{"title":"Advancements in Understanding and Techniques for Enhancing Bone Tunnel Healing Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Wenjie Gao, Pengfei Zhao, Yue Dai, Benjie Wang","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review synthesizes recent advancements in surgical innovations and biological augmentation strategies aimed at enhancing bone tunnel healing after ACL reconstruction. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains the gold standard for restoring knee function, yet suboptimal bone tunnel healing impedes graft integration and functional recovery; this biologically complex process-involving osteoblast activation, fibrovascular tissue formation, and endochondral/intramembranous ossification-is critically modulated by biomechanical and biochemical factors. We critically evaluate emerging surgical techniques (e.g., tunnel positioning optimization, fixation methods) and biological interventions (e.g., growth factor delivery, stem cell therapy), highlighting their mechanistic roles in accelerating osteointegration and mitigating healing failure risks. Evidence-based integration of these innovations demonstrates significant potential to improve graft stability, accelerate rehabilitation, and optimize long-term patient outcomes. (Level of Evidence: Level V).</p>","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145821798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna M Ifarraguerri, Christian K Law, Kyle K Obana, Michael S Collins, Christopher Hart, Nady Hamid, Patrick N Siparsky, David P Trofa, Bryan M Saltzman
{"title":"All-Suture Anchors Demonstrate Equivalent Recurrent Instability Rates and Patient-reported Outcomes After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair Compared to Conventional Suture Anchors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Anna M Ifarraguerri, Christian K Law, Kyle K Obana, Michael S Collins, Christopher Hart, Nady Hamid, Patrick N Siparsky, David P Trofa, Bryan M Saltzman","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study is to systematically review and analyze the clinical outcomes of all suture anchors (ASA) compared to conventional suture anchors (CSA) in patients undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR) for anterior shoulder instability. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was performed from inception through March 2024. Studies reporting clinical outcomes of patients who underwent ABR with ASA for anterior shoulder instability were included. The meta-analysis on each outcome measure is presented in forest plots detailing the mean difference for continuous variables or odds ratio for dichotomous variables. 13 articles assessing 878 patients were included, with 497 and 381 utilizing ASA and CSA, respectively. There were no significant differences between the ASA and CSA groups across recurrent instability, redislocation, or patient-reported outcome scores. At 2-year follow-up, ASA demonstrates equivalent recurrent instability rates, reoperation rates, and patient-reported outcomes in patients undergoing ABR for anterior instability.</p>","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145764498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theofylaktos Kyriakidis, Konstantinos Makiev, Vasileios Davitis, René Verdonk, Efthymios Iliopoulos
{"title":"The Use of Allografts in Ankle Injuries.","authors":"Theofylaktos Kyriakidis, Konstantinos Makiev, Vasileios Davitis, René Verdonk, Efthymios Iliopoulos","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ankle sprains can damage the lateral ankle ligament complex, resulting in lateral ankle instability or intra-articular cartilage damage, like osteochondral defects (OCD). Both ankle instability and OCD can lead to ankle osteoarthritis, resulting in substantial disability and negatively impacting patients' quality of life. Treating these lesions could be challenging, and various surgical procedures have been described in the literature, including allografts, which have gained popularity and shown promising results in the last few years. The main advantages of allografts include the absence of donor site morbidity, the single-stage procedure, the reduced surgical time, and the alleviation of the possible iatrogenic weakening of the graft. In addition, in cases of OCD, allografts can effectively replace the subchondral bone and are suitable for irregularly shaped defects. Recent literature has demonstrated that allografts significantly improve functional scores and patient-reported outcomes measures and, therefore, are a valuable option to cope with these ankle pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":"33 4","pages":"148-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145432859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use of Allografts in Sports Medicine-Part II.","authors":"Theofylaktos Kyriakidis, René Verdonk","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000438","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":"33 4","pages":"133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145432818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Iosifidis, Myrto-Aikaterini Iosifidou, Alexandros Tzaveas, Theofylaktos Kyriakidis
{"title":"The Use of Allografts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: An Overview.","authors":"Michael Iosifidis, Myrto-Aikaterini Iosifidou, Alexandros Tzaveas, Theofylaktos Kyriakidis","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The choice of graft for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is still controversial. Traditionally, allografts were reserved for revision cases. However, their use is constantly increasing in standard primary ACLRs. The main benefits of allografts include no donor-site morbidity, larger graft sizes, shorter operative times, and reduced postoperative pain. Recent literature has demonstrated that allografts are effective and safe, but studies have reported inferior or similar clinical outcomes. Compared with irradiated allografts, a low failure rate was observed when using nonirradiated allografts. Allograft ACLR showed comparable failure rates between sexes but displayed suboptimal graft failure outcomes in younger and active patients. Donor age does not seem to influence the biomechanical properties of allografts negatively. In addition, within the first year of recovery after ACLR, patients who receive allografts and autografts may have significantly different perceived abilities to perform activities or return to sports. Finally, the cost is higher with allografts, so if autografts are available, allografts are not cost-effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":"33 4","pages":"134-139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145432813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cell Transplantation Techniques for Cartilage Restoration.","authors":"Fabio Valerio Sciarretta","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Focal articular chondral lesions are a common finding among patients presenting with knee pain, which have been reported with an incidence of up to 60% to 65% during knee arthroscopies. When symptomatic and not responding to conservative treatment measures, cell transplantation techniques can offer a valid treatment solution to regenerate cartilage, due to articular cartilage's very limited self-repair capability. