New Zealand Journal of Ecology最新文献

{"title":"New Zealand Environmental Data Stack (NZEnvDS): A standardised collection of spatial layers for environmental modelling and site characterisation","authors":"James K. McCarthy, J. Leathwick, P. Roudier, J. Barringer, T. Etherington, Fraser J. Morgan, N. Odgers, Robbie Price, S. Wiser, S. Richardson","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.31","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental variation is a crucial driver of ecological pattern, and spatial layers representing this variation are key to understanding and predicting important ecosystem distributions and processes. A national, standardised collection of different environmental gradients has the potential to support a variety of large-scale research questions, but to date these data sets have been limited and difficult to obtain. Here we describe the New Zealand Environmental Data Stack (NZEnvDS), a comprehensive set of 72 environmental layers quantifying spatial patterns of climate, soil, topography and terrain, as well as geographical distance at 100 m resolution, covering New Zealand’s three main islands and surrounding inshore islands. NZEnvDS includes layers from the Land Environments of New Zealand (LENZ), additional layers generated for LENZ but never publicly released, and several additional layers generated more recently. We also include an analysis of correlation between variables. All final NZEnvDS layers, their original source layers, and the R-code used to generate them are available publicly for download at https://doi.org/10.7931/m6rm-vz40.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual aerial 1080 baiting operation removes predators at a large spatial scale","authors":"M. Nichols, Helen Nathan, N. Mulgan","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.14","url":null,"abstract":"As New Zealand attempts to become predator free by 2050, transitioning aerial 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) operations from predator control to complete predator removal has become an important research objective. Aerial 1080 operations may not remove every last target animal, but they may be able to remove a very high proportion (> 0.99). We trialled a modified [dual] aerial 1080 operation for the removal of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), ship rats (Rattus rattus), and stoats (Mustela erminea) at large spatial scale. Our trial involved two toxin applications (TA#1 & TA#2), each preceded by two applications of non-toxic pre-feed bait. Different types of cereal baits and lures were used for each toxin application. Camera traps (n = 142; 200–1431 m asl) were used to detect the target species and to incidentally observe house mouse (Mus musculus), birds, and ungulates across the study area. The operation had no significant impact on the number of cameras detecting most birds and ungulate species; however, house mouse, blackbird (Turdus merula), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) were detected on significantly fewer cameras after TA#1 than before. Numbers of cameras that detected target species were significantly reduced for all three target species after TA#1, and significantly reduced again for possums after TA#2, when no stoats were detected on cameras and a small number of cameras detected rats. Mean relative abundance estimates based on camera trap indices (proportion of camera trap days that target species were detected) showed the operation appears to have removed over 99% of ship rats, stoats, and possums.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Good predators: the roles of weka (Gallirallus australis) in New Zealand’s past and present ecosystems","authors":"Joanna K. Carpenter, J. Innes, Jamie R. Wood, P. Lyver","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.15","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing interest in restoring native predators in order to regulate ecosystems and maintain biodiversity, but predator reintroductions are still controversial for complex social and ecological reasons. Few studies have examined predator restoration on islands or in ecosanctuaries, where highly endemic faunas have typically undergone precipitous declines and extinctions due to novel invasive predators, and translocations are used to restore species. Currently in New Zealand, discussions regarding predators typically focus on introduced mammalian pests, and the importance of native predators is frequently overlooked. We present a case study of the mesopredatory New Zealand weka (Gallirallus australis), a threatened flightless rail that provokes controversy among restoration practitioners due to concerns that it may decrease populations of other threatened species. We (1) review studies of weka diet and impacts on native and exotic fauna; (2) contrast prehistoric and contemporary predation webs focused on weka; and (3) consider the role of biocultural approaches in the management and restoration of socio-ecological systems with weka. Weka are opportunistic omnivores that can include vertebrates in their diet, and on small islands where weka can reach high densities there is some evidence that they may limit some prey populations. However, very few manipulative experimental studies measuring effects of weka on native species have been carried out, and such studies would be extremely valuable. Weka also consume invasive rodents and, if they obtain a sufficiently high density, may provide benefits in ecosanctuaries by limiting invasive mice populations. Māori historically harvested weka, and such harvest may now valuably limit weka numbers at certain island or ecosanctuary sites, perhaps replacing the effect of extinct avian competitors and apex predators. How weka and other native predators should be managed on islands depends on the value placed on ecosystem restoration, species-focused conservation, or biocultural enrichment.