Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society最新文献

{"title":"Genetic diversity in Astragalus tennesseensis and the federal endangered Dalea foliosa (Fabaceae)1","authors":"A. L. Edwards, B. Wiltshire, D. Nickrent","doi":"10.2307/4126934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126934","url":null,"abstract":"(Ho = 0.103 and HE = 0.121) were more than twice that found in D. foliosa (Ho = 0.037 and HE = 0.043). For both species, levels of heterozygosity were highest in Tennessee and lowest in Illinois, where levels half that found in Tennessee. Differentiation among populations within geographical regions (GSTc = 0.161 and 0.145 for A. tenneseensis and D. foliosa, respectively) was lower than when not clustered by regions (GsT = 0.217 and 0.441). In A. tennesseensis, the majority of species-level genetic diversity was contained within populations (Hs = 0.141 as compared to total diversity HT = 0.179), but in D. foliosa, the opposite was true (Hs = 0.060 as compared to HT =- 0.186). Given the high degree of differentiation among geographical regions, particularly in formerly glaciated Illinois, conservation strategies for these species should include consideration of their geographical affinities.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126934","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The flora on the High Line, New York City, New York","authors":"Richard Stalterl, R. Stalter, J. Bot","doi":"10.2307/4126942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126942","url":null,"abstract":"Within the confines of New York City lies an overlooked oasis of green, the successional lichens, mosses and vascular plants that occupy the abandoned elevated High Line, a commercial railroad paralleling 10th Avenue between 13th and 34th Streets. The High Line consists of a 7.5 X 2330 m strip traversing 20 city blocks. It is exposed to full sun except in the area of 29th Street, which is partially shaded by tall buildings. Human visitors to the High Line have probably inadvertently transported seeds to the site, a source of new species. Additional environmental variables include shallow soil profile (0.01 to 0.7 m), thus inducing drought stress in dry weather, low fertility of soil, human trampling and cutting vegetation, and the smothering of plants by debris such as tires, bottles and additional trash. The aforementioned environmen","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69303087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In search of allelopathy: an eco-historical view of the investigation of chemical inhibition in California coastal sage scrub and chamise chaparral","authors":"R. Halsey, Richard W. H Alsey","doi":"10.2307/4126940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126940","url":null,"abstract":"RICHARD W. HALSEY (Southern California Chaparral Field Institute, P.O. Box 545, Escondido, CA 92033). In search of allelopathy: an eco-historical view of the investigation of chemical inhibition in California coastal sage scrub and chamise chaparral. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131. 343–367. 2004.—Allelopathy between plants, whereby one species influences another by chemical means, has been speculated upon since the Greeks. During the second half of the twentieth century, southern California was the focal point of allelopathic research by several influential investigators. Frits Went suggested Encelia farinosa, a common desert shrub, inhibited annuals from growing under its canopy by chemical inhibition. Reed Gray and James Bonner conducted further investigations. Cornelius H. Muller questioned the allelopathic explanation for Encelia, but later felt chemical inhibition was the cause for vegetation patterns found in both southern Californian coastal sage scrub, primarily around Salvia leucophylla and Artemisia californica, and Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) chaparral. Various investigators challenged Muller’s conclusions, but Muller remained convinced allelopathy was an important ecological variable in southern California’s shrublands. Muller’s passionate belief in his scientific models led him to ignore contrary evidence, yet his dedication to science and the education of his students inspired many. Allelopathy remains a controversial topic today despite hundreds of investigations because of the difficulty in isolating all the possible variables affecting plant growth.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126940","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69303016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flowering plants of the neotropics.","authors":"R. Schmid, N. P. Smith, S. Mori, A. Henderson, D. Stevenson, Scott V. Heald","doi":"10.2307/4126945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126945","url":null,"abstract":"Preface ix Contributors xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Editors' Note xxi Dicotyledons 1 Monocotyledons 403 Glossary 497 Literature Cited 525 Appendix I Cronquist Dicotyledon Classification 529 Appendix II Dahlgren et al. Monocotyledon Classification 531 Appendix III Families treated in Flowering Plants of the Neotropics 532 Appendix IV Families of Angiosperms treated by Judd et al. 533 Appendix V Aids to Identification 535 Index to Scientific Names 563","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69303095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population loss of goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae), in Ohio'","authors":"Margaret R. Mulligan","doi":"10.2307/4126936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126936","url":null,"abstract":"MULLIGAN, M. R., AND D. L. GORCHOV. (Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056). Population loss of goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae), in Ohio. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 305310. 2004.-Goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis L., is harvested from forests in the eastern U.S. for its rhizome, which is considered to have medicinal properties. While listed as rare or threatened in many states, its status in Ohio has not been assessed. To establish the status of historic goldenseal populations, we assessed 71 sites where voucher specimens had been collected from 1845 to 1998. Of these sites, 13% were deforested and no longer supported populations. Goldenseal was found on 65% of the remaining forested sites. Nearly half of documented goldenseal populations have become extinct, suggesting an overall decline of goldenseal in Ohio. The major cause of extinction appears to differ among Ecoregions, with deforestation important in the Eastern Corn Belt Plains, herbivory by white-tailed deer in Erie/Ontario Drift and Lake Plain, and overcollection in the Western Allegheny Plateau.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composition, structure, and dynamics of a pine-hardwood old-growth remnant in southern Arkansas","authors":"D. Bragg","doi":"10.2307/4126938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126938","url":null,"abstract":"different overstory tree species, with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), and white oak (Quercus alba L.) comprising the majority of stand basal area. Hardwoods are most numerous, dominated by shade-tolerant species such as red maple (Acer rubrum L.