Journal of the North American Benthological Society最新文献

{"title":"National and regional comparisons between Strahler order and stream size","authors":"R. Hughes, P. Kaufmann, Marc H. Weber","doi":"10.1899/09-174.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/09-174.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Water-body size is one of the most important factors affecting the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. The categorical variable, Strahler stream order, is commonly used as a surrogate for stream size, perhaps because stream size is a multidimensional attribute that defies simple definition. Some stream-size attributes, including continuous variables, such as catchment area, distance to source, and model estimates of discharge also are available as geographic information system (GIS)-derived or modeled variables. These GIS measures are commonly used by stream ecologists along with field-derived attributes, such as discharge, stream cross-sectional area, width, and depth, which are more direct measures of stream size as experienced by aquatic organisms. Our objective was to quantify how well some commonly used stream-size attributes are predicted from Strahler order in the US as a whole and within major ecoregions and hydrologic landscape regions. We based our analysis on field-channel-survey and digital-stream-trace data (NHD-Plus) from 2162 US stream sites, ranging from 1st to 8th order (at 1∶100,000 scale). Strahler order provided a surprisingly useful approximation of the ranges of catchment size, distance to source, modeled mean annual discharge, and field-based low-flow and bankfull channel dimensions for most streams within a given Strahler order. However, even within geoclimatically and ecologically similar regions, site-specific predictions of stream size from Strahler order can have large errors. Correlations between Strahler order and the size measures considered here varied widely (r  =  0.48–0.91). Within individual Strahler orders, the alternative size measures varied by 5 and 4 orders of magnitude at national and regional scales, respectively. The same size-measure value could occur in 1 to 7 different stream orders at the national scale and in some regions, with generally good agreement in mountains and poor agreement in plains. Therefore, we conclude that Strahler order is useful for relating information about stream size, but that researchers should base analyses on multiple, continuous measures of stream size and should communicate stream-size results or associations based on the size-related measurements. Two characteristics of Strahler order make it useful for selecting sites across the range of stream sizes encountered in regional and national surveys, as long as limitations are explicitly recognized. First, the number of Strahler orders is limited. Second, Strahler order is easy to extract from stream networks constructed from digital elevation data and from national hydrographic data sets.","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":"31 1","pages":"103 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77191685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does diet influence consumer nutrient cycling? Macroinvertebrate and fish excretion in streams","authors":"R. Mcmanamay, Jackson R. Webster, H. Valett, C. Dolloff","doi":"10.1899/09-152.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/09-152.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Consumer nutrient cycling supplies limiting elements to autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms in aquatic systems. However, the role of consumers in supplying nutrients may change depending on their diet and their own stoichiometry. We evaluated the stoichiometry, N and P excretion, and diets of the dominant macroinvertebrates and fish at 6 stream sites to determine if the nutritional composition of food alters nutrient excretion. We used Sterner's (1990) nutrient homeostasis model as a reference to gauge whether consumer nutrient excretion is influenced by diet. Body stoichiometry explained 61% of the variation in N∶P excretion by macroinvertebrates but only 11% of the variation for fish. In both cases, the relationship was driven by 2 P-rich end-members, crayfish and mottled sculpin. Results of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) analysis showed that family alone explained 71% of the variation in N∶P excretion in macroinvertebrates and 31% of the variation in fish. Diet explained only 8% of the variation in both cases. Most consumers (9 of 11) had N∶P excretion values that were well below predictions of Sterner's model. Two taxa, crayfish and sculpin, had N∶P excretion that overlapped the model's predictions. Our results suggest that crayfish and sculpin may display strict homeostasis with respect to N and P and that their growth might be P-limited. Other consumers may be more flexible in their stoichiometry and not P-limited. We speculate that the extremely low excretion N∶P measured for many consumers might have been the result of semiflexible homeostasis, inaccuracies in our assessment of dietary nutrients, growth-limiting nutrients other than N or P, or lack of egestion data. Our results suggest that crayfish and sculpin may alter N and P dynamics in streams by excreting low amounts of P relative to N compared to what is generally available in the water column.","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":"87 1","pages":"102 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90616302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timber harvest intensifies spawning-salmon disturbance of macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alaskan streams","authors":"E. Campbell, M. Benbow, S. Tiegs, J. Hudson, G. Lamberti, R. Merritt","doi":"10.1899/10-040.