Journal of Sea Research最新文献

{"title":"The brown alga Rugulopteryx okamurae: Insights into epifaunal diversity across marginal populations in Gran Canaria","authors":"Mónica Martín Jiménez,&nbsp;Rodrigo Riera","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biological invasions pose significant threats to biodiversity, primarily through the depletion of natural resources and the disruption of local ecosystems. Our study focuses on <em>Rugulopteryx okamurae</em> (E. Y. Dawson) I·K. Hwang, W.J. Lee, and H.S. Kim, an invasive alga proliferating in the Macaronesia and Mediterranean regions. This research examines the epifaunal assemblages associated with <em>R. okamurae</em> across eastern and northeastern zones in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. A total of 11,398 individuals from 63 species within five taxonomic groups were collected, with Arthropoda dominating the samples (88.68 % of the overall abundance), particularly the amphipods <em>Apohyale perieri</em> and <em>A. stebbingi</em>. Significant differences in species richness and individual abundance were observed between populations from San Cristóbal, Jinámar and Ojos de Garza. The central populations exhibited the highest species richness, while the northern populations showed the lowest. Multivariate analyses revealed distinct community compositions between the edge and central populations, underscoring the invasive alga's capacity to support diverse and abundant epifaunal assemblages. Moreover, <em>R. okamurae</em> demonstrated remarkable dominance in the study area, achieving total coverage of up to 100 % at certain sampling sites. This extensive coverage highlights the alga's ability to sustain a rich and varied epifaunal community, characterized by both species abundance and high biodiversity. The findings emphasize the need for targeted conservation and management strategies to mitigate the spread of <em>R. okamurae</em> and protect local biodiversity from further disruption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term biogeochemical variations in the southern South China Sea and adjacent seas: A model data analysis","authors":"Winfred Marshal ,&nbsp;Nur Hidayah Roseli ,&nbsp;Roswati Md Amin ,&nbsp;Mohd Fadzil Bin Mohd Akhir","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The southern portion of the South China Sea (SCS), which constitutes the largest semi-enclosed marginal sea in Southeast Asia, is currently undergoing unusual surface warming, which may significantly impact its marine ecosystems. This study examines the long-term variations of biogeochemistry in the southern SCS and its adjacent seas from 1993 to 2020, using data from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) model to better understand the implications of these warming trends on nutrient dynamics and overall marine health. Analysis of interannual variations highlights a strong relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the occurrence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole events, leading to significant alterations in biogeochemistry in the southern SCS. These findings emphasize the sensitivity of biogeochemistry to climatic variability. Over the study period, a region-wide increasing SST trend (0.2 °C per decade) indicates the influence of climate change, while surface Chlorophyll concentration and Phytoplankton biomass show decreasing trends, suggesting potential shifts in primary productivity. Additionally, surface Dissolved Oxygen and pH levels have significantly declined, pointing to broader impacts on ocean health. These observed declining trends in biogeochemical variables are particularly pronounced in the southeastern Vietnam, East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, and Java Sea regions, which are primarily driven by significant changes in SST and related wind patterns. The weakening of summer southwesterly winds and winter northeasterly winds, evidenced by linear trends in wind stress, has reduced nutrient supply through upwelling and decreased ocean heat loss, respectively. This disruption exacerbates surface ocean warming and limits the replenishment of essential nutrients, leading to diminished primary productivity and altering marine ecosystem dynamics. This study provides valuable insights into present biogeochemical trends under climate change, forming a crucial basis for future projection studies in this region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and temporal changes of water environmental factors and water quality assessment in coastal waters of Jiangsu Province","authors":"Zhihao Tang,&nbsp;Yuhan Cao,&nbsp;Qingfeng Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to explore the temporal and spatial changes in water environmental factors and seawater quality in the near-shore waters of Jiangsu Province. From 2017 to 2023, the single-factor evaluation method and the comprehensive pollution index evaluation method were employed to assess water environmental factors and water quality, and the correlations between water ecological factors were analyzed. The results indicated that the overall levels of dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and petroleum were satisfactory. The pollution