Natural Areas Journal最新文献

{"title":"Minnesota's Natural Heritage (Second Edition)","authors":"D. J. Robertson","doi":"10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.167","url":null,"abstract":"Gray wolves and moose are Minnesota’s iconic mammals. Both species reach their greatest abundance in the northern coniferous forest biome that occupies the northeastern third of the state adjacent to Lake Superior and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. In 2017, over 2800 gray wolves inhabited the state, and the population appeared to be spreading southward. In contrast, moose have been in decline. In 1994, 7000 to 8000 moose were estimated to live in northern Minnesota, but since the early 2000s numbers have been falling, and in 2018 there were fewer than 4000. Moose decline is attributable to a number of factors, including the effects of changing climate on forage. However, other factors are equally or more important. While gray wolves prey mainly on white-tailed deer, they also occasionally kill moose. In addition, logging in the northern coniferous forest created brushy, early successional woodland habitat perfect for deer, which now are far more abundant than they were before European settlement. With the large number of deer came ‘‘moose sickness’’ caused by a parasitic brainworm that is fatal for moose. Moose are also increasingly plagued by winter ticks (up to 40,000 per animal), probably as a result of more temperate winters. Heavily infested animals rub their hides on trees to relieve irritation and suffer exposure from hair loss; others can develop anemia. The plight of moose is illustrative of the changes wrought to Minnesota’s natural ecosystems by human dominance, which is thoroughly documented in this book. In the case of the tallgrass prairie in the southwestern and western parts of the state, conversion to agriculture is all but complete. Minnesota’s Natural Heritage could easily serve as a comprehensive and accessible ecology textbook with examples drawn from Minnesota’s biomes and ecosystems. Readers familiar with ecological principles will be rewarded with details of ecosystem processes in a Midwestern context. General natural history readers, especially those seeking specific information about Minnesota, should develop a deeper appreciation of ecosystem functioning when they have completed the book. This is the book’s second edition, originally published in 1995. The authors have significantly updated and revised the information to reflect changes in ecological thinking and modifications to the state’s landscape over the last quarter-century. Although not formally designated as such, the book functionally is divided into three sections, each with three chapters. The first three chapters serve as a general introduction. The book opens with a consideration of the state’s landscape, with an emphasis on underlying geology and the influence of the Pleistocene continental glaciers. The second chapter explores climate patterns and weather. The third chapter introduces general ecological principles that are important throughout the remainder of the book. Interestingly, the authors go to great lengths to review the evolution in","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"167 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43048504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highlighting an Overlooked Hotspot for American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in Virginia","authors":"Jacob D.J. Peters, H. Griscom","doi":"10.3375/21-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/21-25","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a globally desired medicinal plant that is becoming increasingly difficult to study due to harvest-induced rarity. Thus, this species' conservation could be greatly improved via species distribution models, making it a model organism for studying sampling bias. In an attempt to refine a state-derived distribution model for ginseng in Virginia, we conducted additional surveys in a biologically diverse yet under-sampled region of the state—the Cumberland Mountains—thereby increasing the number of documented ginseng occurrences in this region thirteen-fold (N1 = 16, N2 = 214). Our surveys resulted in the model predicting an increased probability of American ginseng occurrence not only statewide (µ1 = 0.099, µ2 = 0.104) but particularly so in the Cumberland Mountains (µ1 = 0.170, µ2 = 0.278), highlighting a consistently overlooked hotspot for biodiversity in Southern Appalachia. We suggest that more geographically balanced surveys and reduced overrepresentation of heavily protected and managed areas such as National Parks—in addition to heeding local knowledge—can be an effective method of mitigating geographic bias in predictions from species distribution models.","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"109 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45455107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Monitoring and Management of American Chaffseed (Schwalbea americana) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens: Population Ecology of an Endangered Hemiparasite","authors":"Jay F. Kelly, R. J. Cartica, Michael Van Clef","doi":"10.3375/21-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/21-33","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We studied the long-term demographic structure of the endangered hemiparasitic plant, Schwalbea americana (American chaffseed), in the New Jersey Pine Barrens from 1991 to 2020 in order to address important questions about its population biology, life