Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy最新文献

{"title":"Silent threats: awareness and attitudes to communication of SUDEP among neurologists in India: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Nandan Ravichandra ,&nbsp;Madeleine Dale ,&nbsp;Neeraj Baheti ,&nbsp;Abhijit Das ,&nbsp;Chaturbhuj Rathore ,&nbsp;Virupakshi Jalihal ,&nbsp;Rohit Shankar","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>International guidelines unequivocally endorse the importance and need to discuss Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) with people with epilepsy (PWE). India is a country accounting for a sixth of all global epilepsy burden. Despite this little is known of Indian neurologists’ knowledge and attitudes to SUDEP.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To explore India Neurologists awareness and attitudes to SUDEP communication to PWE.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional online survey of Likert response questions using validated themes, was circulated among the neurology fraternity, India. Non-discriminatory exponential snowballing technique leading to convenience non-probability sampling was used. The inquiry involved SUDEP-related topics including the awareness, knowledge, need for and importance of counselling. A comparison with other epilepsy risk counselling was made. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 275 consenting participants, a majority were male (76 %), had over 5 years of practice (63 %), were private practitioners (61 %) and working in urban areas (99 %). Almost all participants (98 %) knew of SUDEP. A fifth (20 %) counselled most or all PWE of SUDEP compared to 90 % discussing risks from daily activities, 89 % driving risk and 38 % psychiatric concerns. There were significant differences to the likelihood of SUDEP counselling being undertaken based on formal epilepsy training (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) familiarity with SUDEP guidelines (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), and SUDEP risk factors knowledge (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Further training for SUDEP risk and communication was requested by 90 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While most Indian neurologists have SUDEP awareness there is a significant gap in communication of SUDEP risks to PWE. Virtual training and education could help bridge the knowledge gap.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"131 ","pages":"Pages 212-218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional connectivity network based on scalp electroencephalogram in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","authors":"Luo Dadong ,&nbsp;Chen Sirui ,&nbsp;Liu Xuejuan ,&nbsp;Song Wenjun ,&nbsp;Dang Xiaoli ,&nbsp;Fan Zhenyu ,&nbsp;Wang Wenjie ,&nbsp;Li Junqiang ,&nbsp;Wu Zhijun ,&nbsp;Shi Bei ,&nbsp;Xu Yuanhang ,&nbsp;Zhao Xinyi ,&nbsp;Liu Yanjun ,&nbsp;Liu jiayi ,&nbsp;Zhang Wenzhao ,&nbsp;Wang Tiancheng","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Advances in neuroimaging technology have identified epilepsy as a disorder of brain network dysfunction. Previous research has confirmed alterations in the brain functional network of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). However, studies investigating brain network changes in JME patients under different intervention conditions remain scarce.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The manuscript included 32 JME patients who met the ILAE diagnostic criteria, and 36 long-term video EEG records were collected and analyzed. Patients were classified into three groups according to their drug treatment status and reaction: the drug-naive group, the seizure-free group and the poor-controlled group. Based on the brain networks derived from electroencephalogram (EEG) data, network analysis, equivalent dipole source location analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis were conducted. Multiple hypothesis T-Tests were used to assess the difference in various indicators of brain networks enriched for strong functional connectivity (ρ &gt; 0.7) between different patient groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant differences were found in brain network diameter, shortest path length, transmissibility, and subgroup count between the drug-naïve and seizure-free groups. In contrast, no differences were detected between the drug-naïve and poor-controlled groups. K-means clustering achieved 89 % specificity and 83 % sensitivity in classifying JME patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>(1) The topological characteristics of brain networks show significant associations with clinical symptom severity in JME patients, demonstrating their value as potential biomarkers for monitoring treatment response. (2) While group-specific variations exist, the overall brain network topology remains indistinguishable across all JME patients, indicating a stable disease-related reorganization. (3) Observed hemispheric lateralization in brain network topology highlights potential targets for neuromodulatory interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 159-165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral epilepsia partialis continua in POLG related mitochondrial disease","authors":"Thuppanattumadam Ananthasubramanian Sangeeth ,&nbsp;LG Viswanathan ,&nbsp;Seshagiri DV ,&nbsp;Shilpa Rao ,&nbsp;Madhu Nagappa ,&nbsp;Jitender Saini ,&nbsp;Sanjib Sinha","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"131 ","pages":"Pages 200-202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute symptomatic seizures in patients admitted with autoimmune encephalitis","authors":"Julien Hébert ,&nbsp;Lucy Jia ,&nbsp;Carla Kim ,&nbsp;John Budrow ,&nbsp;Jieru E. Lin ,&nbsp;Pallavi Juneja ,&nbsp;Safa Kaleem ,&nbsp;Donald Langan ,&nbsp;Will T. Harris ,&nbsp;Hai E. Hoang ,&nbsp;Hyunmi Choi ,&nbsp;Kiran T. Thakur","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There is a paucity of information on factors that could identify patients hospitalized with autoimmune encephalitis at risk of developing acute symptomatic seizures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this retrospective cohort study, patients hospitalized with probable or definite AE who underwent an electroencephalogram (EEG) were