Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej最新文献

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The Agatston score is a predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with stable coronary artery disease after percutaneous coronary intervention.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.144774
Fatih Sivri, Yahya K Içen, Fatih Aksoy, Hasan Koca, Mevlüt Koç
{"title":"The Agatston score is a predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with stable coronary artery disease after percutaneous coronary intervention.","authors":"Fatih Sivri, Yahya K Içen, Fatih Aksoy, Hasan Koca, Mevlüt Koç","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.144774","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.144774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Agatston coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is the primary scoring method used to determine the summed value of calcium burden. The Agatston CAC score method is a non-invasive, rapid, easily accessible tool that helps identify the weighted sum of the calcium burden in arteries using multi-detector computed tomography. The Agatston CAC score is a significant prognostic indicator for vascular diseases in the long term.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate the relationship between the Agatston CAC score and contrast-induced acute kidney injury (C-AKI) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) following a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 360 patients with stable CAD who received PCI between January 2023 and December 2023. The Agatston score was measured non-invasively on computed tomography before the coronary angiography. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Agatston CAC score and the optimal cutoff value for predicting C-AKI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 360 patients included in the study were divided into two groups. 71 patients were classified as C-AKI+ while 289 patients were classified as C-AKI-. There was no significant difference in terms of gender, but the C-AKI+ group was significantly older. The C-AKI+ group was observed to have significantly higher levels of uric acid, Agatston score and Mehran score. Regression analyses showed that age, uric acid, Agatston score and Mehran score were independent risk factors for C-AKI.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Agatston CAC score was found to be an independent risk factor for C-AKI in patients with stable CAD with PCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"406-412"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wide-awake local anesthesia during insertion of cardiac implantable electronic devices: a randomized study.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.145170
Ersin Doğanözü, Burcu U Ilgın
{"title":"Wide-awake local anesthesia during insertion of cardiac implantable electronic devices: a randomized study.","authors":"Ersin Doğanözü, Burcu U Ilgın","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.145170","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.145170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Wide-awake local anesthesia (WALA) with epinephrine has been demonstrated to be effective in orthopedics and hand surgery, as it offers adequate local anesthesia and obviates the requirement for patient sedation and even the use of a tourniquet to block the blood supply to the proximal extremity.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the effect of wide-awake local anesthesia on pain and bleeding levels in patients who received cardiac implantable electronic device implantation.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1, consisting of 21 patients, referred to as the WALA group; and Group 2, consisting of 21 patients, which served as the control group and received local anesthesia. After surgery, the primary operator assigned a bleeding score ranging from 1 to 10 to each patient. The Visual Analog Scale was employed to assess pain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The control group had a significantly higher median bleeding score compared to the WALA group (5 vs. 2, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The median intra-procedural and post-procedural pain scores were significantly lower in the WALA group compared to the control group (2 vs. 4, <i>p</i> < 0.001, and 1 vs. 3, <i>p</i> < 0.001, respectively). No surgical revision was necessary for any pocket hematoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>WALA anesthesia significantly reduces intra- and post-procedural bleeding and pain. The potential benefits of the technique, such as preventing the formation of pocket hematoma, shortening the duration of the procedure, and accelerating the recovery period, must be demonstrated in randomized trials conducted on a larger number of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"461-467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Physical activity parameters as determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in kidney transplant recipients: an accelerometer-based study.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.142817
Hatice N Bozkurt, Meriç Yıldırım, Caner Çavdar, Yelda D Bildacı
