Western North American Naturalist最新文献

{"title":"Trachelipus rathkii (Brandt, 1833) in Alberta, the First Report of a Terrestrial Isopod from the Prairie Provinces, Canada (Isopoda: Oniscidea)","authors":"Weichun Li","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Terrestrial isopods have received scant attention in Canada, especially in the Prairie Provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Prior to this study, terrestrial isopods have yet to be reported from the Prairie Provinces. In this work, Trachelipus rathkii (Brandt, 1833) is reported from Alberta for the first time. The descriptions and illustrations of the species are provided in detail. Resumen. Los isópodos terrestres han recibido poca atención en Canadá, especialmente en las provincias de las praderas de Alberta, Saskatchewan y Manitoba. Antes de este estudio, no existían reportes acerca de la presencia de isópodos terrestres en las provincias de las praderas. Este trabajo reporta por primera vez al isópodo terrestre Trachelipus rathkii (Brandt, 1833) en Alberta, presentando descripciones e ilustraciones detalladas de la especie.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"56 1","pages":"271 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74767275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Succession Following Prescribed Fire in Low Sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula var. Arbuscula) Steppe","authors":"J. Bates, K. Davies","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We evaluated plant community succession following prescribed fire on Artemisia arbuscula var. arbuscula (Nutt.) McMinn (low sagebrush) steppe in southeastern Oregon. Treatments were “prescribed burned” (burn; fall 2012) and “unburned” (control) A. arbuscula steppe, and the study design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates per treatment. Herbaceous yield and vegetation canopy cover and density were compared between treatments (2012–2020). Fire practically eliminated A. arbuscula and there was no recruitment of new plants in the first 8 years after burning. Herbaceous yield in the burn treatment was about double the control for most of the postfire period. Native perennial grasses and forbs constituted 94% to 96% and Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) 0.2% to 2% of total herbaceous yield in the control. In the burn treatment, perennial grasses and forbs constituted 83% to 87%, native annual forbs 2% to 5%, and B. tectorum 3% to 9% of total herbaceous yield. Despite an increase in B. tectorum, the burned A. arbuscula sites were dominated by herbaceous perennial grasses and forbs and exhibited high levels of resilience and resistance. After prescribed fire, for the study sites and comparable A. arbuscula associations, weed control or seeding are not necessary to recover the native herbaceous community. However, the results in our study are for low-severity prescribed fire in intact A. arbuscula plant communities. Higher-severity fire, as might occur with wildfire, and in A. arbuscula communities having greater prefire invasive weed composition should not be assumed to develop similarly high levels of community resilience and resistance.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"27 1","pages":"50 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87515251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Record of Jaguar (Panthera onca) and Potential Prey Species in Sierra de Quila, Jalisco, Mexico","authors":"Efrén Moreno-Arzate, L. I. Íñiguez-Dávalos, J. Servín, M. M. Ramírez-Martínez, M. Ribeiro, Rafael Sevilla","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The jaguar (Panthera onca) is considered a keystone species for neotropical ecosystems. Jaguar records in natural protected areas (NPAs) are important to manage and maintain the long-term occupancy of the species in a region. The objectives of this study are to report the first jaguar records in the Sierra de Quila, Jalisco, Mexico, and to report observations of potential prey items. Between February 2018 and January 2019, 24 camera traps were placed for 180 days during 3 seasons, with a total capture effort of 3216 trap nights. Four hundred and two independent records were obtained from 17 species of wild mammals and 3 domestic species. In February, 2 photographs of a jaguar were recorded at a single sampling point in the Sierra de Quila Flora and Fauna Protection Area. They correspond to the same individual, presumably an adult male. Subsequently, in July, a photograph of a jaguar was recorded at another sampling point. These records represent a 69-km extension of the known jaguar distribution, to the center of Jalisco, and increase the number of mammal species known for this NPA.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"24 1","pages":"159 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84125867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Different Translocation Release Methods for Desert Bighorn Sheep","authors":"Taylor S. Daily, C. E. González, L. Harveson, W. Conway, Froylán Hernández","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Historically, desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) were prevalent throughout the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. However, they were extirpated by the 1960s due to unregulated hunting, habitat loss, predation, and disease transmission from livestock. Restoration efforts have been successfully conducted by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to increase population numbers of resident (i.e., animals that currently populate a region of interest) desert bighorn sheep at Black Gap Wildlife Management Area (BGWMA) through the use of translocations. Because there is a lack of knowledge on alternative release methods for large mammal translocations, our goals were to monitor cause-specific mortality and postrelease survival of desert bighorn sheep translocated during 2017. Survival estimates of desert bighorn sheep were compared amongst resident, hard-released, and soft-released individuals throughout the study. In winter 2017–2018, we radio-collared and released 30 resident (8 M, 22 F) and 70 within-state-translocated (36 M, 34 F) desert bighorn to BGWMA. Of the 70 translocated individuals, 28 (12 M, 16 F) were hard released (i.e., released immediately onto the landscape) and 42 (24 M, 18 