Leukos最新文献

{"title":"Buildings, Lighting, and the Myopia Epidemic","authors":"K. Houser, L. Heschong, Richard W Lang","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2141503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2141503","url":null,"abstract":"Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is an eye disease that most often begins in early childhood and progresses through late adolescence. It was once relatively rare, but within a few generations it has grown in prevalence (Morgan et al. 2018; Williams et al. 2015), and is now a global epidemic of astonishing proportions (WHO 2016). Holden et al. (2016) predict that 50% of the world’s population will be afflicted by 2050, up from 34% today and 23% in 2000. A severe form of myopia (high myopia) is associated with increased risk of vision loss through glaucoma and retinal detachment (Williams and Hammond 2019). Current myopia interventions emphasize clinical treatments rather than prevention and focus on medications and refractive correction (Cooper and Tkatchenko 2018). Uncorrected refractive error has been estimated to cost more than $200 billion annually in global GDP (Naidoo et al. 2019). Many factors have been considered in myopia causation. Studies of genetic predisposition showed that the effect of any individual gene is small (Morgan and Rose 2019) and could not explain accelerating prevalence of the disease. This has refocused the myopia field on the question of whether changes in the human living environment are causing myopia. This thought progression is logical, not only because genetics are an inadequate explanation, but also because eye growth and focal length optimization are lightdependent. In the category of environmental influences, it has been proposed that excessive focus on nearfield visual tasks (Morgan et al. 2021; Wildsoet et al. 2019), circadian rhythm disruption (Chakraborty et al. 2018; Stone et al. 2013), and geographical and seasonal factors that influence light exposure (Cui et al. 2013) might be causative. However, in addition, and germane to this discussion, epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown that time spent outdoors is associated with myopia reduction (Sherwin et al. 2012; Xiong et al. 2017), while time spent indoors is a risk factor (Morgan et al. 2021). What is it about the outside lighting environment that can protect against myopia? Recent basic science discoveries have helped to crystalize a hypothesis. The light sensing proteins of animals are called opsins (Shichida and Matsuyama 2009). The human eye contains at least six opsins, four of which are involved in our visual function through rod and cone photoreceptors. The remaining two are the socalled nonvisual opsins, melanopsin (OPN4) and neuropsin (OPN5). Preclinical studies have implicated all six opsins in the regulation of eye growth and optimization of focal length (Brown et al. 2022). Melanopsin has a peak light sensitivity around 480 nm, a sky-blue color. This opsin has a role in systemic circadian function, but also regulates eye growth and focal length through its retinal expression (Chakraborty et al. 2022). Neuropsin is of special interest for this discussion because it has a peak sensitivity at 380 nm, a violet wavelength that is at t","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"43 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74405194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a Design Procedure Based on Peoples’ Responses to Indoor Lighting","authors":"C. Cuttle","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2135530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2135530","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT On the basis that an effective lighting design procedure should enable practitioners to reliably achieve positive responses from the people who will experience the lighting, the effectiveness of current practice is found lacking in that it is largely unrelated to peoples’ responses. Additionally, the calculation procedures widely used for devising indoor lighting solutions require the user to propose a solution and for the procedure to determine its performance. It is argued that a truly effective procedure would require the practitioner to describe lighting design objectives for the application, and for the procedure to derive the performance specification of a lighting scheme that would achieve the objectives. Evidence of changing attitudes among lighting professionals is identified, which together with recent research findings, has led to a proposal for reassessment of the purpose for which indoor lighting is provided based on peoples’ responses. The Lighting Design Objectives (LiDOs) Procedure is gaining use among professional lighting designers and is used to illustrate practical application of this notion. The implications of such a procedure becoming generally adopted for indoor lighting practice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"1 1","pages":"405 - 414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79467953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoreceptor Enhanced Light Therapy (PELT): A Framework for Implementing BiologicallyDirected Integrative Lighting","authors":"B. Feigl, Drew D. Carter, Andrew J. Zele","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2123816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2123816","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We introduce a lighting technology designed to produce photoreceptor-directed lights (PrD). This photoreceptor-enhanced light therapy (PELT) differs from conventional supplemental lighting by using multiple limited-bandwidth primaries to generate spectra that appear white, and that are tailored to produce circadian equivalent (CE) lights for selectively increasing or decreasing the relative activation levels of specific photoreceptor classes in the human eye. Rather than designing a device to match a spectrum’s shape, we optimize the available hardware, so it best matches the biological effects of that spectrum. It goes beyond three and four dimensions (three cones plus melanopsin) to consider the biological responses mediated via all five photoreceptor classes (including rhodopsin); the inclusion of a fifth photoreceptor class is non-trivial both in implementation and biological effect. Here, we describe the technical specifications of the PELT device and its calibration procedures. Photoreceptor-directed lights with variable melanopsin and rhodopsin excitations and equal photometric luminance are presented. Device application examples are provided that include personalized supplemental light spectra for patients with photoreceptor sensitivity loss, for healthy people exposed to extreme seasonal or work-related variation in their ambient lighting patterns, and as a stimulus generator to evaluate the effects of light on human health and behavior mediated via the melanopsin expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). In integrative lighting practice, the PELT method extends to dynamic control of the biological potency of the melanopsin and rhodopsin excitations over a large range, independent of perceived changes in correlated color temperature (CCT).","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"33 1","pages":"294 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87130764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trees in Daylight Simulation – Measuring and Modelling Realistic Light Transmittance through Trees","authors":"Priji Balakrishnan, J. Jakubiec","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2112217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2112217","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Trees influence daylight availability inside and outside buildings by attenuating, scattering, and transmitting light. They resemble a complex fenestration around buildings that change in form, materiality, and permeability based on species of trees, seasonal variations, and environmental or human interventions. The current practice of modeling trees in daylight simulations ignores this complexity and models tree crowns as cones, spheres, or cylinders with assumed reflectance or transmittance value. In this paper, the authors propose an open-source, low-cost method using photography and image processing to measure the on-site transmittance of a tree crown described as gap percentage. Gap percentage is used to generate a 3D primitive crown model that mimics the distribution of leaves and