Journal of Olympic studies最新文献

{"title":"Objects, Olympics, and Femininity: Exploring the Impact of a 1924 Handheld Fan on Gender at the Games","authors":"Julie Brice","doi":"10.5406/26396025.5.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.5.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 On the second level of the Olympic Museum in Switzerland lives a handheld fan from the 1924 Paris Olympics featuring five sportswomen. The museum describes the fan as a souvenir from the Games and an advertisement for a French perfume company. However, this fan is much more than an advertisement or souvenir. Drawing upon new materialist theory, which envisions objects as lively, this article looks toward the ways the fan was productive in developing ideas around gender at the Olympics. Using an object biography, this research explores how the fan contributed to the New Woman femininity of the 1920s and currently produces a narrative of the International Olympic Committee as being a gender progressive organization. In so doing, it explores how an object that is often overlooked by many at the museum plays a powerful role in understandings of gender across the history of the Games.","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"10 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141038307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertain Blackness: The Mysterious Case of Joseph Stadler","authors":"M. Dyreson","doi":"10.5406/26396025.5.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.5.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Historians have identified George Coleman Poage as the first African American Olympian. Poage won two bronze medals in the hurdles at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics. In that same year, the name of another potential Black Olympian, Joseph Stadler, appeared briefly in a few newspaper stories previewing the games. Stadler clearly competed in St. Louis, winning a silver medal and bronze medal in the now-archaic forms of standing jumps. Whether he should join Poage on the roster of pioneering African American Olympians, however, remains a mystery among Olympic researchers—as does his racial identity. Analyzing the historical record regarding these claims and employing new information from census data and other public records reveals that Stadler was most likely white. His “misidentification,” however, reveals more than just a trivial episode about an inaccurate reading of racial identity from limited sources. The long history of narratives about Joseph Stadler's identity reveals important patterns about the social construction of race, illuminates the complexities of more than a century of seeking to depict the Olympics as a fulcrum of racial progress in American culture, and showcases the dangers of attempting to read “race” from historic photographs.","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"13 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidding for the Olympic Games: An Anatomy of Arguments","authors":"Douglas Booth","doi":"10.5406/26396025.5.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.5.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this article, I draw on the philosopher of history Hayden White's typology of arguments to explain different accounts of bidding for the olympic games. White's typology helps explain the irreconcilable disconnect between representations of bidding for and hosting the olympic games put forward by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and its academic supporters in olympic education, on the one hand, and their critics, on the other. While I advocate for contextual-based arguments as the most appropriate for understanding bidding at different points in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, I conclude with an irony: the IOC's representations of bidding and hosting, which are based on organicist arguments presented in romantic and idealized narratives, continue to resonate better with a broad audience than fact-laden and eloquent contextualist arguments.","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141039133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhodesian Readmission and the Decolonization of the National Olympic Committee of Zimbabwe","authors":"James Alexander Ivey","doi":"10.5406/26396025.5.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.5.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In May 1980, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) recognized the National Olympic Committee of Zimbabwe (ZOC) after the latter had spent five years in exile under its former name, the National Olympic Committee of Rhodesia (ROC). Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwean government's desire to have a team compete at the 1980 Moscow Olympics delayed the multiracial restructuring of the ZOC. The government's efforts to reform the ZOC, replacing the old white ROC members, transformed into a two-year-long contentious struggle. After an intervention by the IOC in June 1982, a compromise was reached. The composition of the new ZOC represented the government's greater control over sport in the country. The reformation of the ZOC demonstrates the complex process of transition from Rhodesia to Zimbabwe and the difficulties of decolonization in sport. In examining these events, this article bridges the gap between colonial Rhodesian and postcolonial Zimbabwean sport and presents a case study of decolonization within a sports administration.","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"52 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Archaeology of Hellenism: Olympia and the Presence of the Past","authors":"Peter J. Miller","doi":"10.5406/26396025.5.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.5.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Olympia holds a central place in conceptions of modern sport, Hellenism, and the Olympic Games. This article traces the concurrent development of the site and Panhellenism and Hellenism through its landscape, built environment, and its reception over the past 3,000 years. By tying together Pierre de Coubertin's Olympism to the physical landscape of ancient Olympia, this article argues that the site itself has contributed, through multiple permutations and through several key changes in the early Iron Age, Roman period, and nineteenth century to the global Hellenism that is at the foundation of the modern Olympic Games.","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"136 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141034491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Negligence of Biological Reality","authors":"Ask Vest Christiansen","doi":"10.5406/26396025.4.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.4.