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/10-040.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We addressed how timber harvest can interact with salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) spawning activities to influence benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. We predicted that spawning salmon would cause greater disturbance to macroinvertebrates in streams in watersheds with high than with low timber-harvest intensity because finer sediments that accumulate in streams after timber harvesting would be readily dislodged by spawning salmon and lower volumes of large wood in the streams would decrease availability of macroinvertebrate refugia from salmon activity. We used a modified Hess sampler to collect benthic macroinvertebrates from 6 riffles in each of 7 streams before and during the annual salmon run. Diptera biomass was lower and Plecoptera biomass was higher during the salmon run than before it. During the run, insect biomass, scraper biomass, and Ephemeroptera biomass were higher in streams with low than with high timber-harvest intensity, possibly because the finer sediments in the high timber-harvest intensity streams were more readily dislodged by salmon. Macroinvertebrate community structure (density and biomass) differed between before and during the run. Epeorus longimanus, Baetis, Seratella tibialis, Suwallia, Chironomidae, and Simuliidae were significant indicators of before-salmon benthic communities, whereas Sweltsa and Zapada cinctipes typified during-salmon communities. Some taxa probably are more tolerant of salmon disturbance than others, and their life histories might be adapted to the autumn salmon run. Overall, our results indicate that strong interactive effects can occur between anthropogenic activities and natural disturbance and that timber-harvest activity can intensify the effects of spawning-salmon disturbance on macroinvertebrates.","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":"16 1","pages":"49 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75218051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"As productive and slow as a stream can be—the metabolism of a Pampean stream","authors":"Vicenç Acuña, Vicenç Acuña, C. Vilches, A. Giorgi","doi":"10.1899/09-082.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/09-082.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stream metabolism at both ecosystem and functional-compartment scales was measured in a low-order Pampean stream (La Choza) over a 3-wk period to characterize metabolic rates and discern the contribution of each functional compartment (submerged macrophytes, benthos, floating macroalgae, water column, and hyporheic zone) to ecosystem metabolism. La Choza stream is an autotrophic ecosystem during low flows and has gross primary production rates of up to 22 g O2 m−2d−1, which are among the highest reported in the literature and set an upper bound on how productive streams can be in the absence of light and nutrient limitations. Floating macroalgae provided most of the primary production (30–90%), whereas the hyporheic zone provided most of the ecosystem respiration (40–80%). The differential effects of high flows on the different functional compartments depressed the production∶respiration ratio, suggesting a strong relationship between flow and metabolism. Thus, low flows enhanced primary production and led to diel dissolved O2 concentration oscillations between 0 and 25 g O2/m3. In contrast, high flow depressed primary production by an order of magnitude and increased ecosystem respiration. High production rates during the low-flow period and extreme physicochemical conditions (anoxia for 7–8 h on a daily basis) may be typical in this type of ecosystem during extended low-flow periods.","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":"44 1","pages":"71 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91245473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct and indirect effects of species displacements: an invading freshwater amphipod can disrupt leaf-litter processing and shredder efficiency","authors":"C. Macneil, J. Dick, D. Platvoet, M. Briffa","doi":"10.1899/10-056.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/10-056.