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has been used clinically for more than 20 years, with short, medium, and long-term clinical outcomes diffusely reported in the literature. To overcome ACI limitations, other cell transplantation techniques have been considered as treatment modalities for cartilage defect repair. Mesenchymal stem cells induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC); Scaffold-based cell transplantation techniques such as AMIC and LIPO-AMIC procedures, and allogeneic cell transplantation and allograft cell transplantation have, in recent years, become a successful alternative treatment. This article analyzes clinical data and literature findings on the various cell transplantation cartilage repair techniques from bench and bedside, including all the various options for patients with full-thickness cartilage defects, aiming to outline the past, present, and future of cell therapies for articular cartilage defect repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":"33 4","pages":"140-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145432892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian J Cole, Yusuf Mufti, Jared Sachs, Chloe Franzia, Andrew S Bi, Jorge Chahla, Susan Chubinskaya, Rachel M Frank, Ron Gilat, Adam B Yanke
{"title":"An Update on Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation.","authors":"Brian J Cole, Yusuf Mufti, Jared Sachs, Chloe Franzia, Andrew S Bi, Jorge Chahla, Susan Chubinskaya, Rachel M Frank, Ron Gilat, Adam B Yanke","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation has become a reliable treatment for cartilage defects of the knee, with advancements in recent decades allowing for greater use and effectiveness. This review analyzes the evolution of OCAs through in vitro, translational, and clinical research, highlighting advancements in patient selection, defect characteristics, graft matching, storage, and intraoperative preparation. Looking at long-term clinical outcomes, the success of OCAs is significantly influenced by factors such as age, BMI, defect size, and several other intraoperative and demographic variables. Recent innovations, including orthobiologic augmentation, have augmented graft viability and integration. A number of variations in technique have allowed osteochondral grafts to be used for a wider range of lesions. In addition, emerging alternatives to OCA, technologies such as synthetic scaffolds and decellularized and cryopreserved grafts, show great promise, although more data are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":"33 4","pages":"155-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145432842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guillermo Araujo-Espinoza, Rachel J Patel, Nicholas Bertha, Evan H Richman, Daniel J Stokes, Rachel M Frank
{"title":"Meniscus Allograft Transplantation.","authors":"Guillermo Araujo-Espinoza, Rachel J Patel, Nicholas Bertha, Evan H Richman, Daniel J Stokes, Rachel M Frank","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meniscus allograft transplantation restores knee function and alleviates pain in symptomatic patients with irreparable meniscus loss, particularly in younger individuals without advanced arthritis. Surgical techniques such as bone bridge, bone plug, and all-soft tissue aim to replicate native meniscus root attachments for optimal biomechanical restoration and graft stability. Clinical outcomes and return to sport rates are generally quite favorable, with no clear advantage of one technique over the others. Debate continues about proper methods for tissue processing, sizing, and rehabilitation protocols; ultimately, the choice often relies on the surgeon's preference and graft availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":"33 3","pages":"113-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use of Allografts in Sports Medicine - Part I.","authors":"René Verdonk, Theofylaktos Kyriakidis","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000432","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":"33 3","pages":"83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vasileios S Akrivos, Nifon Gkekas, Ilias Chantes, George A Komnos, Antonios A Koutalos, Nikolaos Stefanou, Michael Hantes
{"title":"Allograft Use in Peripheral Knee Ligament Injuries (MCL and LCL): A Systematic Review.","authors":"Vasileios S Akrivos, Nifon Gkekas, Ilias Chantes, George A Komnos, Antonios A Koutalos, Nikolaos Stefanou, Michael Hantes","doi":"10.1097/JSA.0000000000000429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comprehensive studies on the exclusive use of allografts for medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posterolateral corner (PLC) reconstruction are limited. This review assessed clinical and functional outcomes of allograft use for MCL and PLC reconstruction. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. A systematic search of the literature was performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane (CENTRAL), and Scopus databases to identify published articles on clinical studies relevant to MCL and LCL reconstruction with the use of allografts. The results of the eligible studies were analyzed in terms of stability and functional outcomes, Lysholm score, objective and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, Tegner activity scale, Cincinnati Knee Rating System, Marx score, complications, and graft failure. Nineteen studies with 547 patients undergoing LCL reconstructions using allografts were analyzed. The most common allograft used was the Achilles tendon. Mean lateral opening improved from 6.21 mm preoperatively to 1.88 mm postoperatively, with IKDC and Lysholm scores increasing significantly (44.02 to 74.78 and 53.44 to 85.68, respectively). The failure rate for LCL/PLC reconstructions was 11.13%, and complications occurred in 19.75%. For MCL reconstructions, 5 studies with 135 patients showed a reduction in medial opening from 9.7 mm to 2.33 mm, with increases in IKDC and Lysholm scores (49.8 to 75.92 and 69.3 to 85.46, respectively). The failure rate was 4.19%, with a 10.93% complication rate. The use of allografts for LCL and PLC reconstruction demonstrated satisfactory outcomes, with stable and functional knees, though there was a relatively high graft failure rate. Similarly, positive results were observed in MCL reconstruction with allografts. Level of Evidence: Level-IV.</p>","PeriodicalId":49481,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review","volume":"33 3","pages":"93-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}