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"The discussion on the inclusion of transgender people in sport has two basic positions, each accentuating different arguments. One focuses on biology, emphasizing how the increase in testosterone levels in boys during puberty, which drives biological and morphological changes, is the lead cause of major performance differences between biological men and women. And because of these differences, it is necessary to uphold a category for women protected against male biology. The other emphasizes the connection between identity and rights and stresses that sport cannot carve out its own separate space when society at large recognizes legal identity as key in societal matters. Therefore, transgender athletes have a right to participate in the category of the gender they identify with. As such, the discussion is a struggle over science, rights, and the proper understanding of what sport is and ought to be.Since 2003, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has moved from an anatomy- and biology-oriented position on this matter to a rights- and identity-oriented position. This article focuses on the “IOC Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity and Sex Variations.”1 The Framework presents a ten-principle approach to guide International Federations’ (IFs) regulations and criteria for eligibility in the men's and women's categories. As such, the IOC does not want to abolish these categories, as suggested by some philosophers,2 but merely asks IFs to consider revising their criteria. The IOC thus acknowledges that a separation is desired, while they question what determines eligibility in these categories. In this article, I will assess the IOC Framework and identify weaknesses and failures in the line of reasoning for its principles. I agree with several basic tenets of the principles in the framework (non-discrimination, the importance of evidence, the primacy of health and bodily autonomy, and the stakeholder-centered approach). However, many of these items are framed and interpreted in problematic ways. This is especially seen in the ignorance of sex differences, the disregard of the logic of categories, the “no presumption of advantage,” and the negligence of female athletes’ rights.I begin by noticing how the absence of trans men from the discussion exposes its central dilemma, namely that trans women hold a performance advantage over biological women. Hereafter, I recount what the performance differences between males and females amount to before I describe the evolution in the IOC's guidelines for transgender athletes. In the subsequent main body of the text, I go through seven of the ten principles to analyze their content and consequences. Before I conclude, I address the issue of human rights in this context. My discussion is directed at elite sports. In grassroot and recreational sports, other conditions may apply, and so assessments and conclusions may differ. Yet, fairness is important at all le","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135323142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searching for Relevance: The Olympic Games and Action Sports: A Review Essay of Belinda Wheaton and Holly Thorpe, <i>Action Sports and the Olympic Games</i>","authors":"Becky Beal","doi":"10.5406/26396025.4.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.4.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"Thomas Bach, the current International Olympic Committee (IOC) president, has been a proponent of “updating” the Olympics. His stewardship of Agenda 2020 has placed an emphasis on reaching a new demographic: “I am delighted that Olympic Games in Tokyo will be more youthful, more urban and will include more women” (77). Action Sports and the Olympic Games investigates how the IOC's inclusion of action sports was used to meet the objective of reaching those audiences. In turn, it examines the response to these efforts by different stakeholders within the action sports communities.To be transparent, I have known the authors for many years as we all share an interest in the social-political dynamics of action sports (these include sports that were historically grounded in a more artistic and participant-driven activity such as surfing, snowboarding, and skateboarding). Additionally, I have a high regard for their work as it is always thoroughly researched and skillfully uses theory to bring new insight into these sport/lifestyle cultures. Therefore, I was excited to review this latest joint effort by Wheaton and Thorpe. I say this as I am wary not to simply be a cheerleader of their work, but to highlight key contributions.The book is organized into three main sections. the first section includes introduction, methodology, and theory chapters. The second section has four chapters which provide the historical contexts of the governance processes for the IOC and for action sports. They feature the debates that were internal to the action sports communities with regard to Olympic inclusion as well as the negotiations among the International Federations (IFs), the action sport industry and athletes, and the IOC. To illustrate this, they provide a history of how windsurfing (1984), snowboarding (1998), and BMX (2008) were added to the Olympics. This sets up the third section, which examines the current context and political process and how that has differed in the past. The third section features in-depth case studies of skateboarding and surfing. They also dedicate a chapter to investigating the impact Olympic inclusion had on gender equity in skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing. Although each chapter can stand on its own, the book does a good job integrating the main themes throughout each chapter culminating in a more robust understanding of the shifting political landscapes and power negotiations. Because the chapters build off each other, I will not cover each chapter separately, but instead provide a few examples that represent the key themes of their work.Before I discuss some of the key content, I will provide an overview of their methodology to demonstrate the extensive work they have done to understand and represent a variety of stakeholders’ perspectives and strategies. First, this represents a ten-year span of collecting data using mixed methods. They were recipients of an IOC Advanced Research Grant to examine youth perceptions of the ","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135323143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The International Olympic Committee's Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity and Sex Variations","authors":"John Gleaves","doi":"10.5406/26396025.4.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.4.