flux algorithm (COARE3.5). Results show that COARE3.5 persistently underestimates air-sea heat fluxes under strong-wind conditions. This bias leads to a compressed response during high-flux events, with regression slopes significantly below unity. The bias is mainly attributed to the inadequate representation of coupled wind-wave-thermodynamic processes in the original COARE3.5 formulation. To reduce this bias, a multiplicative gain function is introduced while retaining the overall COARE3.5 framework. The gain function includes wind speed, air-sea temperature difference, air-sea humidity difference, a cold-air outbreak dummy variable, and wind-wave interaction terms. Model parameters are estimated using ordinary least squares. Model generalization is evaluated using time-blocked K-fold cross-validation (K = 10). The statistical significance of improvements in air-sea heat flux RMSE is assessed using 95% confidence intervals derived from Bootstrap resampling. Results indicate that the proposed multiplicative gain model shows robust statistical performance. For the full dataset, air-sea heat flux RMSE decreases by approximately 10–20%. During strong wind conditions (≥12 m/s) and cold-air outbreaks, air-sea heat flux RMSE reduction reaches 30–80%. These results effectively reduce the systematic underestimation and provide a practical approach for improving air-sea heat flux parameterization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 102707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147944828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}