history, and responses to management. These included the relative contributions of dormancy, recruitment, and other life stages to annual population changes, as well as its ecological responses to fire, mowing, and other factors over time. Following baseline surveys in 1991, we conducted annual censuses from 1993 to 2020 and individualistic plant monitoring from 1999 to 2020. The Schwalbea population initially exhibited positive growth, with major increases observed in the early 2000s, followed by steady, long-term declines. We used generalized linear models and mixed effects models to analyze the relationships between demographic and environmental variables at the population and individual levels, respectively. Dormant season prescribed burning and mowing yielded significant increases in flowering, stems, and survival, with apparent residual benefits in subsequent years following repeated treatments. Germination declined to 0% after 4 y in seed viability experiments, and recruitment was more strongly correlated with estimated seed bank sizes than with flowering alone. Dormant plants represented an average of 21% of the total population, with 20% of above-ground plants entering dormancy annually. Most dormancy events (92%) were 1–3 y in duration, indicating that mortality cannot be distinguished from dormancy for a minimum of 3 y after disappearance. Annual survivorship was high (mean = 88%), with 9% of individuals surviving 18 y on average, but differed significantly by cohort and increased with management. Significant differences were observed in size and flowering by age/stage class. However, size alone was insufficient to identify Schwalbea recruits from older plants, due to overlap of their lower size ranges. Long-term declines in survival and recruitment persisted despite suppression of woody succession by hand clipping and intermittent mowing and burning. Increased frequency of mowing or burning may be needed to sustain this population in the future. The relationships of growth and vital rates to other factors are provided, and the benefits of individualistic data for informing Schwalbea monitoring and management are discussed.","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"124 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48417444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valuing Indigenous Knowledge in Managing Natural Areas","authors":"E. Menges","doi":"10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.107","url":null,"abstract":"Long before European colonizers began having major impacts on the landscape of North America, Indigenous peoples were managing these lands. The effects of this management varied widely from place to place and over time. In recent decades, there has been an increasing appreciation for the success of this management, much of which has been imbedded in cultural beliefs on human relations with the natural world. Now, many recognize that an integration of Western and Indigenous approaches to land management is beneficial. This integration may not be as difficult as you might think. For example, Mary Huffman (Director of the Indigenous Peoples Burning Network and Fire Science for The Nature Conservancy) has parsed Indigenous peoples’ descriptions of the use of fire, showing that many of the components of prescribed burning practiced by agency fire managers are found in Indigenous peoples’ descriptions of their traditional fire management. In a recent article in Frontiers in Ecology and Environment (2022, Volume 20, issue 1, article 3), James Rattling Leaf Sr. describes Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) as ‘‘a body of observations, oral and written knowledge, practices, and beliefs that promotes environmental sustainability and the responsible stewardship of natural resources through relationships between humans and environmental systems. It is applied to phenomena across biological, physical, cultural, and spiritual systems.’’ TEK has been considered to be an important part of federal decision making in a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) produced in December by the Biden administration. One basic principle of the MOU is that no single knowledge system has more weight or legitimacy than another. Both Western science and TEK can help us understand fruitful approaches to land management and environmental sustainability. Part of the integration of these approaches is to have Western science–trained individuals willing to learn from indigenous peoples. Another is to value the contributions of Indigenous people who have also been trained in the Western scientific tradition. Robin Wall Kimmerer has been at the forefront of the efforts to meld Indigenous and Western scientific approaches. Robin is currently a Teaching Professor of Environmental and Forest Biology and Director, Center for Native Peoples and the Environment at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Her initial forays into science as an undergraduate were met with skepticism by her professors. But she persevered in her research, earning a PhD from the University of Wisconsin. I was a fellow graduate student with Robin, and we assisted with each other’s fieldwork at sites where no one else really wanted to spend time: her sites were hot and steep mine tailings, mine were mosquito-heavy floodplain forests. As Robin developed as a scientist, she was able to draw on her own story as a member of the Potawatomi Nation. She began speaking and writing about ","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"107 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44959878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Florida