Scottish Journal of Geology最新文献

{"title":"Digging deeper: The influence of historical mining on Glasgow's subsurface thermal state to inform geothermal research","authors":"S. Watson, R. Westaway, N. Burnside","doi":"10.1144/sjg2019-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2019-012","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of the former NE England coalfield in Tyneside demonstrated that heat flow perturbations in boreholes were due to the entrainment and lateral dispersion of heat from deeper in the subsurface through flooded mine workings. This work assesses the influence of historical mining on geothermal observations across Greater Glasgow. The regional heat flow for Glasgow is 60 mW m−2 and, after correction for palaeoclimate, is estimated as c. 80 mW m−2. An example of reduced heat flow above mine workings is observed at Hallside (c. 10 km SE of Glasgow), where the heat flow through a 352 m deep borehole is c. 14 mW m−2. Similarly, the heat flow across the 199 m deep GGC01 borehole in the Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site is c. 44 mW m−2. The differences between these values and the expected regional heat flow suggest a significant component of horizontal heat flow into surrounding flooded mine workings. This deduction also influences the quantification of deeper geothermal resources, as extrapolation of the temperature gradient above mine workings would underestimate the temperature at depth. Future projects should consider the influence of historical mining on heat flow when temperature datasets such as these are used in the design of geothermal developments. Supplementary material: Background information on the chronology of historical mining at each borehole location and a summary of groundwater flow in mine workings beneath Glasgow are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4681100 Thematic collection: This article is part of the ‘Early Career Research’ available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/SJG-early-career-research","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"107 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2019-012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43688995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review","authors":"C. Braithwaite","doi":"10.1144/sjg2019-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2019-021","url":null,"abstract":"Sedimentary structures were one of the features that drew this reviewer to the study of Sedimentology. They are, perhaps, the most eloquent among the many details observed in rocks, speaking to us about their conditions of deposition and the environment in which this occurred. If that seems a touch anthropomorphic, well, they talk to me! This is an impressive volume, well presented on good quality paper, and a credit to the publishers. It resembled a ‘Coffee-Table book’, but this is not a criticism, the use of this term is fully justified by countless high quality colour images and prolific line illustrations of the features discussed. Pick it up, these catch the eye, and encourage further investigation. The photographs leave no doubt about the identity of the structures and the diagrams explain, with some help from the text, how and why they form. Good illustrations are not a trivial issue, so often students asked to illustrate features appear to see something quite different! There is a brief introduction to each chapter, and each includes sections on study techniques, recommended field and laboratory experience, and references. There are two novel features. The authors commonly describe simple experiments that would allow the reader to observe the effects discussed for themselves. Unusually, the references that follow chapters are limited to the names and dates of the work, but each has a brief critique of what the article cited offers to the topic addressed. Traditional bibliographic references for all chapters appear at the end of the volume. There are ten chapters, varying in length according to the material they contain. An Introduction to the study of sedimentary structures (5 pp) discusses the origins, principles, and aims of the science of sedimentology and reading is recommended. The discussion follows the various philosophical views, and principles, that have shaped sedimentology in particular, Actualism, the Uniformitarianism promoted by Lyell, and the Catastrophism espoused by Cuvier, and we see how these shaped the ways in which we look at sedimentary rocks. From the outset, the authors adopt a personal approach, addressing the reader directly and encouraging methodical observation and analysis. The core of the book is represented by six chapters, on Bedding (14 pp), the Basic properties of fluids, flows and sediment (24 pp), Erosional structures (relating principally to turbidite deposits, 21 pp), Depositional structures in muds, mudstones and shales (6 pp), Depositional structures of sands and sandstones (71pp), and Depositional structures in gravels, conglomerates and breccias (26 pp). These describe the characteristics of flow, and how sediments move, and generate structures ranging from ripples to large scale cross bedding. These stretch across a range of environments, from subaerial fluvial and aeolian deposits, to shallow storm deposits, bars, channels and deltas, and deep-water turbidite fans. Although the account includes ","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"179 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44819415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-carbon GeoEnergy resource options in the Midland Valley of Scotland, UK","authors":"Niklas Heinemann, Niklas Heinemann, Juan Alcalde, Gareth Johnson, Jennifer J. Roberts, A. McCay, M. G. Booth","doi":"10.1144/sjg2019-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2019-007","url":null,"abstract":"Scotland is committed to be a carbon-neutral society by 2040 and has achieved the important initial step of decarbonizing power production. However, more ambitious measures are required to fully decarbonize all of the electricity, transport and heating sectors. We explore the potential to use low-carbon GeoEnergy resources and bioenergy combined with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) in the Midland Valley area to decarbonize the Scottish economy and society. The Midland Valley has a long history of geological resource extraction and, as a result, the geology of the region is well characterized. Geothermal energy and subsurface energy storage have the potential to be implemented. Some of them, such as gravity and heat storage, could re-use the redundant mining infrastructure to decrease investment costs. Hydrogen storage could be of particular interest as the Midland Valley offers