{"title":"Physical activity parameters as determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in kidney transplant recipients: an accelerometer-based study.","authors":"Hatice N Bozkurt, Meriç Yıldırım, Caner Çavdar, Yelda D Bildacı","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.142817","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.142817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after kidney transplantation. Physical inactivity is an important factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate CVD risk and its association with accelerometer-based physical activity (PA) parameters in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 43 KTRs. Number of steps, total energy expenditure, average sleep and lying times, average metabolic equivalent (MET), and PA duration were assessed with SenseWear Armband. CVD risk was predicted using a web-based interactive tool (HeartScore program).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CVD risk was negatively correlated with number of steps, average MET and PA duration. Average MET and PA duration were significantly higher in KTRs with low CVD risk compared to KTRs with moderate CVD risk (<i>p</i> = 0.004 and <i>p</i> = 0.007, respectively). Average MET, PA duration and number of steps were significantly higher in KTRs with low CVD risk compared to KTRs with high CVD risk (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> < 0.001 and <i>p</i> = 0.009, respectively). Number of steps was higher in KTRs with moderate CVD risk compared to KTRs with high CVD risk (<i>p</i> = 0.010). The linear regression analysis revealed that average MET was a predictor of CVD risk, accounting for 15.9% of the variance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CVD risk is associated with accelerometer-based PA parameters and average MET is a significant predictor of CVD risk after kidney transplantation in KTRs. Wearable technologies can be used to objectively measure PA parameters in order to determine CVD risk and to monitor the efficiency of PA interventions after kidney transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"428-432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A recurrent stent failure after right coronary intervention. Using "Telescope" in complex percutaneous coronary interventions.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.145868
Jakub Drozd
{"title":"A recurrent stent failure after right coronary intervention. Using \"Telescope\" in complex percutaneous coronary interventions.","authors":"Jakub Drozd","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.145868","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.145868","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"487-493"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cholecystectomy during Impella CP support in cardiogenic shock.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.144781
Mikołaj Błaziak, Michał Jarocki, Weronika Wietrzyk, Katarzyna Modrzejewska, Izabela Świerczek, Wiktor Kuliczkowski
{"title":"Cholecystectomy during Impella CP support in cardiogenic shock.","authors":"Mikołaj Błaziak, Michał Jarocki, Weronika Wietrzyk, Katarzyna Modrzejewska, Izabela Świerczek, Wiktor Kuliczkowski","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.144781","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.144781","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"509-510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Coronary venous fistula during an attempt of left bundle branch pacing in a patient with complete heart block.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.142725
Piotr Denysiuk, Marcin Szczasny, Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz, Piotr Blaszczak
{"title":"Coronary venous fistula during an attempt of left bundle branch pacing in a patient with complete heart block.","authors":"Piotr Denysiuk, Marcin Szczasny, Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz, Piotr Blaszczak","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.142725","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.142725","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"513-514"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prevalence of iron deficiency and its influence on six-minute walk test distance in patients eligible for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. A prospective study.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.144776
Michał Błaszkiewicz, Krzysztof A Aleksandrowicz, Małgorzata Mazur, Tomasz G Witkowski, Michał Kosowski, Piotr Kübler, Krzysztof Reczuch, Marcin Protasiewicz
{"title":"Prevalence of iron deficiency and its influence on six-minute walk test distance in patients eligible for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. A prospective study.","authors":"Michał Błaszkiewicz, Krzysztof A Aleksandrowicz, Małgorzata Mazur, Tomasz G Witkowski, Michał Kosowski, Piotr Kübler, Krzysztof Reczuch, Marcin Protasiewicz","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.144776","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.144776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Aortic stenosis (AS) leads to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and can result in the development of heart failure. Patients with severe AS exhibit similar symptoms to those with iron deficiency (ID), raising the question of whether ID, if diagnosed, could be linked to the lack of physical performance improvement after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim was to assess the prevalence of ID in patients scheduled for TAVI and to evaluate its impact on 6-minute walk test (6MWT) results.