levels of the main pollutants, inorganic nitrogen (IN) and reactive phosphate (RP), showed a downward trend, and the overall water quality improved after 2019. There was a significant positive correlation between IN and RP, suggesting they might share the same source. In terms of spatial distribution, each factor exhibited certain regularities: DO was higher in the north than in the south; the pH value was higher in the north and south than in the central area; the concentrations of IN and petroleum were higher near the shore; COD was higher in the northern and near-shore regions; and RP was more concentrated in the central and near-shore areas. Moreover, research revealed that seawater quality was influenced by various factors, including natural and human-induced ones. As a unique phenomenon in the Yellow Sea waters, green tides had a disruptive effect on the content changes of water quality factors during their formation and disappearance in different years, particularly on DO. Special events such as coastal industries, the COVID-19 pandemic, and marine projects affected the discharge and input of pollutants. Policies implemented in different periods were crucial for optimizing water quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the invasive algae Rugulopteryx okamurae affect coastal biodiversity? Insights from coastal fish communities of gran Canaria (NE Atlantic Ocean)","authors":"Xavier Bachot,&nbsp;Rodrigo Riera","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biological invasions present significant threats to global biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The introduction of invasive species can lead to ecosystem homogenization, altering community dynamics and negatively impacting native species and habitats. <em>Rugulopteryx okamurae,</em> a brown seaweed native to the Northwest Pacific, has rapidly invaded marine ecosystems in Europe, transforming coastal habitats. This study examines the impact of <em>R. okamurae</em> on fish communities across different zones of Gran Canaria, with a particular focus on the invasion gradient. We observed significant variations in fish species abundance and richness across sites, with a noticeable trend towards reduced diversity and a higher prevalence of opportunistic species in areas heavily invaded by <em>R. okamurae</em>. The invasion gradient, rather than typical edge effects, appeared to play a more substantial role in shaping community structure, suggesting that the pervasive spread of <em>R. okamurae</em> leads to habitat homogenization. Ongoing monitoring and adaptive management strategies are crucial to fully understand and mitigate the impacts of <em>R. okamurae</em> on marine biodiversity in Gran Canaria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143235053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impacts of natural marine disasters on shipping industry in China: An event study","authors":"Fan Zeng,&nbsp;Chuan Pang,&nbsp;Huajun Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, global warming leads to a notable increase in natural marine disasters. It is imperative that the academic community undertake a quantitative assessment of the impacts of natural marine disasters on shipping industry in China. The event study revealed that natural marine disasters lead to negative abnormal trading volume and abnormal stock returns for the Chinese shipping industry. Moreover, the findings of the regression analysis indicated that abnormal trading volume was positively related to abnormal stock return. Overall, natural marine disasters may lower investors' expectation on the development of the shipping firms, which would adversely affect shipping firms' market value. The findings of our paper highlighted the importance of disaster management in the shipping industry, which suggests managers in shipping industry should improve disaster management. Our research contributes to the research area of the economic effects of natural disasters and the effects of uncertainty on firms' investments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The distribution and characteristics of suspended particulate matter in the Palau-Caroline seamount area of the western tropical Pacific Ocean","authors":"Lianhua He ,&nbsp;Yanguang Liu ,&nbsp;Gang Yang ,&nbsp;Sen Shan ,&nbsp;Aimei Zhu ,&nbsp;Jingjing Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2024.102560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2024.102560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Suspended particulate matter (SPM) plays an important biogeochemical role in aquatic systems, and assessing SPM spatial trends during the current climate change period is important. In the autumn of 2018, seawater samples were collected from depths of 1, 20, 50, 100and 200 m in the water column at 62 stations within the Palau-Caroline seamount area in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. The SPM concentration was measured to assess spatial variability. The particulate nitrogen (PN) concentration, particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration, and δ¹³C_POC were measured at 30 stations to assess spatial variability and the source of the suspended particulate organic matter (POM). The SPM concentration ranged from 0 to 1.18 mg/L, with an average value of 0.18 ± 0.20 mg/L, which is consistent with the results of previous studies in the ocean. Marked variation was observed in the SPM distribution. High SPM concentrations were observed around the seamount area, indicating that the seamount significantly influenced the distribution of the SPM. The POC concentrations decreased with depth, whereas the PN concentrations did not exhibit a clear distribution pattern. This difference in distribution suggested that the sources, cycling pathways and other controlling geochemical processes differed between POC and PN. The C/N ratios were notably low, ranging from 0.4 to 8.3, with an average of 2.0 ± 1.6. The δ¹³C_POC values ranged from −27.7 ‰ to −23.4 ‰, showing clear stratification with higher (less negative) values in the upper water column. The distribution characteristics of POC, PN, δ¹³C_POC, and the C/N ratio indicate that small phytoplankton may influence the POM characteristics of the upper water column. The POM collected in the study area appears to be derived mainly from in situ biological production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decadal trends in macrobenthic communities in offshore wind farms: Disentangling turbine and climate effects","authors":"C. Jammar ,&nbsp;A. Reynés-Cardona ,&nbsp;J. Vanaverbeke ,&nbsp;N. Lefaible ,&nbsp;T. Moens ,&nbsp;S. Degraer ,&nbsp;U. Braeckman","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2024.102557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2024.102557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present results of a study covering 13 years of data (2008–2020), investigating for the first time the combined impacts of offshore windfarm (OWF) turbine-related and climate-related variables on soft-sediment macrobenthic communities in the Southern North Sea, focusing on two Belgian OWFs, Belwind and C-Power. We hypothesized that both turbine presence alongside climate change would affect macrobenthos in the long-term. Our analysis revealed that climate variables, particularly sea surface temperature (SST) influenced macrobenthos abundance, species richness and diversity. Species richness was additionally affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). While most community indices increased with rising SST, diversity declined with higher temperatures. Our analysis supported that the already known short-term (max. 3 years) turbine-related impacts are consistent through time (13 years). Sediments near turbines and in deeper waters were richer in organic matter, characterized by finer sand, and supported more enriched soft-sediment communities compared to locations further away. A transition from the originally prevailing <em>Nephtys cirrosa</em> community towards a more diverse macrobenthic community was observed near the turbines. Our study emphasizes the need for long-term studies and the importance of distinguishing turbine presence from climate change effects when assessing the impacts of OWFs on marine ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of western boundary currents and sea surface temperature anomalies on interannual variability of chub mackerel abundance in the Northwest Pacific","authors":"Jiasheng Li ,&nbsp;Weifeng Zhou ,&nbsp;Yang Dai ,&nbsp;Fenghua Tang ,&nbsp;Yumei Wu ,&nbsp;Heng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiumei Fan ,&nbsp;Xuesen Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2024.102561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2024.102561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The abundance of chub mackerel (<em>Scomber japonicus</em>) in the Northwest Pacific has undergone significant changes in recent decades. To investigate the long-term and short-term impacts of environmental factors on the abundance of chub mackerel, Kuroshio volume transport in summer and winter, the Oyashio area, the Oyashio southern limit, and the Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA), were selected to construct the ARDL-ECM model based on the Autoregression Distributed Lag (ARDL) method for 3 age groups with resource abundance as the response variable. The results showed that in short term effects there is a positive correlation between Kuroshio intensity and the chub mackerel abundance in winter, but a negative correlation in summer. Oyashio area can impact the fish abundance under 2 years old significantly (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and the change of Oyashio sourth limit only has a significant impact on the abundance of 0-age fish (p &lt; 0.001). In the long-term relationship, Kuroshio significantly influences the abundance of fish aged 3 years and older (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). SSTA had a significant impact on the abundance of all 3 age groups (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), while Oyashio area may influence the fish abundance under 2 years old (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, Oyashio south limit was found to affect the abundance of fish aged over 1 year (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). SSTA can increase the abundance in both short term (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and long term (p &lt; 0.001).The findings of this research may enhance our understanding of the variations in chub mackerel abundance in the Northwest Pacific.