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Invasive species may threaten the fundamental role played by native macroinvertebrate shredders in determining energy flow and the trophic dynamics of freshwater ecosystems. Functionally, amphipods have long been regarded as mainly shredders, but they are increasingly recognized as major predators of other macroinvertebrate taxa. Furthermore, intraguild predation (IGP) between native and invasive amphipods underlies many species displacements. We used laboratory mesocosms to investigate what might happen to shredders and leaf-litter processing in water bodies invaded by the highly predatory Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus, which is spreading rapidly throughout Europe and may soon invade the North American Great Lakes. The leaf-shredding efficiency of D. villosus was significantly lower than that of 3 Gammarus species (2 native and 1 invasive) that D. villosus has either already displaced or may be currently displacing in The Netherlands. In addition, D. villosus was a major predator of all of these native and invasive amphipod shredders and of a common isopod shredder Asellus aquaticus. Leaf processing in Gammarus and Asellus mesocosms declined rapidly in the presence of D. villosus and ceased altogether within 4 d because by then, all potential shredders had been killed and consumed. Furthermore, the shredding efficiency of surviving amphipods and isopods declined significantly within 2 d of the release of D. villosus, a result indicating that predator-avoidance behavior may override leaf processing. We discuss the implications of these direct and indirect effects of D. villosus invasions and species displacements on community structure and litter processing in aquatic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":"77 1","pages":"38 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84004689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host fish quality may explain the status of endangered Epioblasma torulosa rangiana and Lampsilis fasciola (Bivalvia∶Unionidae) in Canada","authors":"Kelly A Mcnichols, G. Mackie, J. Ackerman","doi":"10.1899/10-063.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/10-063.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Freshwater unionid mussels are among the most endangered groups of organisms in the world. They develop indirectly via a host, usually a fish, and this dependence appears to limit the reproduction and distribution of freshwater mussels. Epioblasma torulosa rangiana and Lampsilis fasciola are 2 endangered species in Canada. Epioblasma t. rangiana has a low abundance and limited distribution, whereas L. fasciola has a higher abundance and less-constrained distribution. Three known host species were examined for each mussel species. Results were that: 1) E. t. rangiana glochidia had significantly higher metamorphosis rates (i.e., proportion of attached glochidia that successfully metamorphosed to the juvenile mussel stage) on Etheostoma exile (mean ± SE: 44 ± 9%) and Cottus bairdi (42 ± 6%) than on Etheostoma nigrum (10 ± 3%) and 2) L. fasciola glochidia had significantly higher metamorphosis rates on Micropterus dolomieu (82 ± 2%) and Micropterus salmoides (63 ± 8%) than on C. bairdi (37 ± 7%). Variation in the co-occurrence of mussels and their primary vs marginal host species (i.e., high vs low infestation and metamorphosis rates, respectively) appears to explain the distributions and abundances of these 2 endangered mussels in Canada. An understanding of the quality of different host fishes of endangered mussel species is needed to facilitate effective conservation strategies.","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"60 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81512232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interregional variation in urbanization-induced geomorphic change and macroinvertebrate habitat colonization in headwater streams","authors":"R. Utz, R. H. Hilderbrand","doi":"10.1899/10-007.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/10-007.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Urban land use alters channel morphometry, particle size structure, and sediment-transport dynamics in stream ecosystems, thereby degrading the habitat of aquatic organisms. However, stream form varies substantially among geoclimatic settings, and, thus, the degree of negative effects induced by urbanization may be region-specific. Biota in streams of the Coastal Plain ecoregion of the eastern US consistently show greater tolerance to urban land use than do biota of the adjacent Piedmont, potentially because of a disparity in geomorphic degradation between ecoregions. We quantified channel morphometry, particle mobility, sediment deposition, and floodwater chemistry in similarly sized rural and urban streams of both ecoregions to detect differences in urbanization-induced geomorphic change. Macroinvertebrate rates of recolonization in patches of disturbed benthic habitat also were monitored. No differences in channel morphometry were observed among treatment groups. Riffle particle sizes were significantly larger in urban than in rural Piedmont streams, but a corresponding disparity was absent in Coastal Plain streams. Particle mobility increased in urban settings uniformly between ecoregions. However, transported particles were substantially larger in Piedmont streams. Sediment deposition was higher overall in Coastal Plain streams but more affected by urbanization in Piedmont streams. Macroinvertebrate density in the disturbed habitat rose faster over time in Coastal Plain than in Piedmont streams. Results suggest that geomorphic degradation is greater in Piedmont streams and that organisms may be adapted to benthic instability in Coastal Plain streams. In addition, our findings demonstrate that ecosystem-scale responses of streams to urbanization may vary inherently among geoclimatic settings.","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":"263 1","pages":"25 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79005707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking disturbance and stream invertebrate communities: how best to measure bed stability","authors":"A. Schwendel, R. Death, I. Fuller, M. Joy","doi":"10.1899/09-172.