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica L.), and winged elm (Ulmus alata Michx.), especially in the subcanopy and understory. Large pines, oaks, and sweetgum are scattered throughout the stand, with some individuals exceeding 100 cm DBH and 45 m tall. Overstory trees rarely proved sound enough to age, but some stumps, logs, and increment cores suggest that the dominant canopy pines are 100 to 150 years old, with the largest individuals exceeding 200 years. Pines contributed the greatest amount of coarse woody debris. The average volume of dead wood was noticeably less than other examples of old-growth upland forest in the eastern United States, attributable largely to salvage. Increased windthrow and the salvage of dead and dying pines have become the primary perturbations of the LWDE Without large-scale disturbance like catastrophic fire or logging, shadeintolerant pines, oaks, and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) will decline in prominence, to be replaced by more shade-tolerant species.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126938","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual, local, and individual variation in the inflorescence and fruit production of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris L. Thymelaeaceae)'","authors":"K. Schulz, J. Zasada, E. Nauertz, E. Nauertz","doi":"10.2307/4126935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126935","url":null,"abstract":"through time when vegetative growth must also be supported from a limited pool of photosynthate. We compared reproductive performance characteristics among natural stands in Upper Michigan, USA across seven years. In addition, we inquired whether small or deeply shaded shrubs tended to be less consistent fruit producers. Fruit set fluctuated considerably over the period, but several conspicuously good and poor years did not correspond to temperature patterns. Flower production was largely stable at the stand level over the seven year period, with increases in years 2000 and 2001. Fruit production was a function of shrub size and did not differ between years or between stands. At an individual level, small and deeply shaded individuals tended to have one or two conspicuously good fruiting years against a background of low fruit production; sunlit and larger individuals were more consistent fruit producers. Fruit production was not related to the previous year's fruit crop. Shrub size and, secondarily, light availability were the important determinants of fruit production, implying that stand age and history govern the population recruitment of leatherwood.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between number of stem segments on longest stems, retention of terminal stem segments and establishment of detached terminal stem segments for 25 species of Cylindropuntia and Opuntia (Cactaceae)1","authors":"L. Evans, Grace J. Imson, J. Kim, Z. Kahn-Jetter","doi":"10.2307/4126950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126950","url":null,"abstract":"of detached terminal segments that become established for 25 cactus species. We hypothesized that cactus species with more segments per stem should require more force to remove terminal segments. Regression analyses of mean maximum stress at failure of terminal joints versus mean number of segments for the species tested gave a line equation of y = 380x + 1350 with a regression coefficient of 0.85. We hypothesized that cactus species with few segments per stem for adult plants should have good establishment of detached terminal stem segments while species with many segments on adult plants should have low levels of establishment of detached terminal segments. Regression analyses of mean establishment of terminal segments as a function of mean number of segments gave a line equation of y = - 1.73x + 80.6 with a regression coefficient of 0.77. In contrast, plant height was not related to either maximum normal stress at failure or segment establishment. We conclude that number of stem segments on longest stems of plants was a good predictor of force necessary to remove terminal segments. Number of stem segments was also a good predictor of rooting and establishment of terminal segments. Overall, the data of this study show that Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species with large numbers of stem segments along each stem rely mostly on sexual reproduction for procreation while species with fewer stem segments rely mostly on asexual reproduction via rooting of detached stem segments.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological species groups of South Carolina's Jocassee Gorges, southern Appalachian Mountains","authors":"Scott R. Abella, V. Shelburne","doi":"10.2307/4126952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126952","url":null,"abstract":"across the landscape favorable for specific species groups. We also tested two multivariate methods for quantifying associations among species groups, and found that Mantel tests using traditional distance measures were inappropriate because of the double-zero problem of species absences, whereas canonical correlation modeled species group associations consistent with species distributions among sites. This study is among the first to develop ecological species groups in the southern United States, and the species group approach was useful for explaining vegetation-environment relationships, identifying groups of ground-flora and tree species that varied together across the landscape, and for determining the environmental gradients most strongly associated with species distributions.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A First Approximation of the Historical and Extant Vascular Flora of New York City: Implications for Native Plant Species Conservation","authors":"R. Decandido, Adrianna A. Muir, Margaret B. Gargiullo","doi":"10.2307/4126954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4126954","url":null,"abstract":"DECANDIDO, R. (Department of Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031), A. A. MUIR (Graduate Group in Ecology, 2148 Wickson Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616), and M. B. GARGIULLO (City of New York Department of Parks and Recreation, Natural Resources Group, 1234 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10029). A first approximation of the historical and extant vascular flora of New York City: Implications for native plant species conservation. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 243-251. 2004.-This historical and extant vascular flora of greater New York City is a literature review supplemented with field work and examination of herbarium specimens held in New York State. For the historical and modern periods combined, 2177 species in 779 genera and 161 families were found in New York City. The City retains 57.4% of its native plant species diversity with 779 extant native species compared to 1357 ever recorded. Extirpations have disproportionately affected native vs. non-native species. Staten Island (Richmond County) has the greatest diversity of the five boroughs with 154 families and 1633 species known from both the historical and modern time periods combined, as well as the greatest number of extant species (921), and the greatest number of native extant species (621). However it has lost approximately 35% of its native flora in the last 70 years. Brooklyn (Kings County) has the lowest diversity of any borough with 695 native and alien species known from both the historical and modern periods combined. Manhattan (New York County) and Brooklyn have lost more than 75% of their native species. Queens County has lost the greatest number of native species (585). In New York City since the mid-19th century, 46.4% of all native herbaceous species have been extirpated, while 22.9% of native woody plants have been lost. In the last 70 years, extirpations have continued even in natural areas protected in parks. Strategies are recommended for preserving New York City's significant native plant species diversity.","PeriodicalId":49977,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/4126954","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69302695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}