Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation最新文献

{"title":"Vestibulo-ocular reflex gain improvements at peak head acceleration and velocity following onset of unilateral vestibular neuritis: Insights into neural compensation mechanisms.","authors":"Taylor W Cleworth,&nbsp;Paul Kessler,&nbsp;Flurin Honegger,&nbsp;Mark G Carpenter,&nbsp;John H J Allum","doi":"10.3233/VES-210153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-210153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>An acute unilateral peripheral vestibular deficit (aUPVD) due to vestibular neuritis causes deficient yaw axis vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) gains. Using video head impulse tests (vHITs), we examined phasic and tonic velocity gains of the VOR over time to determine if these differed at onset and during subsequent improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The VOR responses of 61 patients were examined within 5 days of aUPVD onset, and 3 and 7 weeks later using vHIT with mean peak yaw angular velocities of 177°/s (sd 45°/s) and mean peak accelerations of 3660°/s2 (sd 1300°/s2). The phasic velocity or acceleration gain (aG) was computed as the ratio of eye to head velocity around peak head acceleration, and the tonic velocity gain (vG) was calculated as the same ratio around peak head velocity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>aG increased ipsi-deficit from 0.45 at onset to 0.67 at 3 weeks and 7 weeks later, and vG increased ipsi-deficit from 0.29 to 0.51 and 0.53, respectively, yielding a significant time effect (p < 0.001). Deficit side aG was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than vG at all time points. Deficit side gain improvements in aG and vG were similar. Contra-deficit aG increased from 0.86 to 0.95 and 0.94 at 3 weeks and 7 weeks, and vG contra-deficit increased from 0.84, to 0.89 and 0.87, respectively, also yielding a significant time effect (p = 0.004). Contra-deficit aG and vG were normal at 3 weeks. Mean canal paresis values improved from 91% to 67% over the 7 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Acceleration and velocity VOR gains on the deficit side are reduced by aUPVD and improve most in the first 3 weeks after aUPVD onset. Deficit side aG is consistently higher than deficit side vG following an aUPVD, suggesting that acceleration rather than velocity sensitive compensatory neural mechanisms are predominant during the compensation process for aUPVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10476093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaze stability in youth athletes: A normative observational study.","authors":"Amy Alexander,&nbsp;Nicholas Hattrup,&nbsp;Richard Gerkin,&nbsp;Jamie E Pardini","doi":"10.3233/VES-210111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-210111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Gaze Stabilization Test (GST) assesses vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function by determining the maximum head velocity at which an individual can accurately perceive a fixed-size visual target. There is limited information about gaze stability performance in youth athletes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study is to describe baseline performance of athletes ages 17 years and under on a computerized GST and explore the influence of demographic characteristics on performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Baseline GST and demographic data were acquired via retrospective chart review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample included 106 athletes aged 8 to 17 years (mean 13.9 years±1.79; 78% male). The median values for baseline GST function were 180 (IQR: 150-210) degrees per second (d/sec) in the leftward direction, and 190 d/sec (IQR: 160-220) in the rightward direction. There were no significant effects of sex/gender or concussion history on GST performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The GST is one of many tools available for clinicians to use in a multi-modal approach to concussion management. Understanding how healthy young athletes perform can assist clinicians in determining vestibular impairment, formulating the exercise prescription, and estimating physiologic recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10486195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual stress responses to static images are associated with symptoms of Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD).","authors":"Georgina Powell, Olivier Penacchio, Hannah Derry-Sumner, Simon K Rushton, Deepak Rajenderkumar, Petroc Sumner","doi":"10.3233/VES-190578","DOIUrl":"10.3233/VES-190578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Images that deviate from natural scene statistics in terms of spatial frequency and orientation content can produce visual stress (also known as visual discomfort), especially for migraine sufferers. These images appear to over-activate the visual cortex.