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/09-172.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Substrate stability is a key determinant of stream invertebrate community composition, but its measurement can be problematic. Stream ecologists often use different approaches and techniques to quantify bed stability, and this variability makes comparison among studies difficult. We examined the link between 6 reach-scale measures of substrate stability and invertebrate community metrics in 12 New Zealand mountain streams. The strength of the link varied with the method used to define substrate stability. We used morphological budgeting to measure spatial patterns and volumes of scour and fill. We found that as erosion of sediments increased, invertebrate diversity declined exponentially. In particular, increases in the volume of scour reduced taxonomic richness, whereas deposition of coarse sediments was less relevant for invertebrate communities. Overall, the distance travelled by in-situ-marked tracer stones was most strongly linked with all invertebrate community metrics, whereas the bottom component of the Pfankuch Index related very well to diversity. Both metrics showed near-linear declines in diversity with decreasing stability. In contrast, the link between invertebrate communities and the proportion of bed area affected by entrainment was weak. Therefore, we propose tracer-based indices and the Pfankuch bottom component as the most suitable measures for research involving invertebrate–substrate-stability relationships. Measures derived from in-situ-marked tracer stones reflected only entrainment and transport of particles. In contrast, the bottom component of the Pfankuch Index encompassed the widest range of bed-stability characteristics but is prone to observer bias. An objective method that combines the efficiency of the Pfankuch Index with the characteristics measured using tracer stones could serve as a powerful explanatory tool in stream ecology.","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":" 20","pages":"11 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1899/09-172.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72508337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquatic Insects of California (1956): a landmark event and unique collaboration in benthic biology","authors":"V. Resh","doi":"10.1899/10-042.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/10-042.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The 16 contributors who produced the 15 chapters in Robert Usinger's Aquatic Insects of California (AIC), published by the University of California Press in 1956, included accomplished taxonomists experienced with aquatic insects, others who specialized in nonaquatic insect groups, and still others who were self-trained or worked in nonacademic positions. Richly illustrated, AIC provided species-level keys to adults of most insect groups, a feature not seen in subsequent identification guides to North American aquatic insects. This change might reflect the recent trend of reliance on identifications to higher taxonomic levels in benthic studies, particularly in biomonitoring, and less emphasis on association of adult and immature stages of aquatic insects. Ecological information presented in AIC emphasized mosquito control and anxieties about potential malarial outbreaks and the importance of aquatic insects in sewage treatment. Detailed sampling methods for streams reflected those being developed in California because few descriptions of stream sampling methods were then available. The role of the taxonomist who was self-trained, nontraditionally employed, or had broad-based interests might have parallels today. Identification advances in benthic biology are now being done more often by biomonitoring researchers in government laboratories and consulting firms than in university research programs.","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80302212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change and biological indicators: detection, attribution, and management implications for aquatic ecosystems","authors":"M. Barbour, B. Bierwagen, Anna T. Hamilton, N. Aumen","doi":"10.1899/10-117.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1899/10-117.1","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a complex phenomenon that affects the physical, chemical, and biological factors that constitute the intricate ecosystems of the world. Aquatic ecosystems will change in response to climate-induced changes in hydrological regimes, precipitation, and temperature, and these responses are likely to be confounded with responses to changes in land use. Water-resource managers must sort out these impacts for effective decision-making. This challenge may be overwhelming for environmental managers, who already are assessing causes of degradation caused by multiple other stressors. Effective policy and management decisions require","PeriodicalId":49987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","volume":"6 1","pages":"1349 - 1353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90217845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}