Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes最新文献

{"title":"Race, Gender and Sexuality: Ancient to Present.","authors":"Jonathan Lebolt","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2022.2132777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2022.2132777","url":null,"abstract":"On March 19, 2022, the Center for the Study of Race, Ethnicity and Culture (CSREC) at the Washington School of Psychiatry presented Race, Gender and Sexuality: From the Ancient Mediterranean to Contemporary Intersectionality via Zoom. Addressing structural racism in the discipline of classics, the rhetorical question was asked, when did classics become White, indicating that today’s racial categories did not exist in the Greco-Roman world, where sexual orientation and gender identity were also more fluid than is commonly believed. Addressing America’s propensity for erasing the cultures White Europeans “found,” challenged the hegemony of the Greco-Roman in American mores, affirming the resilience of indigenous cultures by pointing to the resurgence of Mayan Quechua, now a lingua franca in Latin America. How did this hegemony evolve? The “discovery” of Pompeii, Herculaneum and the Apollo Belvedere ushered in the Enlightenment/neo-classical idealization of what were perceived to be classical forms–accurately, in the case of neo-classical buildings such as America’s capitol, but inaccurately in the case of Whitened sculptures that were originally polychromous. For example, Titian’s Andromeda is White, but she was actually from modern-day Ethiopia. Ironically, in light of contemporary racism and sexism, men in the art of the classical era, at a time and place when men were viewed as superior, were portrayed as darker than women. White Europeans constructed race by positing biological difference to serve ends of conquest and domination, whereas recent scientific scholarship evinces less than .01% variability attributable to “race.” We learned that classicist Frank Snowden’s revelation that dark-skinned Africans, generically labelled “Ethiops,” were valued in antiquity. Most slaves were what we would today call White, though xenophobia—viewing other cultures as “barbaric”—was rampant. Alluding to the whitewashing of Ancient Egypt— Elizabeth Taylor as Cleopatra, for example— Stark credited Fred Wilson’s busts of Nefertiti in various shades of darkness. Emphasizing the importance of more recent and accu-","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10710764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced Expression of Emotion: A Red Flag Signalling Conversion to Psychosis in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P) Populations.","authors":"Jone Bjornestad,&nbsp;Tore Tjora,&nbsp;Johannes H Langeveld,&nbsp;Inge Joa,&nbsp;Jan Olav Johannessen,&nbsp;Michelle Friedman-Yakoobian,&nbsp;Wenche Ten Velden Hegelstad","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2021.2014383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2021.2014383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective</i>: In this hypothesis-testing study, which is based on findings from a previous atheoretical machine-learning study, we test the predictive power of baseline \"reduced expression of emotion\" for psychosis.<i>Method</i>: Study participants (N = 96, mean age 16.55 years) were recruited from the Prevention of Psychosis Study in Rogaland, Norway. The Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS) was conducted 13 times over two years. Reduced expression of emotion was added to positive symptoms at baseline (P1-P5) as a predictor of psychosis onset over a two-year period using logistic regression.<i>Results</i>: Participants with a score above zero on expression of emotion had over eight times the odds of conversion (OR = 8.69, <i>p</i> < .001). Data indicated a significant dose-response association. A model including reduced expression of emotion at baseline together with the positive symptoms of the SIPS rendered the latter statistically insignificant.<i>Conclusions</i>: The study findings confirm findings from the previous machine-learning study, indicating that observing reduced expression of emotion may serve two purposes: first, it may add predictive value to psychosis conversion, and second, it is readily observable. This may facilitate detection of those most at risk within the clinical high risk of psychosis population, as well as those at clinical high risk. A next step could be including this symptom within current high-risk criteria. Future research should consolidate these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39779464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entering the Brave New World of Just-In-Time Adaptive Interventions for Suicide Prevention.","authors":"Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2022.2132774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2022.2132774","url":null,"abstract":"Just-In-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAIs) for suicide prevention, using mobile health (mHealth) technologies including wearables, are the focus of an article recently written by Coppersmith et al. (2022) in Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. As a clinical psychologist with nearly two decades of professional experience in treating individuals with suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), training mental health providers in the delivery of evidence-informed and evidencebased suicide-focused care, and conducting research to advance suicide prevention and intervention science, I am eager to write this commentary to share some of my thoughts on the topic. Before doing so, I must commend my colleagues for offering an informative, comprehensive, and captivating seminal manuscript which I am confident will be well-cited and relied upon in the years to come. As