Scrub-Jay: Field Notes on a Vanishing Bird","authors":"D. J. Robertson","doi":"10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.169","url":null,"abstract":"Not every natural area professional must consider an endemic, federally listed endangered species like the Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) when making land management decisions. But nearly all natural area professionals are confronted with stewardship challenges such as dealing with edge effects, invasive nonnative species, habitat fragmentation, successional changes, and management strategies with potentially adverse impacts on nontarget species. Mark Walters’s account of the rapidly declining Florida scrub-jay is a compelling case study of many of the land management and conservation issues confronting natural area professionals framed by a charismatic species with very strict habitat requirements. Florida scrub-jays are closely related to the widespread Woodhouse’s scrub-jay (A. woodhouseii), a species that occupies dry, brushy chaparral in the Southwest from Texas and Mexico northward to Oregon. About two million years ago, sea levels fell during the onset of the Pleistocene glacial advance and exposed sandy ridges along the northern Gulf Coast. These dry ridges allowed some western species including scrub-jays to migrate eastward and colonize what is now the Florida peninsula. When continental glacial ice melted, sea levels rose and isolated the scrub-jays and the other western species in Florida. Over thousands of years, these organisms evolved into new species adapted to the conditions on Florida’s high dunes and sand ridges. More recently, separate populations of scrub-jays became concentrated in four regions of the Florida peninsula. Because Florida’s well-drained uplands are the most valuable landscapes for cattle ranches, citrus groves, and housing, they have been targeted for development. Scrub-jays require exactly the same landscapes and, as a result, have suffered dramatic declines as scrub habitat has shrunk dramatically. Walters spent three years crisscrossing peninsular Florida, visiting each of the birds’ population centers. Walters is a veterinarian and a journalist but not a scrub-jay scientist, so local experts escorted him on driving and walking tours through the habitats. Detailed accounts of these guided explorations, presented as short chapters, constitute the majority of the book. Furthermore, because the challenges facing the birds’ survival differ somewhat depending on the region, Walters organized his book in four sections that allows him to focus on regional threats and conservation opportunities. The first section concentrates on mainland Brevard County and adjacent barrier islands along the central Atlantic coast. Walters’s grandfather lived in the county a century ago, where he was surrounded by scrub-jays as he drove the sandy coastal roads and fished on the barrier islands. Today, development has overwhelmed Brevard and scrub-jays persist on the mainland only in tiny, scattered preserves that are too small, too isolated, and too disturbed to sustain viable populations. In contrast, on South Merritt I","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"169 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44797072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Think Locally and Act Globally on Invasive Species","authors":"D. Strayer","doi":"10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.108","url":null,"abstract":"The advice to ‘‘ think globally, act locally ’’ has inspired grassroots action on difficult political and societal problems. for local conservation groups to this and act to solve local problems","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"108 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44790551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legumes of the Great Plains: An Illustrated Guide","authors":"S. Koptur","doi":"10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.160","url":null,"abstract":"I love legumes and have studied them in many parts of the world, though never in the Great Plains. I hope to visit there someday soon, and when I do, I will certainly take this wonderful book. It not only introduces the climate, geology, and soils of the region, but also describes the prairies and how they were influenced by fire, especially prior to the ingress of European settlers and the transformation of much of the land to agriculture and grazing. The introduction also includes a review of the characteristics of legumes, with illustrations of the various terms used. Like most keys, the dichotomous ones in this book rely on reproductive material, though vegetative characteristics are also included. The book recognizes three subfamilies (Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, and Mimosaceae), and authorities of the Latin names as well as synonymies are included. The authors also include the meanings of botanical names, adding interest for users of the volume. For each species a single common name has been selected, but other options are included in the text describing each, including names used by Great Plains Native Americans. It is useful that all the common names are included in the index, valuable for the variety of people who will use this book. The very best thing about this book is the beautiful pen and ink illustrations of more than 100 species, including reproductive features and details of flowers. The plant portraits by Bellamy Parks Jansen (the lion’s share), Regina O. Hughes, and Keith Westover