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"On November 16, 2021, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) released its “IOC Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity and Sex Variations.” Often referenced simply as the Framework, the document updated the IOC's 2015 guidance for transgender and non-binary athletes to compete in international sport. The IOC's new Framework came in the wake of several high-profile decisions by International Federations (IFs) and rulings by the Court of Arbitration for Sport that specifically focused on the role of testosterone, fairness, and safety for women athletes.Outside of the IOC, the issue of transgender athletes in sports has also become a topic of intense debate, not only among politicians and the media, but also in many scholarly circles. On one side of the debate, there are those who argue that transgender athletes should be allowed to participate in sports based on their gender identity. On the other side, there are those who believe that transgender athletes have an unfair advantage and should not be allowed to compete against cisgender athletes.Supporters of inclusive policies for transgender athletes argue that denying them the right to participate in sports is discriminatory and goes against the principles of inclusivity and equality. They argue that transgender athletes are no different from cisgender athletes, and that their gender identity should be the sole determining factor when it comes to their participation in sports. Furthermore, they argue that transgender athletes have undergone hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or gender reassignment surgery, which has brought their physical strength and endurance into line with their opponents.Opponents of transgender athletes competing alongside cisgender athletes argue that such competition is unfair because of the physiological differences that exist between the two groups. They point out that transgender athletes, especially those who were assigned male at birth and underwent a male puberty, still have physical advantages over cisgender athletes despite undergoing HRT. For example, transgender athletes who were assigned male at birth may have larger lung capacities, greater muscle mass, greater bone density, or other anthropometric advantages that gives them an edge over cisgender women. Others have pointed out that such differences may present safety issues for cisgender athletes in contact sports such as rugby, boxing, or mixed martial arts. They argue that allowing transgender athletes to compete in sports based on their gender identity is therefore unfair to cisgender athletes who do not have the same physiological advantages.With such debate, this forum invited two scholars to examine the suitability and effects of the IOC's Framework. Both scholars draw on philosophical and scientific arguments to offer different reactions to the debate. Veronica Ivy is a philosopher turned activist with extensive knowledge of both the scientific and philos","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135323147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Mega-Events Only for Global Cities? Analyzing Host Cities through the Global and World Cities Framework, 1990–2020","authors":"Alexandre Faure, John Lauermann","doi":"10.5406/26396025.4.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.4.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mega-events have long been promoted as opportunities for cities to become more globalized, thereby enhancing tourism- and consumption-based economic development. But does this mega-event strategy actually work for smaller cities? This article compares the recent history of mega-event planning to cities’ ratings on the Global and World City (GaWC) ranking system, a typology for evaluating cities’ connectivity within the global economy. We surveyed 138 cities that bid on or hosted a variety of multi-sport mega-events. Competition for the most prominent mega-events is dominated by the most globalized “alpha” ranked cities, though less-globalized cities regularly bid for and host smaller mega-events. On average, hosting a mega-event has no significant effect on a city's GaWC ranking. Using a subsample of bids for the Summer Olympics, we further find that there is no specific model of mega-event planning in alpha cities: simply being a large and highly globalized city appears to be central to their success. This suggests mega-events are not a realistic mechanism for smaller and less-globalized cities to advance their global ambitions.","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135323145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trans Women Are Women, and Sport Is a Human Right","authors":"Veronica Ivy","doi":"10.5406/26396025.4.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/26396025.4.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"I'm really tired of repeating myself. People keep telling me that the topic of including trans and/or intersex women in women's sport is “complicated.” But it's not. It's very simple. Are trans women really women, full stop, or not? If you think “Yes,” then there's no debate: trans and intersex women, as women, belong in women's sport. If you think “No,” then there's absolutely nothing I can say that will change your mind. You didn't arrive at that belief through reasoning, and you won't get out of it that way either. It's a little like arguing with a flat-Earther: if you are convinced that the Earth is flat, then you'll find any reason, no matter how irrational, to hold on to that belief in the face of overwhelming evidence.But this is what I find myself repeating over and over: to those who already think that trans and intersex women are really, fully women, I don't need to provide further evidence. So, I find myself arguing against people who already think that trans and intersex women are “male” and therefore there must be some unfair performance advantage, despite my repeatedly pointing out that there's no reliable scientific evidence supporting their claim. It often doesn't take much to scratch the surface of their views to find that they really just think that trans women are men in dresses. In fact, the best evidence we have suggests that trans women, in particular, are grossly statistically underrepresented in elite sport; it seems, instead, then that trans women are possibly at a competitive disadvantage compared to their cis counterparts.I've penned peer-reviewed scholarly articles on trans and intersex athlete rights to inclusion.1 I've presented detailed arguments about the science, law, and ethics (particularly regarding sport as a human right). I've penned articles and op-eds for such major news outlets as the New York Times, the Washington Post, and The Economist, and so many others I've literally lost count. I've appeared on all major news networks, including going into the “lion's den” of Fox News's New York headquarters to go toe-to-toe with someone I think I'm safe in calling transphobic, Abigail Shrier. I've appeared in more documentaries than I can even enumerate.Each time I say the same thing: sport is a human right (just read the first sentence of the International Olympic Committee's fourth Fundamental Principle of Olympism: “Participation in sport is a human right.”) and the burden of proof is on those seeking to exclude a group from a human right. That's how human rights law works. And it's very clear that those seeking to exclude trans and intersex women from women's sport have not met that burden. In fact, I've argued in print that I think it's unlikely that they'll ever be able to meet that burden.But it's like arguing with a wall. You see, the “common sense” position is that trans women are “male” and that they must—even though no evidence supports this—retain an unfair advantage, so the burden of proof is really on","PeriodicalId":497710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Olympic studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135323146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}