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Patients with severe AS, qualified for TAVI, were tested for ID, and underwent 6MWT with the assessment of heart rate recovery (HRR) parameters before TAVI and after 3 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ID was diagnosed in 59% of screened patients. There was no significant difference in baseline (277.6 ±121.9 m vs. 287.3 ±116.6 m; <i>p</i> = 0.74) and follow-up 6MWT distance (313.1 ±119.6 m vs. 319.4 ±111 m; <i>p</i> = 0.93) between the two study arms. In both groups the 6MWT distance improved significantly after TAVI (32.1 ±62.9 m in ID group, <i>p</i> < 0.003; (39.4 ±68.7 m in non-ID group, <i>p</i> < 0.005). There were no statistical differences in HRR parameters between the two groups before and after TAVI.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of the study indicate that ID has no significant effect on 6MWT results before and after the TAVI procedure. ID likely has no impact on physical capacity in patients with severe AS.</p>","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"443-448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Plasma leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles are related to target vessel revascularization in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.145576
Tomasz K Urbanowicz, Aleksandra Gąsecka, Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska, Michał Michalak, Michał Rodzki, Ewelina Błażejowska, Krzysztof J Filipiak, Mariusz Kowalewski, Andrzej Tykarski, Marek Jemielity
{"title":"Plasma leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles are related to target vessel revascularization in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.","authors":"Tomasz K Urbanowicz, Aleksandra Gąsecka, Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska, Michał Michalak, Michał Rodzki, Ewelina Błażejowska, Krzysztof J Filipiak, Mariusz Kowalewski, Andrzej Tykarski, Marek Jemielity","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.145576","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.145576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In multivessel coronary disease, interventional therapy is recommended to improve symptoms and survival. Inflammatory activation is postulated as one of the coronary atherosclerosis progression risk factors and prognostic indicators of surgical intervention. Counts of plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are elevated in patients with inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular diseases.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aimed to estimate the association between blood flow measurements in coronary artery bypass grafts and EV plasma count changes in patients undergoing surgical coronary revascularization.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Forty-four consecutive patients who underwent surgical off-pump revascularization (33 males, 75%) in the median (Q1-Q3) age of 65 (58-69) were included. The blood flow in the implanted coronary artery bypass grafts was measured intraoperatively. EV counts were measured at baseline (hospital admission) and on the 1<sup>st</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> postoperative days. The numbers of EVs from erythrocytes (CD235+), leukocytes (CD45+) and platelets (CD61+) were measured using flow cytometry with fluorescently labeled antibodies against specific antigens exposed on the EVs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The numbers of leukocyte-derived EVs were lower in patients who received a LIMA-LAD graft (<i>p</i> = 0.020). The total EV plasma count changes were found significant for RIMA-LAD grafting (<i>p</i> = 0.028) and LIMA-LAD (<i>p</i> = 0.015) in arterial and arterio-venous grafting, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Surgical revascularizations affect EV plasma count, including significantly lower postoperative values of leukocyte-derived EVs related to left descending artery grafting.</p>","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"433-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A rare anatomical finding of anterior interventricular vein drainage into the left atrium detected on multi-slice computed tomography.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.144972
Nikola Komazec, Aleksandra Ilić, Milenko Rosić, Ranko Zdravković, Nina Dračina, Milenko Čanković
{"title":"A rare anatomical finding of anterior interventricular vein drainage into the left atrium detected on multi-slice computed tomography.","authors":"Nikola Komazec, Aleksandra Ilić, Milenko Rosić, Ranko Zdravković, Nina Dračina, Milenko Čanković","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.144972","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.144972","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"500-502"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dual guide catheter technique to seal an Ellis III coronary artery perforation during primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the paramount importance of careful wiring.
IF 1.5 4区 医学
Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2024.145169
Charalampos Kakderis, Matthaios Didagelos, Antonios Kouparanis, Konstantinos C Theodoropoulos, Antonios Ziakas
{"title":"Dual guide catheter technique to seal an Ellis III coronary artery perforation during primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the paramount importance of careful wiring.","authors":"Charalampos Kakderis, Matthaios Didagelos, Antonios Kouparanis, Konstantinos C Theodoropoulos, Antonios Ziakas","doi":"10.5114/aic.2024.145169","DOIUrl":"10.5114/aic.2024.145169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49678,"journal":{"name":"Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej","volume":"20 4","pages":"506-508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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