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To connect the literature on visual discomfort with a common chronic condition presenting in neuro-otology clinics known as persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD). Patients experience dizziness when walking through highly cluttered environments or when watching moving stimuli. This is thought to arise from maladaptive interaction between vestibular and visual signals for balance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We measured visual discomfort to stationary images in patients with PPPD (N = 30) and symptoms of PPPD in a large general population cohort (N = 1858) using the Visual Vertigo Analogue Scale (VVAS) and the Situational Characteristics Questionnaire (SCQ).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that patients with PPPD, and individuals in the general population with more PPPD symptoms, report heightened visual discomfort to stationary images that deviate from natural spectra (patient comparison, F (1, 1865) = 29, p < 0.001; general population correlations, VVAS, rs (1387) = 0.46, p < 0.001; SCQ, rs (1387) = 0.39, p < 0.001). These findings were not explained by co-morbid migraine. Indeed, PPPD symptoms showed a significantly stronger relationship with visual discomfort than did migraine (VVAS, zH = 8.81, p < 0.001; SCQ, zH = 6.29, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We speculate that atypical visual processing -perhaps due to a visual cortex more prone to over-activation -may predispose individuals to PPPD, possibly helping to explain why some patients with vestibular conditions develop PPPD and some do not.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39251577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of persistent postural perceptual dizziness patients in a multidisciplinary dizziness clinic.","authors":"Jayson Lee Azzi,&nbsp;Michel Khoury,&nbsp;Jeanne Séguin,&nbsp;Ryan Rourke,&nbsp;Debora Hogan,&nbsp;Darren Tse,&nbsp;Daniel A Lelli","doi":"10.3233/VES-190749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-190749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD) is a newly defined condition which was added to the International Classification of Vestibular Disorders in 2017. Little is known about its impact on patients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of this study was to analyze the symptomology, epidemiology and impact of PPPD on patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective chart review was done to identify patients who attended the Multidisciplinary Dizziness Clinic (MDC) and were diagnosed with PPPD. Responses to demographic questions, health-related quality of life surveys and several well-validated questionnaires commonly used to assess dizziness severity were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred patients were diagnosed with PPPD between March 2017 and January 2019, of which 80%(80/100) were females. The average Dizziness Handicap Index score was 60.3±19.0. Responses to the Patient Health Questionnaire classified 53 patients (53/99;53.5%) as moderately to severely depressed. Sixty-four patients (64/100;64.0%) were minimally or mildly anxious according to the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale. The average Vertigo Symptom Scale score was 24.1/60. The average Situational Vertigo Questionnaire score was 2.00. Forty-nine (49/100;49.0%) patients had migraine symptoms according to the Migraine Screen Questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, patients with PPPD display important handicap and an elevated risk of depression, anxiety and migraines.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/VES-190749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39252924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cochlear implant surgery and perioperative dizziness is associated with utricular hyperfunction.","authors":"Michelle Truong,&nbsp;Christo Bester,&nbsp;Kumiko Orimoto,&nbsp;Maria Vartanyan,&nbsp;Debra Phyland,&nbsp;Hamish MacDougall,&nbsp;Sylvia Tari,&nbsp;Alex Rousset,&nbsp;Ian Curthoys,&nbsp;Stephen O'Leary","doi":"10.3233/VES-210053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-210053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dizziness is a common perioperative complication after cochlear implantation (CI). To date, the exact cause behind this phenomenon remains unclear. There is recent evidence to suggest that otolith function, specifically utricular, may be affected shortly after CI surgery, however whether these changes are related to patient symptoms has not yet been investigated.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine whether CI surgery and perioperative dizziness is associated with changes in utricular function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed an observational study on patients undergoing routine CI surgery. Utricular function was assessed using the Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV), and perioperative dizziness was determined using a questionnaire. The study followed patients before surgery and then again 1-day, 1-week and 6-weeks after implantation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-one adult CI recipients participated in the study. The SVV deviated away from the operated ear by an average of 2.17° a day after implantation, 0.889° 1 week and -0.25° 6 weeks after surgery. Dizziness contributed to a tilt of 0.5° away from the implanted ear. These deviations were statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CI surgery causes utricular hyperfunction in the operated ear that resolves over 6 weeks. SVV tilts were greater in participants experiencing dizziness, suggesting that utricular hyperfunction may contribute to the dizziness.