identified from two tertiary care centers located in New York (NY, USA) between 2010 and 2021. Electrographic, immunologic, and clinical features associated with the development of seizures were incorporated into a logistic regression model using a stepwise forward model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>One-hundred-and-five patients were included. Median age at symptomatic onset was 42 years and 57 patients (54 %) were female. The median time from symptom onset to admission, length of hospital stay, and duration of EEG recording were, respectively, 38, 23, and 5 days. Seventy-two patients hospitalized for autoimmune encephalitis (69 %) had acute symptomatic seizures. Interictal discharges on EEG (OR=3.91; <em>p</em> = 0.045)—especially when periodic (OR=12.63; <em>p</em> = 0.015)—and cell-surface autoantibodies (OR=6.77; <em>p</em> = 0.008) were associated with the development of acute seizures. While lower CSF protein concentration was associated with the development of seizures in univariate analysis, this was no longer statistically significant after adjusting for age and autoantibody status (OR=0.99; <em>p</em> = 0.052).</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>Acute symptomatic seizures are common in patients hospitalized with AE, especially in those with interictal epileptiform or periodic discharges on EEG and cell-surface autoantibodies. The association between lower CSF protein concentration and acute symptomatic seizures is likely confounded by age and autoantibody status.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 166-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of autonomic tone and cerebral hemodynamics in children with Dravet syndrome","authors":"Pooja Dhir ,&nbsp;Kiran Prakash ,&nbsp;Sandeep Negi ,&nbsp;Abhay Partap Maurya ,&nbsp;Parteek Bhatia ,&nbsp;Priyanka Madaan ,&nbsp;Anupriya Kaur ,&nbsp;Naveen Sankhyan ,&nbsp;Parampreet Singh Kharbanda ,&nbsp;Jitendra Kumar Sahu","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The mortality in Dravet syndrome (DS) due to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients (SUDEP) or status epilepticus (SE) is a major concern, and autonomic tone dysfunction is implicated as a potential contributing factor. This study evaluated autonomic dysfunction by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) and cerebral hemodynamic by assessing cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) using Transcranial Doppler in children with DS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This prospective study enrolled children with DS and age-and sex-matched healthy control group (HCs). We measured HRV on short-term electrocardiograms (ECGs) recorded at PowerLab 15T instrument. HRV parameters were analysed in time domain, frequency domain, and by non-linear methods and compared with HCs. Furthermore, we assessed CBFV in DS (<em>n</em> = 33) and compared with normative data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>HRV was significantly reduced in children with DS (<em>n</em> = 51) compared with HCs (<em>n</em> = 55) across multiple parameters, including SDRR (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001), SDSD (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001), RMSSD (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001), pRR50 (<em>p</em> = 0.0023), total power (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001), LF power (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001), LF ( %) (<em>p</em> = 0.0485), HF power (<em>p</em> = 0.0002), SD1 (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001), and SD2 (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001). A significant negative correlation was observed in HRV [LF (nu)] and epilepsy severity score (<em>p</em> = 0.048). CBFV parameters were significantly reduced compared with normative data and significantly negatively correlated with epilepsy severity scores, peak systolic velocity (PSV) (<em>p</em> = 0.001), mean velocity (<em>p</em> = 0.006), and peak diastolic velocity (<em>p</em> = 0.021).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our study provides proof-of-concept of depressed autonomic tone and altered cerebral hemodynamic in DS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"131 ","pages":"Pages 193-199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality in epilepsy following brain infections in adults: A register-based population-wide study","authors":"Johan Zelano ,&nbsp;Gabriel Westman","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Acquired epilepsy is associated with increased risk of death, but whether this extends to epilepsy after brain infections is unknown. Our objective was to estimate mortality and causes of death in patients with epilepsy after four types of brain infections.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A population-wide Swedish cohort was created from the National Patient Registry, including all patients over 18 years of age who received inpatient care in 2000–2010 for herpes encephalitis, brain abscesses, other encephalitis, or bacterial meningitis. Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to compare the hazard ratio for death after epilepsy, adjusting for age, sex, disease severity and comorbidities.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 5446 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria, out of which 574 had post-infectious epilepsy. In time-updated and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, epilepsy was associated with an increased risk of death in patients surviving bacterial meningitis (HR 1.7 [1.3–2.4]) or other encephalitis (HR 2.6 [1.9–3.5]), but not brain abscesses or herpes encephalitis. Dominating causes of death were vascular causes and neoplasms.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>The difference in associations between epilepsy and death after different brain infections, in combination with epilepsy being a rare underlying cause of death, suggests that patients with postinfectious epilepsy may not only need optimal epilepsy treatment, but also careful attention to particularly vascular comorbidities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"131 ","pages":"Pages 180-184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vigorous exercise-induced reflex seizures in an adolescent girl: A case report","authors":"Zhong-Jin Wang ,&nbsp;Wen-Jie Ming ,&nbsp;Fang Li ,&nbsp;Shuang Wang ,&nbsp;Chun-Hong Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.06.