the required caprock–reservoir assemblages. BECCS is also a promising option to reduce overall CO2 emissions by between 1.10 and 4.40 MtCO2 a−1. The Midland Valley has enough space to grow the necessary crops, but CO2 storage will most likely be implemented in North Sea saline aquifers. The studied aspects suggest that the Midland Valley represents a viable option in Scotland for the exploitation of the majority of low-carbon GeoEnergy resources. Thematic collection: This article is part of the ‘Early Career Research’ available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/SJG-early-career-research","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"106 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47071592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rupture geometries in anisotropic amphibolite recorded by pseudotachylytes in the Gairloch Shear Zone, NW Scotland","authors":"L. Campbell, R. Phillips, R. Walcott, G. Lloyd","doi":"10.1144/sjg2019-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2019-003","url":null,"abstract":"Recent earthquakes involving complex multi-fault rupture have increased our appreciation of the variety of rupture geometries and fault interactions that occur within the short duration of coseismic slip. Geometrical complexities are intrinsically linked with spatially heterogeneous slip and stress drop distributions, and hence need incorporating into seismic hazard analysis. Studies of exhumed ancient fault zones facilitate investigation of rupture processes in the context of lithology and structure at seismogenic depths. In the Gairloch Shear Zone, NW Scotland, foliated amphibolites host pseudotachylytes that record rupture geometries of ancient low-magnitude (≤MW 3) seismicity. Pseudotachylyte faults are commonly foliation parallel, indicating exploitation of foliation planes as weak interfaces for seismic rupture. Discordance and complexity are introduced by fault segmentation, stepovers, branching and brecciated dilational volumes. Pseudotachylyte geometries indicate that slip nucleation initiated simultaneously across several parallel foliation planes with millimetre and centimetre separations, leading to progressive interaction and ultimately linkage of adjacent segments and branches within a single earthquake. Interacting with this structural control, a lithological influence of abundant low disequilibrium melting-point amphibole facilitated coseismic melting, with relatively high coseismic melt pressure encouraging transient dilational sites. These faults elucidate controls and processes that may upscale to large active fault zones hosting major earthquake activity. Supplementary material: Supplementary Figures 1 and 2, unannotated versions of field photographs displayed in Figures 4a and 5 respectively, are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4573256 Thematic collection: This article is part of the SJG Collection on Early-Career Research available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/SJG-early-career-research","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"75 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2019-003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46315757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled hydraulic and mechanical model of surface uplift due to mine water rebound: implications for mine water heating and cooling schemes","authors":"F. Todd, C. McDermott, A. Harris, A. Bond, S. Gilfillan","doi":"10.1144/sjg2018-028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2018-028","url":null,"abstract":"In order to establish sustainable heat loading (heat removal and storage) in abandoned flooded mine workings it is important to understand the geomechanical impact of the cyclical heat loading caused by fluid injection and extraction. This is particularly important where significantly more thermal loading is planned than naturally occurs. A simple calculation shows that the sustainable geothermal heat flux from abandoned coal mines can provide less than a tenth of Scotland's annual domestic heating demand. Any heat removal greater than the natural heat flux will lead to heat mining unless heat storage options are also considered. As a first step, a steady-state, fully saturated, 2D coupled hydromechanical model of a generalized section of pillar-and-stall workings has been created. Mine water rebound was modelled by increasing the hydrostatic pressure sequentially, in line with monitored mine water-level data from Midlothian, Scotland. The modelled uplift to water-level rise ratio of 1.4 mm m−1 is of the same order of magnitude (1 mm m−1) as that observed through interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data in the coalfield due to mine water rebound. The modelled magnitude of shear stress at the pillar corners, as a result of horizontal and vertical displacement, is shown to increase linearly with water level. Mine heat systems are expected to cause smaller changes in pressure than those modelled but the results provide initial implications on the potential geomechanical impacts of mine water heat schemes which abstract or inject water and heat into pillar-and-stall coal mine workings. Thematic collection: This article is part of the SJG Collection on Early-Career Research available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/SJG-early-career-research","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"124 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49351194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Very large convergent multi-fluted glacigenic deposits in the NW Highlands, Scotland","authors":"T. Davies, J. Warburton, J. Turnbull","doi":"10.1144/sjg2018-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2018-003","url":null,"abstract":"We describe two large convergent multi-fluted glacigenic deposits in the NW Highlands, Scotland, and point out their resemblance to a number of landforms emerging from presently deglaciating areas of Greenland and Antarctica. We suggest that they all result from locally sourced sediment being deposited by local ice-flow, which was laterally confined by the margins of much larger adjacent glaciers or ice-streams. The NW Highlands features thus seem likely to be the result of processes active during the latter part of the Devensian Glaciation. One of these deposits, on the peninsula between Loch Broom and Little Loch Broom, is evidently sourced from the west-facing Coire Dearg of Beinn Ghobhlach, but was emplaced in a WNW direction rather than along the WSW fall-line. This suggests that the ice that emplaced it was confined by the margins of large glaciers then occupying the adjacent valleys of Loch Broom and Little Loch Broom. The second much larger and more prominent deposit, in Applecross, is composed of bouldery Torridonian sandstone till emplaced on to glacially scoured bedrock; the only feasible source location for this material is about 12 km distant, which requires that the deposit was carried by ice across the trough of Strath Maol Chalum and emplaced while active ice-streams confined it laterally to its present-day location. This, in turn, requires that ice lay in the Inner Sound between Applecross and Skye to an elevation 400–500 m above present-day sea-level. The Wester Ross Re-advance of 15–14 ka left a fragment of lateral moraine against the most easterly flute and buried the distal end of the flutes with hummocky moraine. We hypothesize that the fluted deposits reflect the locations of the ice-stream margins that constrained deposition of locally derived ice-transported sediment, rather than the flow-lines of the ice-stream itself.