we collectively enter the brave new world of JITAIs for suicide prevention and evolve our thinking and practices in the use of technology and its applications, several important considerations must be taken into account. These are highlighted below. “STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH.”","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10421683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promising New Directions in Addressing the Whole Problem of Suicide.","authors":"Peter M Gutierrez","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2022.2132772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2022.2132772","url":null,"abstract":"This article by Coppersmith and colleagues tackles a vexing problem within the field of suicide prevention. Although suicide is a major public health concern, suicide-specific behaviors are difficult to predict, effective interventions are limited, few practitioners are trained in them, and many individuals at risk of suicide never receive any treatment. These are all issues the authors clearly explain in the introduction. The field also spent more time than was likely ideal focused on assessing risk and protective factors for suicide and too little time developing and testing suicide-specific interventions. This fact may be one reason why suicide rates within the United States have been stubbornly resistance to reduction over many decades. More recent attention has been paid to the many other factors contributing to the ongoing problem of suicide that must be addressed through means other than clinical interventions. If suicide is treated as the public health crisis that it is, through community-based interventions targeting a broad range of upstream distal contributors to suicide, then the capacity of clinicians to effectively treat those in crisis will not be exceeded. The impact of JITAIs, if effective, on overall suicide rates will likely never be large. But when combined with broad public health interventions they can be a vital component of the overall solution to the problem. And, as the authors clearly explain, there are many challenges which must be addressed before JITAIs can be tested with individuals at risk of suicide. The most significant one, or at least the one that must be tackled first, are the assessment methods used to create the tailoring variable. Currently there are no self-report measures of suicide-specific thoughts and behaviors with sufficient positive and negative predictive power to be used for this purpose. More frequent administration of self-report measures may partially mitigate this problem, but it seems unlikely that will be the ultimate solution. Passive monitoring of physiological correlates of suicide risk is an intriguing idea, and there are some candidate markers worth considering, but work in that area is either purely theoretical (e.g., eye blink rate) or very preliminary (e.g., geolocation of mobility and social contacts). It seems likely that multiple risk data sources will need to be combined and probably differentially weighted to generate a clinically useful risk stratification score used for the tailoring variable. Accomplishing that in real time and in a fully automated fashion will be no small feat.","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10421684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions for Suicide: the Right Idea at the Right Time.","authors":"James C West,&nbsp;Adam Walsh,&nbsp;Joshua C Morganstein","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2022.2134681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2022.2134681","url":null,"abstract":"In the article “Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions for Prevention: Promise, Challenges, and Future Directions,” Coppersmith and colleagues provide a theoretical framework for leveraging advanced digital technologies to improve suicide risk detection and intervention through just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs; Coppersmith et al., 2022). In the following commentary, we will address several key issues the article raises and provide a holistic and pragmatic framework to further analyze the main tenets of the article. According to the Centers for Disease Control, Suicide claims a life in the US approximately every 11 minutes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). Over the last several decades, there has been growing interest and investment in developing strategies and interventions to drive down the number of suicide deaths (Action Alliance, 2012). Unfortunately, suicide is a vexing problem to solve, and many of the interventions and strategies deployed to prevent suicide have yet to produce significant declines in suicide rates. At the center of this vexing problem is not knowing precisely who is contemplating suicide, when the person is thinking of attempting suicide and how to best reach out and help the person who is considering suicide. Recent studies indicate that over half of clinical patients who attempt or die by suicide screen negative for suicide ideation (Bryan, Thomsen, et al., 2022), and 95% of individuals who think of suicide do not attempt or die by suicide (Bryan, 2022). Further complicating the identification of people who may be at risk for suicide is how quickly many individuals progress from thinking about suicide to acting on it. Study findings show that many individuals transition from thinking about suicide within 10 minutes (Deisenhammer et al., 2009; Simon et al., 2001). Therefore, novel approaches to swiftly identify individuals who are contemplating suicide that do not rely on self-report of suicide ideation are urgently needed. In the current article by Coppersmith and colleagues, the authors posit several novel “wearable” technology approaches that aim to formulate digital phenotypes