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.06.023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 147-149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ictal religious speech as a semiology of non-convulsive status epilepticus emerging from the right frontal lobe","authors":"Lorena Franco-Rubio,&nbsp;Adela Maruri-Pérez,&nbsp;Ana Aldaz-Burgoa,&nbsp;Nicolás Rodríguez-Albacete,&nbsp;Lucía López-Trashorras,&nbsp;Pablo Abizanda-Saro,&nbsp;Pablo Mayo-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Clara Lastras-Fernández-Escandón,&nbsp;Beatriz Parejo-Carbonell,&nbsp;Irene García-Morales","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.06.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.06.014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"131 ","pages":"Pages 190-192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy in children with drug refractory focal epilepsy – A randomized trial","authors":"Rahul Sinha ,&nbsp;Prashant Jauhari ,&nbsp;Atin Kumar ,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Suman Jain ,&nbsp;Sheffali Gulati ,&nbsp;Biswaroop Chakrabarty ,&nbsp;Sonali Singh ,&nbsp;Manjari Tripathi ,&nbsp;R․M Pandey ,&nbsp;Ashish Datt Upadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.06.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.06.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can suppress local neural circuits beyond the stimulation period and can be a potential treatment option for focal epilepsy. This study analysed the short-term effect of rTMS on seizure frequency, EEG, behavior, and cognition in children with drug refractory focal epilepsy (DRFE).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a single center, randomized double-blind sham controlled clinical trial <em>(CTRI/2019/02/017,440).</em> Children aged 5 to 18 years with DRFE with ≥ four focal seizures per month despite on ≥ two appropriately chosen antiseizure medications (ASMs) randomly received active or sham rTMS treatment along with the ongoing ASMs. Intervention comprised of 45 min rTMS sessions of 0.5 Hz (1200 pulses at 110 % of resting motor threshold (RMT) targeted over seizure focus using figure-of-8 coil for 10 consecutive days. The primary outcome was to compare the proportion of children who achieved &gt;50 % seizure reduction in active and sham arm at 8-week post-therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Forty-nine children were enrolled in the trial (25 active and 24 sham). All randomized participants received the allocated treatment. No attrition occurred. Active rTMS therapy led to &gt;50 % seizure reduction in 76 % (19/25) children versus 12.5 % (03/24) in sham arm (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001) with absolute risk difference (95 % CI) between the groups was 0.68 (0.52, 0.84). Mean (SD) reduction in spike wave index (SWI) in sleep EEG was 34.4(29.9) with rTMS vs -1.89(22.5) in sham arm with absolute risk difference (95 % CI) -36.4(-51.7, -21.1). Between active and sham group mean (SD) change in Intelligence quotient (IQ) was 3.7(2.8) vs -0.91(3.1), p value 0.001; Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores improved in behavioral domains of inattention (-5.5(3.8) vs 0.41(2.7), <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001; hyperactivity -3.8(4.1) vs -0.5(2.8), <em>p</em> &lt; 0.006 and aggression -4.1(2.4) vs 0.40(2.8), <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001. Adverse effects were primarily limited to headache and scalp discomfort.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Adjunctive low frequency rTMS may induce better short-term seizure control and electrographic improvement compared to sham stimulation in children with DRFE. These results will serve as a basis for a larger multicentric clinical trial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 150-158"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective multicenter study on cryptogenic NORSE/FIRES patients treated with anakinra","authors":"G Giussani ,&nbsp;E Bianchi ,&nbsp;CM Bonardi ,&nbsp;S Sartori ,&nbsp;S Buratti ,&nbsp;E Campostrini ,&nbsp;G Cantalupo ,&nbsp;AL Ghobert ,&nbsp;CA Cesaroni ,&nbsp;A Fetta ,&nbsp;E Freri ,&nbsp;L Giordano ,&nbsp;S Olivotto ,&nbsp;G Toscano ,&nbsp;A Papa ,&nbsp;F Brustia ,&nbsp;M Vissani ,&nbsp;S Micheli ,&nbsp;R Dilena","doi":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.06.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seizure.2025.06.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is a neurological emergency characterized by persistent seizures despite two appropriate antiseizure medications. It is defined as new-onset RSE (NORSE) when occurring in previously healthy people. NORSE is defined as cryptogenic (cNORSE) when no cause is found. Febrile‐infection related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is now defined as the cNORSE variant preceded by fever. In 2016 anakinra was reported effective in an anecdotal case. After this experience, second-line immunotherapy has been increasingly used, being incorporated in cNORSE recommendations in 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a retrospective study in an Italian case series of 14 patients with cNORSE (including FIRES cases) treated with anakinra in Italy before implementation of the international recommendations, that could serve as historical reference for futures studies based on the shared recommendations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In our population higher duration of intensive care stay period was associated with later time of anakinra use, although no evidence of efficacy on the long-term neurological outcome was demonstrated.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is an urgent need for well-designed head-to-head multicenter prospective clinical trials to clarify the benefits of available treatments and the role of biomarkers to guide choices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49552,"journal":{"name":"Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy","volume":"130 ","pages":"Pages 141-146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}