F) were soft released (i.e., released into an enclosure before onto the landscape). Resident desert bighorn had the highest probability of survival over time (Ŝ = 0.83), followed by hard-released (Ŝ = 0.67) and then soft-released (Ŝ = 0.54) individuals. To date, 26 mortalities (13 M, 13 F) were recorded. Of those mortalities, 4 were residents (15%), 6 were hard released (23%), and 16 were soft released (62%). The soft release is thought to be a better strategy for translocating large mammals; however, in this study, it did not improve survival. Survival is potentially influenced by acclimation time and individual exit strategy from the soft-release pen, which should be managed for future restoration efforts. Incorporating a flushing-method exit strategy would aid in removing soft-released individuals from the high-fenced pen simultaneously and may increase survival estimates. This could potentially allow individuals to form larger groups when exiting the enclosure and entering the new habitat. The soft-release method is also more costly to implement, which could be challenging for wildlife managers.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"15 1","pages":"94 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79737511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Occupancy of Bats with Acoustic Data: Power and Sample Size Recommendations","authors":"Jeremy A. Baumgardt, M. Morrison, L. Brennan, H. Davis, R. Fern, J. Szewczak, Tyler Campbell","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0104","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Bats are difficult to study due to their nocturnal, cryptic, and highly vagile nature. Ongoing advances in acoustic recording hardware and call classification software have made species detection and activity monitoring more feasible. Our objectives were to determine the effort necessary to monitor bat assemblages using an occupancy framework and acoustic data and to provide guidelines for researchers interested in developing similar monitoring programs. We collected data at 2 study areas in South Texas from June through September in 2015, 2016, and 2017. We used Pettersson D500X Mk II real-time full-spectrum detectors and classified sound files using SonoBat bat call analysis software. We attempted to collect data during 2 visits to individual sites, with up to 5 consecutive nights per visit each year. We estimated occupancy rates for each species in each study area using occupancy models in Program MARK and included terms to define trends in detection probability through the season. Over the 3 years of our study, we sampled 106 sites with 803 sampling nights and classified a total of 2880 sound files to 7 species. Data sets for 6 of the species supported models indicating that detection probability varied throughout our sampling period. Our results generally indicate that sample sizes between 10 and 20 sites would be required to detect declines in occupancy of 50% over 25 years using 10 nights per site with a starting occupancy rate of 0.70. Detecting declines of 30% in 10 years may require >75 sampling sites. Finally, our analysis shows that recognizing seasonal variation in detection probability, and then timing surveys accordingly, can greatly reduce sample size requirements.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"4 1","pages":"36 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76366759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences between Northern and Southern Female Coyotes","authors":"Alina Gabriela Monroy-Gamboa","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0119","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The coyote (Canis latrans) has a wide distribution range, spanning boreal forests from the north of the continent to tropical environments in Central America, showing great adaptation and plasticity. Bergmann's rule states that individuals inhabiting colder climates are larger than those in warmer climates. It is suggested that in carnivore species, litter size is influenced by allometric constraints such as maternal body size. The aim of this study is to analyze the relations using correlation between female coyote mass, latitude, and litter size. Using data compiled from the literature, I carried out statistical analyses to correlate female body size, litter size, and latitude for coyotes across their distribution range. The results indicated a soft significant correlation between female body size and latitude, confirming Bergmann's rule. However, no significant correlation was found between litter size and latitude or between litter size and female body size; litter size in coyotes remains roughly uniform across their distribution range.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"6 3","pages":"183 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72539646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Responses of Native Fishes in Two Headwater Tributaries of the Gila River Following Severe Wildfires","authors":"C. Hedden, D. Propst, K. Gido, S. C. Hedden, J. Whitney","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. High-severity wildfires are becoming increasingly common across the American Southwest, and knowledge of how these fires affect native organisms is essential for their conservation. We evaluated changes in fish densities and habitat over 7 and 23 years in 2 tributaries of the Gila River, New Mexico, that experienced large wildfires. The Miller Fire affected Little Creek in 2011 and was followed by moderate monsoonal flooding. The Silver Fire affected Black Canyon in 2013 and was followed by a large monsoonal flood. These 2 headwater streams responded differently to wildfire. Influx of sediments reduced stream depth by 59% and increased fine substrates by 51% following the fire in Black Canyon, while these parameters were relatively unchanged by fire in Little Creek. Native fish densities declined to zero immediately following the wildfire and monsoonal flooding in Black Canyon, and recovery was slow (∼8 years). In contrast, Little Creek fish density declined marginally following wildfires and returned to near prefire levels within one year. The response to wildfires at these 2 locations illustrates how the interaction of wildfire characteristics, catchment features, and post-wildfire precipitation events influence the impact of wildfire disturbance of