and address the challenge of identifying individuals who may be at risk for suicide, in-real-time. Another main point of the article by Coppersmith and colleagues is how to best, in-situ, provide help to individuals who exhibit physical changes measured by wearable device or information reported via smartphone or web-based interactions that identify potential risk of suicide. Providing help to those in suicide crisis can be challenging. Often, individuals who are experiencing an acute suicidal crisis do not think about needing help (Bryan, Bryan, et al., 2022), cannot physically access mental health care due to","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10421685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Psychotherapy in an Inpatient Setting: Examining the Moderating Role of Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach.","authors":"Yael Cohen-Chazani,&nbsp;Michal Lavidor,&nbsp;Eva Gilboa-Schechtman,&nbsp;David Roe,&nbsp;Ilanit Hasson-Ohayon","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2022.2062660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2022.2062660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current meta-analysis investigates the efficacy of psychotherapy during psychiatric hospitalization and examines the moderating role of diagnosis and therapeutic approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted systematic searches in literature databases, including PubMed, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar. In total, 37 samples were included for the meta-analysis with a total of 4,443 patients. The primary outcome was the standardized mean differences in clinical status measured by symptomatic and functional measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The meta-analysis of 22 samples without a control group resulted in the upper end of the medium effect size for the overall effect of treatment during psychiatric hospitalization that included psychotherapy (k = 22, Cohen's d = 0.70, and 95% Cl 0.36 to 1.04). The meta-analysis of 15 samples with a control group resulted in the upper end of the low effect size for the contribution of psychotherapy to the improvement of patients' clinical status measured by symptomatic and functional measures (k = 15, Cohen's d = 0.43, and 95% CI 0.06 to 0.81). No significant effects were uncovered for psychotherapy orientation. Diagnosis was found to moderate the contribution of psychotherapy in an inpatient setting to the improvement of patients' clinical condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Psychotherapy during psychiatric hospitalization may be an effective treatment. Across the various samples, psychotherapy has a moderate effect on the reduction of psychiatric symptoms beyond the overall effect of ward treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10727363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empathy in Social Anxiety Disorder: The Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.","authors":"Didem Umutlu,&nbsp;Cagdas Oyku Memis,&nbsp;Yasam Umutlu,&nbsp;Doga Sevincok,&nbsp;Levent Sevincok","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2021.1952034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2021.1952034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objectives</i>: Our main hypothesis in this study was that patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had lower empathy levels than those without ADHD. Also, after controlling for the severity of SAD and depression, we hypothesized that ADHD symptoms contributed to lower levels of empathy in SAD patients.<i>Methods</i>: 72 patients (46 females, 32 males) with SAD between the ages of 18-65 years were divided into two groups as those with (n = 32) and those without ADHD (n = 40). Participants were evaluated using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Turgay's Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Empathy Quotient. In this study, Mann Whitney-U test, Spearman correlation test, logistic and multiple regression analysis were used.<i>Results</i>: Education level (U = 371.5, <i>p</i> = .002) and empathy scores (U = 259.5, <i>p</i> < .0001) of SAD patients with ADHD were significantly lower than those without ADHD. BDI (U = 206.5, <i>p</i> < .0001), LSAS total (U = 454.5, <i>p</i> = .036), fear (U = 457.0, <i>p</i> = .038), and avoidance scores (U = 453.0, <i>p</i> = .034) were higher in SAD patients with ADHD than those without ADHD. Low levels of empathy (B = - 0.119, Exp(B) = 0.895, <i>p</i> = .014) and high severity of current depression (B = 0.119, Exp(B) = 1.127, <i>p</i> = .001) were significantly associated with comorbidity between SAD and ADHD. ADHD-inattention (β = -0.369, Exp(B) = -0.541, <i>p</i> = .004), and depression (β = -0.262, Exp(B) = -0.212, <i>p</i> = .036) negatively predicted empathy levels.<i>Conclusions</i>: Our findings may provide some evidence for the contribution of ADHD-inattention and depression to poor empathy in SAD patients. Therefore, it is recommended that symptoms of ADHD-inattention and depression should be carefully evaluated in SAD patients with low empathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00332747.2021.1952034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39267880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescent Gangs: Substance Misuse and Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences.","authors":"Emily Weitzel,&nbsp;Caroline Hopper,&nbsp;Del Herridge","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2020.1800291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2020.1800291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective</i>: Adult gang members have higher substance misuse and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) prevalence than non-gang involved individuals. The authors aimed to understand UK gang membership demographics and estimate substance misuse and ACE prevalence among a community-based sample of children and young people (CYP) contrasting three groups; gang members, periphery and non-gang involved.