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social-ecological system approach relevant for modelling the ecological niche of a mangrove gastropod at small regional scale","authors":"Rémi Brosse ,&nbsp;Claire Golléty ,&nbsp;Esméralda Longépée ,&nbsp;Lucie Dupont ,&nbsp;François-Xavier Lamure Tardieu ,&nbsp;Yann Mercky ,&nbsp;Gauthier Schaal","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gastropod <em>Terebralia palustris</em> is found in mangroves from the Indo-Pacific, where it plays important ecological roles and is fished by humans. As such, it reflects interactions occurring within the socio-ecosystem, although information regarding its regional distribution and ecological niche is uneven. The present study aimed at defining the relative importance of factors of the mangrove socio-ecological system (MSES) on the realized niche of <em>T. palustris</em> at the regional scale. We studied its distribution at the scale of Mayotte Island (France, Indian Ocean), including local ecological knowledge and environmental memory held by population. To this end, a survey campaign of the 29 mangroves of Mayotte allowed mapping its occurrence and correlating the spatial pattern to factors of the MSES related to three dimensions of the niche (accessibility, abiotic, and biotic) pertaining to both societal and ecological components. Questionnaire interviews revealed both past presence and current presence undetected by the survey campaign. At the scale of Mayotte, the gastropod is found on large and deep mangroves, distant from the sea by a deep central and external mangrove, where <em>Avicennia marina</em> is not the only mangrove tree species and the canopy is relatively opened, at the bottom of watersheds holding large urban areas. Our study showed that dealing with both ecosystemic and societal subsystems and their involvement in each dimension of the niche concept is a promising way of understanding the drivers of species distribution in anthropized systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143235054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traits without boundaries: The environmental influence on biological traits across an intertidal region","authors":"Natanah M.C. Gusha ,&nbsp;Christopher D. McQuaid","doi":"10.1016/j.seares.2024.102559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seares.2024.102559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trait-based methods can present better alternatives to species-centric methods when the objective is to understand the drivers of species distribution patterns across macro-spatial scales. We employed a trait-based approach to understand benthic macroinvertebrate species distributions along the coastline of South Africa, hypothesising that the operation of selection on species' traits would produce different distributional results from the already known patterns based on taxonomic identity. We selected eight lifestyle and reproduction trait categories for 150 intertidal macroinvertebrates from 52 sites spanning three main bioregions (East, South, and West) and two transition zones (South-west and South-east) across c. 3025 km of the South African coast. We used satellite derived near-shore sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-<em>a</em> data estimates and site location to characterise environmental conditions that may influence intertidal species and traits distribution<em>.</em> An RLQ analysis indicated that intertidal species trait distribution did not conform to the biogeographic patterns identified using a taxonomic approach. Further, a combined fourth corner analysis further revealed strong significant interactions of four of the eight traits (reproductive type, body form and feeding type) with environment parameters (longitude, SST and chl-<em>a</em>), plus weakly significant effects of latitude. Two major currents dominate nearshore waters, the cool, eutrophic Benguela on the west and the warm, oligotrophic Agulhas on the east and south, yet trait distribution grouped cool (west coast) and warm (south coast) temperate sites separately from subtropical eastern sites rather than aligning with the three main bioregions defined by species taxonomic identity. These results support the habitat templet theory, suggesting that environmental influences on species distributions operates through their effects on species traits, with chl-<em>a</em>/nutrient availability a key determinant of trait distributions. This results in a transition in species' traits from warm, oligotrophic to cool eutrophic conditions. This coarse transition between two oceanic regimes is further refined by species with varying trait combinations colonising from either the Indian and Atlantic oceans, resulting in the bioregions defined by species identity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50056,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sea Research","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143168304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}