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why have so few Māori or Moriori names been used in taxonomic description?","authors":"R. Galbreath","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.16","url":null,"abstract":"The listing by Veale et al. (2019) of taxonomic epithets based on te reo Maori and ta re Moriori show that there were very few until well into the 20th century and their approximate total to date of 1288 represents only about 4% of New Zealand species names. The bias against the use of indigenous names can be traced to the preference of eighteenth-century European scientists, and Linnaeus in particular, for their own scholarly languages, Latin and Greek, and their rejection of other languages as “barbarous.” As codes of zoological and botanical nomenclature were developed the European preference for Latin names in taxonomy became formalised and the use of indigenous names was discouraged. The dominance of Latin has only slowly been loosened. The term “barbarous” for names not from Latin or Greek remained in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature until 1956 and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature until 1961. Since then there have been no restrictions or recommendations in either code on the source or language of new species names, although they are still required to be in Latin form. Taxonomists are thus free to use te reo Maori, ta re Moriori or any language when naming species and in recent years more have been doing so, although the old European preference for imposing Latin names still persists.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What effects must be avoided, remediated or mitigated to maintain indigenous biodiversity?","authors":"S. Walker, P. Bellingham, G. Kaine, S. Richardson, S. Greenhalgh, R. Simcock, M. Brown, T. Stephens, William Lee","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.26","url":null,"abstract":"New Zealand’s Resource Management Act requires avoiding, remedying or mitigating effects of human activities on the environment, including taking action to maintain terrestrial indigenous biodiversity. Here, we suggest that maintaining biodiversity requires halting its current decline, and to achieve that, New Zealand must move away from deeming only significant ecosystems and biota worthy of protection. We identify effects that must be avoided in order to maintain biodiversity, and those to be avoided unless they can be fully and promptly remediated. Effects should be avoided that reduce the extent and quality of most ecosystems and the habitats of indigenous species, including many highly modified ecosystems and habitats. Effects can be remediated only for a few, usually low-diversity and recently-established indigenous ecosystems and habitats, and we suggest a human generation (25 years) should be the maximum time to full remediation. Effects on individuals from some species’ populations (but not populations at range or environmental limits, or outliers) may be remediated through replacement in certain circumstances. The clearance and modification of young (< 25 years), non-indigenous, non-riparian ecosystems that are neither important for connectivity and buffering nor habitat for threatened or at-risk indigenous species, may have a limited adverse effect on maintaining biodiversity, but could compromise ecosystem services and remove opportunities for future restoration. The approach to avoidance we suggest would help to slow the cumulative and ongoing loss of terrestrial biodiversity caused by multiple minor effects.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors limiting kererū (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) populations across New Zealand","authors":"Joanna K. Carpenter, S. Walker, A. Monks, J. Innes, Rachelle N. Binny, Ann‐Kathrin V. Schlesselmann","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.30","url":null,"abstract":"Kererū declined rapidly following European settlement in New Zealand, and they remain at a reduced density. We assessed three sources of information to test the hypothesis that predation by introduced mammals and abundance of food resources are the two major factors determining kererū abundance across New Zealand. First, we reviewed the literature on factors affecting the vital rates of kererū. This analysis showed that predation is the cause of most nest failures and deaths in kererū. Second, we examined data from a major database of bird sanctuary outcomes across New Zealand to evaluate long-term responses of kererū to intensive pest control at local scales. Kererū detections did not always increase following predator control, which suggests that food supply or forest area may be more important limiting factors at some sanctuaries. Third, to understand the factors underlying temporal and spatial kererū distribution patterns at a national scale, we assessed changes and patterns in kererū local occupancy through time using data from the 1969–1979 and 1999–2004 editions of the Atlas of Bird Distribution in New Zealand. Specifically, we asked (1) whether there have been declines in kererū occupancy between the two Atlases, and (2) how patterns of kererū occupancy relate to indigenous forest cover, temperature, urbanisation, and forest type (podocarp or beech dominated). Kererū occupancy remained stable across the North Island between the two time periods but declined in the South Island. Across both islands and time periods, kererū occupancy decreased significantly as forest cover decreased, which suggests that forest availability is still a major limiting factor across some parts of New Zealand. Overall, our results support previous studies showing that predation by introduced mammals is the primary limiting factor for kererū in forests, but also highlight the importance of forest area and food supply for kererū recovery.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rivers as obstacles to home range expansion by the brushtail possum","authors":"B. Cook, Waiapu Road Kelburn Wellington Zero Invasive Predators, N. Mulgan, Helen Nathan","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.5","url":null,"abstract":"Strategies for defending large tracts of land from mammalian pest incursion are urgently needed. We report on a study investigating whether brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) range expansion into a controlled area was restricted by a watercourse. The true left of the Orongorongo River valley was treated with 1080 poison baits, and a 250 ha area bordering the river on the true right was excluded from treatment. Nontoxic cereal bait containing pyranine biomarker was sown repeatedly over half of the excluded area for nine weeks after poisoning. Traps installed on the true left of the river caught no marked possums. This outcome suggests that the river acted as an obstacle to possum movement, specifically, home range expansion into an area of low conspecific density. Our study contributes to the body of evidence that watercourses can inhibit possum movement, supporting operational practice that aligns eradication boundaries with rivers to slow the rate of possum reinvasion.