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"155 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2018-003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47640215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The South Kintyre Basin: its role in the stratigraphical and structural evolution of the Firth of Clyde region during the Devonian–Carboniferous transition","authors":"G. M. Young, W. Caldwell","doi":"10.1144/sjg2019-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2019-001","url":null,"abstract":"Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous rocks at the southern end of the Kintyre Peninsula closely resemble those of the Kinnesswood and Clyde Sandstone formations in more easterly portions of the Firth of Clyde. For example, a previously unrecognized thick marlstone with pedogenic calcretes is present in the Kinnesswood Formation at the south tip of the peninsula and, on the west coast, south of Machrihanish, a striking cliffed exposure includes massive phreatic calcretes developed from cross-bedded sandstones and red mudstones closely resembling those of the Clyde Sandstone on Great Cumbrae. A similar phreatic calcrete unit is present in the lower part of the Ballagan Formation in south Bute. The presence of vadose and phreatic calcrete provides valuable information concerning palaeoclimatic conditions in southwestern Scotland during the Devonian–Carboniferous transition. Overlying thick volcanic rocks are correlative with the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation. The sediments accumulated in the South Kintyre Basin on the west side of the Highland Boundary Fault (HBF). Formation of this basin, and the North East Arran and Cumbraes basins in the northeastern part of the Firth of Clyde, is interpreted as a response to development of a ‘locked zone’ in the HBF during an episode of sinistral faulting.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"141 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2019-001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46352346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new cheiracanthid acanthodian from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) Orcadian Basin of Scotland and its biostratigraphic and biogeographical significance","authors":"J. D. Den Blaauwen, M. Newman, C. Burrow","doi":"10.1144/sjg2018-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2018-023","url":null,"abstract":"A number of partial articulated specimens of Cheiracanthus peachi nov. sp. have been collected from the Mey Flagstone Formation and Rousay Flagstone Formation within the Orcadian Basin of northern Scotland. The new, robust-bodied species is mainly distinguished by the scale ornament of radiating grooves rather than ridges. Compared to other Cheiracanthus species in the Orcadian Basin, C. peachi nov. sp. has quite a short range making it a useful zone fossil. As well as describing the general morphology of the specimens, we have also described and figured SEM images of scales and histological sections of all elements, enabling identification of other, isolated remains. Of particular biological interest is the identification of relatively robust, tooth-like gill rakers. Finally, the species has also been identified from isolated scales in Belarus, where it appears earlier and has a longer stratigraphical range, implying the species evolved in the marine deposits of the east and migrated west into the Orcadian Basin via the river systems.","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"166 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2018-023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44557601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book review","authors":"C. Delaney","doi":"10.1144/sjg2019-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2019-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"69 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41787055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of Middle Jurassic shallow-marine environments to syn-depositional block tilting: Isles of Skye and Raasay, NW Scotland","authors":"S. Archer, R. Steel, D. Mellere, Stuart Blackwood, B. Cullen","doi":"10.1144/sjg2018-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg2018-014","url":null,"abstract":"The Hebridean Province of NW Scotland provides insight into the interaction between tectonics and shallow-marine and tidal strait depositional environments in the Sea of the Hebrides and Inner Hebrides basins. The study tests the influence of syn-depositional block tilting on gross thickness, sand to mud ratio and the distribution of shallow-marine facies in the resulting succession. New Middle Jurassic palaeogeographical maps and stratigraphic correlations are presented that integrate both outcrop and well data and illustrate the evolution of the deltaic sedimentary system in a broad, semi-regional context. Results show that distance from the sediment entry point and the syn-rift tectonic geomorphology were the critical controls on gross thickness, sand to mud ratios and facies types. The impact of relative sea-level change is hard to detect in locations proximal to the Scottish hinterland, where sediment supply was large relative to accommodation (Ss > Ac), but becomes more influential in distal locations where eustasy and tectonic subsidence convolved to increase the influence of accommodation over sediment supply (Ac > Ss). Supplementary material: An outcrop to well log correlation exercise is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4397858","PeriodicalId":49556,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Geology","volume":"55 1","pages":"35 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1144/sjg2018-014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42442622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}