are not only lovely but full of useful details, each with a distribution map in the upper corner of the page. I think that some readers might be tempted to take out their watercolors or colored pencils and embellish these drawings. Along with the detailed descriptions of each species, including flowering dates, I think it will be possible to determine any legume encountered. Ecological information about habitat, pollinators, and ethnobotanical details including potential uses for the plants can also be found. Many pages have a lot of white space, useful for those who like to make notes in their books. Many of the genera are represented by a single species in the Great Plains, and it was interesting for me to look up familiar names to see how these species compare to the ones we have in my region, southern Florida. The book has a very thorough and useful glossary, enabling users to understand the botanical terms, as well as ecological words and other words not commonly used. This is followed by an explanation of the abbreviations for nomenclature authorities, with a little information about the botanists as well. I learned about many botanists with whom I was not familiar, including Biago Bartalini (1746–1822), the director of the botanical garden in Siena, Italy. The book is indexed completely, with all scientific names and common names. When getting to know the flora of a new area, a book like this can help one learn a lot about one of the largest and","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"160 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42753538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Mechanical Versus Chemical Control of the Invasive Species Myrtle Spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites)","authors":"Michael T Stevens, Dustin T. Young","doi":"10.3375/21-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/21-20","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Myrtle spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites) is an invasive plant in North America that was introduced from Eurasia as a drought-tolerant ornamental. It has escaped cultivation and is widespread in western North America. Infestations can be reduced by either mechanical or chemical means, but the two approaches have not been compared directly. One study recommended mechanical treatment in the spring and chemical treatment in the fall, but neither recommendation was supported by data. To test the effectiveness of mechanical versus chemical treatment in the fall, we located six sites in the foothills of the Wasatch Mountains in Utah that were uniformly infested with myrtle spurge. At each of the sites we randomly assigned a 2.25 m2 quadrat to one of three treatments (i.e., mechanical, chemical, or control). The mechanical treatment entailed hand pulling and the chemical treatment involved applying the herbicide Roundup to each myrtle spurge. The controls were unmanipulated. We photographed each quadrat pretreatment and one year post-treatment. Both mechanical and chemical approaches significantly reduced the percent cover and stalk count of myrtle spurge compared to the controls. Additionally, the effects of the two treatments did not differ from each other. These results indicate that land managers can control myrtle spurge in the fall with either treatment and do not have to wait until the spring to employ mechanical methods. Mechanical removal of myrtle spurge is better suited to events that involve members of the general public such as “Purge Your Spurge” activities because they reduce the public's exposure to herbicide.","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"120 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44577850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Getting to the Heart of Science Communication: A Guide to Effective Engagement","authors":"Ted Gostomski","doi":"10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/0885-8608-42.2.163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"163 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46030434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoration for Resilience: The Role of Plant–Microbial Interactions and Seed Provenance in Ecological Restoration","authors":"J. Larson, R. Venette, D. Larson","doi":"10.3375/21-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3375/21-42","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With global efforts to restore grassland ecosystems, researchers and land management practitioners are working to reconstruct habitat that will persist and withstand stresses associated with climate change. Part of these efforts involve movement of plant material potentially adapted to future climate conditions from native habitat or seed production locations to a new restoration site. Restoration practice often follows this plant-centered, top-down approach. However, we suggest that restoration of belowground interactions, namely between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or rhizobia, is important for restoring resilient grasslands. In this synthesis we highlight these interactions and offer insight into how their restoration might be included in current grassland restoration practice. Ultimately, restoration of belowground interactions may contribute to grassland habitat that can withstand and respond to future climate uncertainties.","PeriodicalId":49780,"journal":{"name":"Natural Areas Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"152 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44666212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}