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39368968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2BALANCE: Test-retest reliability of a cognitive-motor dual-task protocol.","authors":"Maya Danneels,&nbsp;Ruth Van Hecke,&nbsp;Laura Leyssens,&nbsp;Dirk Cambier,&nbsp;Raymond van de Berg,&nbsp;Laura Van de Velde,&nbsp;Vincent Van Rompaey,&nbsp;Leen Maes","doi":"10.3233/VES-210069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-210069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Aside from typical symptoms such as dizziness and vertigo, persons with vestibular disorders often have cognitive and motor problems. These symptoms have been assessed in single-task condition. However, dual-tasks assessing cognitive-motor interference might be an added value as they reflect daily life situations better. Therefore, the 2BALANCE protocol was developed. In the current study, the test-retest reliability of this protocol was assessed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The 2BALANCE protocol was performed twice in 20 healthy young adults with an in-between test interval of two weeks. Two motor tasks and five different cognitive tasks were performed in single and dual-task condition. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), the standard error of measurement, and the minimal detectable difference were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All cognitive tasks, with the exception of the mental rotation task, had favorable reliability results (0.26≤ICC≤0.91). The dynamic motor task indicated overall substantial reliability values in all conditions (0.67≤ICC≤0.98). Similar results were found for the static motor task during dual-tasking (0.50≤ICC≤0.92), but were slightly lower in single-task condition (-0.26≤ICC≤0.75).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The 2BALANCE protocol was overall consistent across trials. However, the mental rotation task showed lowest reliability values.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39654933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Categorizing individuals based on the severity of Visual Vertigo Analogue Scale symptoms.","authors":"Amanda J Frank,&nbsp;Carrie W Hoppes,&nbsp;Pamela M Dunlap,&nbsp;Cláudia M Costa,&nbsp;Susan L Whitney","doi":"10.3233/VES-210131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-210131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Visual Vertigo Analogue Scale (VVAS) assesses visual vertigo. Instead of the original scoring methods (positive VVAS > 1), we propose categorizing patients as having No (0), Mild (0.1-40), Moderate (40.01-70), or Severe (70.01-100) symptoms.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our primary aim was to validate an alternative interpretation of the VVAS by exploring the relationship between categories of visual vertigo symptoms and measures of activity and participation, dizziness handicap, anxiety, and depression. We aimed to describe the severity of visual vertigo reported by patients in different vestibular diagnostic categories.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants with vestibular disorders (n = 250) completed the VVAS, Vestibular Activities and Participation (VAP) Measure, Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with central disorders were more symptomatic than those with peripheral vestibular disorders. As evaluated by one-way ANOVA, the scores on the VAP, HADS, and DHI significantly differed among mild, moderate, severe, and no visual vertigo categories (p < 0.001). As VVAS severity increased, activity and participation decreased (r = 0.582, p < 0.001); dizziness handicap increased (r = 0.597, p < 0.001, n = 199); anxiety increased (r = 0.405, p < 0.001); and depression increased (r = 0.521, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study support the use of an alternative VVAS interpretation method of categorizing symptoms as none, mild, moderate, and severe visual vertigo.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10498639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional differences in patient-reported outcomes as a proxy of healthcare practices for Americans living with vestibular symptoms.","authors":"Wagner Henrique Souza,&nbsp;Colin R Grove,&nbsp;Patricia L Gerend,&nbsp;Cynthia Ryan,&nbsp;Michael C Schubert","doi":"10.3233/VES-220022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-220022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Geographical location is known to affect health outcomes; however, evidence regarding whether location affects healthcare for persons suspected to have vestibular dysfunction is lacking.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether location affects healthcare seeking and outcomes for adults with symptoms of vestibular pathology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed for regional disparities associated with demographics, diagnosis, chronological factors, and financial expenditures from Americans who participated in the Vestibular Disorders Association registry (N = 905, 57.4±12.5 years, 82.7% female, 94.8% White, and 8.1% Hispanic or Latino). Respondents were grouped per geographical regions defined by the United States Census Bureau.