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) as a tool to control feral cats in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand","authors":"N. D. Burgh, A. Glen, K. Mayo, Mark T. Mitchell","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.10","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of feral cats on native wildlife is becoming increasingly recognised worldwide, making their management a necessity. As New Zealand’s Predator Free 2050 goal leads to larger and more ambitious landscape scale programmes, there is an important need for costand time-effective tools. Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) was first registered in New Zealand for feral cats and stoats in 2011 under the name PredaSTOP® and has higher target specificity for feral cats than currently used toxins. Following a successful trial of PAPP on Toronui Station, Hawke’s Bay in 2017, a larger operation was undertaken in 2018 across 9123 ha of the Poutiri Ao ō Tāne project area in Hawke’s Bay. Camera traps were used to monitor the relative abundance of feral cats on Opouahi Station (treatment site) and at Waitere Station(non-treatment site). A network of 287 bait stations was established in 500 m grid spacings across the treatment site. Two applications of non-toxic pre-feed minced meat baits were followed by two applications of toxic PAPP baits. PAPP baits were dyed green and contained 80 mg of PredaSTOP® in the centre of the bait. Each application of PredaSTOP® consisted of two baits placed at either end of each bait station. Toxic baits were removed from at least 130 bait stations. We assume that ≥ 130 feral cats are likely to have been killed, resulting in a 39% reduction in the relative abundance of feral cats after the operation. Our results suggest that PAPP has the potential to be a useful management tool across large areas alongside other methods.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intake of sugar water by kākā in Orokonui Eco-sanctuary","authors":"Anna Aichele, P. Seddon, Y. van Heezik","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.9","url":null,"abstract":"Supplementary food is provided to native birds in eco-sanctuaries throughout New Zealand to discourage their movement outside the sanctuary, to enhance reproductive success, and to promote visitor encounters with wildlife. We recorded the frequency of visits by South Island kākā (Nestor meridionalis meridionalis) to four feeders in Orokonui eco-sanctuary to quantify sugar water consumption as a contribution to daily energy requirements. During 11 days of observations that took place between May and July 2018, thirty-one kākā visited the feeders (16 juveniles, 8 sub-adults, 8 adults; 55% females); we obtained complete records of all visits from 20 birds. The amount of time spent drinking at the feeders did not vary between sexes, age groups, or feeders. Mean daily kilojoules consumed (4.01 kJ ± 3.30 SD) was only 0.76% ± 0.62% of daily energy requirements. Provision of sugar water therefore encourages kākā to regularly visit the feeders, providing good viewing opportunities for the public, but does not appear to form a major component of the birds’ diet.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67539431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twenty years on: changes in lizard encounter rates following eradication of rats from Kāpiti Island","authors":"J. Gollin, Nic Gorman, D. Armstrong","doi":"10.20417/nzjecol.45.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.45.13","url":null,"abstract":"Introductions of mammalian predators have led to extinctions or declines of many species on islands; hence eradications of these mammals have played a major role in biodiversity conservation. However, eradications are costly and sometimes controversial. It is therefore important to conduct carefully designed sampling programmes that allow benefits to native species to be quantified. We report the results of sampling conducted in 1994–1996 and 2014–2015 to estimate changes in relative abundance of lizards on Kāpiti Island over 20 years following the eradication of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and kiore (Rattus exulans) in 1996. Sampling was conducted in five different habitats over the island, and in each habitat involved repeatedly sampling 4–5 pitfall stations (five pitfall traps each) and conducting spotlighting and daytime searches along 2–3 transect lines. We used generalised linear mixed modelling to estimate proportional changes in lizard encounter rates while accounting for effects of month, weather variables, and changes in vegetation density. Pitfall capture rates for northern grass skinks (Oligosoma polychroma), brown skinks (Oligosoma zelandicum), and copper skinks (Oligosoma aeneum) were estimated to increase 2to 28-fold in habitats where they were detected in 1994–1996, and these species were also found in 2014–2015 in habitats where they were not detected in 1994–1996. Spotlighting encounter rates for geckos (predominantly Raukawa geckos, Woodworthia maculata) were estimated to increase 3.7-fold between the two time periods. There were sparse observations of ornate skinks (Oligosoma ornatum), forest geckos (Mokopirirakau granulatus) and Wellington green geckos (Naultinus punctatus), whereas goldstripe geckos (Woodworthia chrysosiretica), which were discovered on the island in 2013, were not detected in the areas sampled. Most lizards continue to be found in habitats with low, dense vegetation, a pattern that may be at least partially attributable to predation pressure from the abundant weka (Gallirallus australis) on the island.","PeriodicalId":49755,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67538976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}