<i>Method</i>: The authors used the 2006 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS) cross-sectional dataset, containing gang involvement, ACE exposure and substance misuse data, sampling 2,443 individuals aged 13-17 years. Gang membership was self-identified. Gang periphery was CYP identifying as gang involved according to the Eurogang Youth survey questionnaire, but not self-identifying as members. Other CYP were non-gang involved.<i>Results</i>: Gang periphery participants were significantly more likely to misuse all substance types than non-gang involved CYP. The substance misuse likelihood was greatest for gang peripherals, then members, then non-gang involved. Gang periphery and members were significantly more likely to have been a victim of serious assault, less serious assault, any assault, any violence and to have committed any violent act in the last year than non-gang involved.<i>Conclusions</i>: This is the first study comparing ACE exposure and substance misuse prevalence among the UK, community-based CYP sample. Current research highlights younger children with complex needs, including girls, risk gang involvement and requires tailored support to enable safe exit from gangs. Factors relating to gang involvement, ACEs and substance misuse are interlinked and complex, demanding a holistic approach to support across education, children's social services, health and criminal justice settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00332747.2020.1800291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38493929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Internalization of a Representation of the Therapist as an Element in Psychotherapeutic Gain.","authors":"Milton Viederman","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2020.1843325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2020.1843325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper illustrates the beneficial effect of a positive benevolent transference in the development of an internalized representation of the therapist/analyst in a variety of patients in psychodynamic treatments ranging from consultation to psychoanalysis itself. This is described in patient presentations. In those who have had substantial early nurturant life experience and now find themselves in a dysphoric state due to crisis, the effect lies in the transference reactivation of these positive object relations that relieve their distress. In those who have been deprived of such early experience, the positive transference may emerge during the intensive work of psychoanalysis and may lead to the internalization of a new positive object representation of the analyst generated in the transference that persists after termination of treatment. In both of these situations, the patient discovers a sense of greater harmony with self and the world. The special conditions that permit and facilitate this process are described since this does not occur in all psychodynamic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00332747.2020.1843325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38322779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Naturalistic Study of Time to Recovery in Adults with Treatment-refractory Disorders.","authors":"J Christopher Perry,&nbsp;J Christopher Fowler","doi":"10.1080/00332747.2021.1907869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2021.1907869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objectives</i>: Individuals with treatment-refractory disorders have high comorbidity. There is little information on whether recovery is possible and how long it might require. We focused on the individual's recovery using a broad measure of psychopathology, regardless of the variety of disorders present.<i>Methods</i>: We recruited 226 adults [mean age 31.0, SD = 10.3; 75.2% female] entering residential treatment for treatment-refractory disorders to delineate their course and outcome. Individuals received periodic Longitudinal Interval Follow-along Evaluation interviews for symptoms and functioning variables for up to 14 years. Periodic psychodynamic and relationship vignette interviews were rated with the Psychodynamic Conflict Rating Scales (PCRS) for a subgroup of 54 subjects. Outcome variables included modeled rates of change, final scores, time to recovery, and time to attaining healthy adaptive functioning, using Kaplan-Meier estimates from time-to-event analyses.<i>Results</i>: Recovery of PCRS Pathological Functioning occurred in 12 (22%) of 54 subjects rated: median time-to-recovery = 11.63 years (CI: 9.64- upper number not calculable). Eight (14.81%) subjects also developed healthy adaptive functioning, with the time-to-attainment for the first quartile at 10.95 years (CI: 7.87 - upper bound not calculable). Recovery from psychopathology was significantly associated with a median percentage recovered in the domains of symptoms (64.29%), functioning (87.50%), and psychodynamic functioning (50%). Although attaining healthy adaptive functioning was less common, it was highly associated with already achieving recovery from dynamic psychopathology, [OR = 57.40, CI 5.80 - 567.83, <i>p</i> = .0001].<i>Conclusions</i>: These results provided convergent validation of recovery in psychodynamic psychopathology. Some recovered individuals also attained healthy adaptive functioning, which took somewhat longer.</p>","PeriodicalId":49656,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00332747.2021.1907869","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39274331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}