gaps. When used in daylight simulation platforms such as Radiance, the proposed model predicts vertical light transmittance and creates shadow patterns similar to the measured tree crown. The 3D crown model also predicts luminance and illuminance-based daylight metrics similar to a detailed morphological tree model. An open-source program is created and described to generate trees from measured gap percentage data based on this research.","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"9 1","pages":"241 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89502379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fairness and Bias in Peer Review: Anonymity, Open Science, and Preprints","authors":"K. Houser","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2103367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2103367","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"34 1","pages":"415 - 416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88485436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Selection of Typical Opaque Material Reflectances for Lighting Simulation","authors":"J. Jakubiec","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2100788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2100788","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lighting simulation standards recommend default values for opaque material reflectance values, but these are varied and not based upon measured data. In response, a database of 1,288 opaque material reflectance measurements collected using spectrally specific spectrophotometer sensors is presented. The database is analyzed according to object type, material type, and color. Photopic, melanopic, and wavelength-specific median reflectance data are presented alongside interquartile ranges which allow the reader to assess typical reflectance values and the variance of reflected light from surfaces in the built environment. The lighting materials database is included as supplemental material and has been integrated into a searchable website for use by the lighting simulation public.","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"7 1","pages":"176 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87019282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Illuminance Mapping Practices from HDR Images and Suggestions for Exterior Measurements","authors":"Arpan Guha, Alayne Nyboer, D. K. Tiller","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2091590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2091590","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging has traditionally been used to create photorealistic images by combining multiple Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images. The application of HDR imaging has been since expanded to study the lighting environment by extraction of metrics such as luminance, illuminance, and glare. While luminance mapping of HDR images has been extensively studied in the recent past, research on illuminance mapping has been limited because of its strong dependency on surface materiality. This document reviews recent research on HDR techniques as it pertains to illuminance measurement and describes results of a pilot study comparing illuminance values captured and calculated using HDR against illuminance measurements collected with a calibrated illuminance meter, from a turf-based surface.","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"15 1","pages":"210 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83370164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Window View Preferences Using the Environmental Information Criteria","authors":"M. Kent, S. Schiavon","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2077753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2077753","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Daylighting standards provide an assessment method that can be used to evaluate the quality of window views. As part of this evaluation process, designers must achieve five environmental information criteria (location, time, weather, nature, and people) to obtain an excellent view. To the best of our knowledge, these criteria have not yet been verified and their scientific validity remains conjectural. In a two-stage experiment, a total of 451 persons evaluated six window view images. Using machine learning models, we found that the five criteria could provide accurate predictions for window view preferences. When one view was largely preferred over the other, the accuracy of decision tree models ranged from 83% to 90%. For smaller differences in preference, the accuracy was 67%. As ratings given to the five criteria increased, so did evaluations for psychological restoration and positive affect. Although causation was not established, the role of most environmental information criteria was important for predicting window view preferences, with nature generally outweighed the others. We recommend the use of the environmental information criteria in practice, but suggest some alterations to these standards to emphasize the importance of nature within window view design. Instead of only supporting high-quality views, nature should be promoted across all thresholds dictating view quality.","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"68 1","pages":"190 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80798300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Methods for Computing CCT and D uv","authors":"Yue Li, Cheng Gao, M. Melgosa, Changjun Li","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2081175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2081175","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recently, Ohno proposed a method for computing the correlated color temperature (CCT) of a light source and the shortest distance (with sign) between its chromaticity and that of the Planckian locus (D uv). In Ohno’s method, firstly a lookup table is chosen, and then a hybrid method based on the triangular and parabolic solutions is used to predict the CCT and D uv of a given light source. In this article, we found that spline interpolation is better than the parabolic solution for predicting CCT and D uv. Therefore, we propose two new hybrid methods based on the triangular and either spline interpolation or third-order interpolation using two local function values and two local second-order derivative values. Comprehensive tests using the lookup table with both 1% and 0.25% increments relative to the current selected color temperature demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform Ohno’s method.","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"17 1","pages":"165 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79674469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual Comfort and Acute Alerting Effects of Diurnal Intermittent Bright Light","authors":"M. Kompier, K. Smolders, L. Schlangen, Y. D. de Kort","doi":"10.1080/15502724.2022.2068573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2022.2068573","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Intermittent bright light during the night has shown to be able to generate circadian phase-shifting effects, suppress melatonin and induce alertness, but little attention has been devoted to the effects of diurnal intermittent bright light. Following a night of sleep restriction, forty participants were exposed in a counterbalanced within-subject design to an intermittent (100 lux – 1000 lux), a continuous dim (100 lux) and a continuous bright light condition (1000 lux) each lasting 90 min. Repeated assessments of self-reported sleepiness, cognitive performance and physiological arousal as well as subjective visual comfort were taken during each light condition. Results showed that alertness-related parameters were not significantly affected by the light conditions: neither the intermittent nor the bright condition improved alertness compared to the dim condition. Visual comfort was highest in the dim condition, followed by the intermittent and bright conditions respectively, even though the visualizations showed marked decreases in visual comfort during the bright light phases in the intermittent condition. The results illustrate the diversity in mechanisms underlying these visual experiences and neurobehavioral responses.","PeriodicalId":49911,"journal":{"name":"Leukos","volume":"9 1","pages":"221 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87882638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}