stream ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"4 1","pages":"201 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78639560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Variation Influences Flowering Time Overlap in a Pair of Hybridizing Montane Plants","authors":"Kelly A. Carscadden, D. Doak, N. Emery","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0112","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Flowering time is sensitive to climatic conditions and has been a frequent focus of climate change research, yet the implications of phenological shifts for hybridization within plant communities have seldom been explored. Reproductive overlap between interfertile species is a key requirement for the production of hybrid (inter-species) offspring, and climate change may influence the opportunities for hybrid production through changes to species' flowering time, duration, and overlap with other species. To test how climate variation influences flowering overlap between hybridizing species, we analyzed 45 years of flowering phenology data on 2 common plants in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado that are known to produce hybrids (Potentilla pulcherrima and Potentilla hippiana, family Rosaceae). We estimated flowering overlap from flowering distributions in 2 ways that focus on how similar species are in terms of flowering time (“symmetric overlap”) or relative floral abundance across the season (“relative overlap”). We found that the 2 species had similar phenological responses to most climate variables. Both flowered earlier in years with warm, dry growing seasons preceded by earlier snowmelt and winters with less snow, and later in cool, wet growing seasons with later snowmelt after winters with heavy snowfall. Precipitation was the best predictor of flowering time overlap. In wetter years, both species flowered later and longer, and reached peak flowering date at a more similar time in the growing season. While our results suggest that precipitation patterns influence the extent of flowering overlap between these 2 species in any given growing season, precipitation has not consistently increased or decreased in this region over the past 45 years, and therefore we do not see a consistent signature of global climate change on flowering overlap. Finally, we found that even though temperature was an important predictor of flowering phenology within each species, it was not a major driver of overlap between species, emphasizing that data on individual species responses cannot necessarily predict how climate change will affect species interactions.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"37 1","pages":"128 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73044184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Livestock Depredation by Jaguars Associated with Dry-Season Core-Use Areas in a Northeastern Mexico Agrolandscape","authors":"A. Silva-Caballero, L. Bender, O. Rosas-Rosas","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Predation by jaguars (Panthera onca) on livestock can foster human intolerance and drive human–jaguar conflicts. Understanding distributional patterns that characterize depredation can help guide strategies to ameliorate these interactions, which is important because human conflicts are the main threat to the endangered jaguar in Mexico. We used clusters of satellite telemetry locations to evaluate spatial patterns of jaguars and jaguar predation/scavenging sites of livestock and wild ungulates in the Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve (RBSAT) and surrounding agrolandscape of northeastern Mexico, where livestock composed 66% of the biomass of jaguar diets. Distribution of livestock sites was significantly associated with jaguar core areas (i.e., 50% autocorrelated KDEs) during the dry season, while wild ungulate sites were distributed similarly with respect to core areas of jaguars across both dry and wet seasons. It is unknown whether these results reflect increased chance encounters between jaguars and livestock during the dry season due to the presence of limited permanent water sources concentrating livestock (and natural prey), or due to jaguars actively seeking livestock or livestock carcasses during the dry season.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"75 1","pages":"177 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86182088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of Greater Sage-Grouse at a Solar Energy Facility in Wyoming","authors":"Michael B. Gerringer, Kurt T. Smith, Karl L. Kosciuch","doi":"10.3398/064.082.0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.082.0121","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Photovoltaic, utility-scale solar energy (PV USSE) development is expected to expand in the United States over the next decade and has the potential to impact wildlife through direct mortality and habitat loss. However, the current understanding of wildlife responses, including responses of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter, sage-grouse), to solar energy development is limited, resulting in uncertainty about potential impacts associated with development and operation. During bird and bat carcass searches at a PV USSE facility in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, we opportunistically observed sage-grouse foraging and loafing inside the facility. We recorded 19 groups of live sage-grouse, representing a total of 47 observations of sage-grouse during 2 years of environmental monitoring. An additional 8 groups were recorded by trail cameras, representing 11 observations of sage-grouse. Observations occurred between early June and mid-January, with 74% of observations occurring between mid-August and mid-November. It is possible that sage-grouse may have used the facility for increased foraging opportunities or thermal refuge. However, our observational study does not provide evidence that sage-grouse necessarily selected for areas within the facility. Additional research on resource selection and demographic responses by sage-grouse would provide more inference on how sage-grouse respond to PV USSE development.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"67 1","pages":"196 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89509539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}