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant between-region differences for age (p = 0.10), sex (p = 0.78), or ethnicity (p = 0.24). There were more Asian respondents in the West versus the Midwest (p = 0.05) and more Black respondents in the South versus the West (p = 0.05). The time to first seek care was shorter in the Northeast (17.3 [SD = 49.5] weeks) versus the South (42.4 [SD = 83.7] weeks), p = 0.015. The time from the first healthcare visit to receiving a final diagnosis was shorter in the Northeast (46.5 [SD = 75.4] weeks) versus the South (68.9 [SD = 89.7] weeks), p = 0.015. Compared to the Midwest, fewer respondents in the Northeast reported \"no\" out-of-pocket financial impact, p = 0.039.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Geographical location affects healthcare seeking and outcomes for persons suspected to have vestibular dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10477138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-duration head down bed rest as an analog of microgravity: Effects on the static perception of upright.","authors":"Laurence R Harris,&nbsp;Michael Jenkin,&nbsp;Rainer Herpers","doi":"10.3233/VES-210016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-210016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Humans demonstrate many physiological changes in microgravity for which long-duration head down bed rest (HDBR) is a reliable analog. However, information on how HDBR affects sensory processing is lacking.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We previously showed [25] that microgravity alters the weighting applied to visual cues in determining the perceptual upright (PU), an effect that lasts long after return. Does long-duration HDBR have comparable effects?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed static spatial orientation using the luminous line test (subjective visual vertical, SVV) and the oriented character recognition test (PU) before, during and after 21 days of 6° HDBR in 10 participants. Methods were essentially identical as previously used in orbit [25].</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, HDBR had no effect on the reliance on visual relative to body cues in determining the PU. However, when considering the three critical time points (pre-bed rest, end of bed rest, and 14 days post-bed rest) there was a significant decrease in reliance on visual relative to body cues, as found in microgravity. The ratio had an average time constant of 7.28 days and returned to pre-bed-rest levels within 14 days. The SVV was unaffected.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We conclude that bed rest can be a useful analog for the study of the perception of static self-orientation during long-term exposure to microgravity. More detailed work on the precise time course of our effects is needed in both bed rest and microgravity conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9398091/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39844213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis of Menière's disease according to the criteria of 2015: Characteristics and challenges in 96 patients.","authors":"Friedrich Ihler,&nbsp;Ivelina Stoycheva,&nbsp;Jennifer L Spiegel,&nbsp;Daniel Polterauer,&nbsp;Joachim Müller,&nbsp;Ralf Strobl,&nbsp;Eva Grill","doi":"10.3233/VES-201634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-201634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The diagnosis of Menière's disease (MD) is made according to diagnostic criteria, the last revision of which was in 2015. For diagnosis, symptoms are weighted with audiometric findings and this can be challenging in individual patients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze patient's characteristics and symptoms in a real-life cohort of 96 patients with diagnosed MD regarding sociodemographic parameters, clinical specifics, and audiometry.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective clinical patient registry containing demographic and socioeconomic parameters, symptoms, as well as pure-tone audiometry data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>31 patients with definite MD, and 36 with probable MD were identified. 29 patients showed typical clinical signs of MD, but did not meet the full diagnostic criteria, and were considered separately. Mean duration of symptoms prior to presentation was 3.9±4.6 years. Significant differences between categories were found regarding aural fullness, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing. If multiple audiograms were available, 28.6 % (6/21) documented fluctuating hearing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current diagnostic criteria probably do not represent patients with monosymptomatic presentation or an early stage very well. Long-term follow-up with repeated audiometry is advisable.</p>","PeriodicalId":49960,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/VES-201634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39252927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}