Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society最新文献

{"title":"Rethinking holotypes: how environmental silicon shapes sponge skeletons and their taxonomic interpretation","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag157","url":null,"abstract":"<span class=\"paragraphSection\">Routine taxonomic identification of sponges (phylum Porifera) relies largely on skeletal features and, despite the development of molecular markers, the skeletal approach persists because of its practicality. However, skeletal variability of uncertain origin often complicates species-level diagnoses. Using three common Mediterranean siliceous sponges, we experimentally demonstrate that environmental concentrations of silicic acid (dSi)—the raw material used by sponges for skeleton formation—is a major driver of skeletal diversity, significantly influencing the diversity of skeletal elements (spicules) produced and their dimensions. Most wild individuals of these three demosponges exhibit underdeveloped spicule inventories in their natural habitats, which are characterized by low dSi concentrations (∼1 µM). When transferred to laboratory conditions with experimentally elevated environmental dSi (up to 100 µM), sponges develop more complex spicule inventories. The experimentally induced skeletal differences are so pronounced that low-dSi and high-dSi conspecifics could easily be misidentified as different species in skeletal-based studies. The findings further suggest that shallow-water siliceous demosponges, systematically outcompeted by diatoms in terms of dSi uptake, frequently encounter dSi concentrations in their habitats below the threshold required for full skeleton development. Importantly, this effect extends to museum-stored holotypes. Holotypes originating from sites with unusually high dSi relative to the mean across the species’ distribution range are likely to produce fully developed skeletons that do not match the naturally underdeveloped skeletons prevailing in most conspecifics. Conversely, holotypes from habitats with average dSi concentrations across the species’ natural distribution range (typically low dSi) will more accurately represent the skeleton found in most individuals, although this skeleton will probably correspond to an underdeveloped version of the species’ full skeletal potential. Sponge biologists need to rethink the way in which sponge species are represented by their holotypes and how holotype skeletal traits can be better used for species’ diagnosis. Holotype studies should be systematically contextualized through assessment of dSi concentrations at the type locality and across the species’ distribution ranges.</span>","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A frog with horns in the Late Cretaceous: new information on\u0000 Hungarobatrachus szukacsi\u0000 (Neobatrachia: Anura)","authors":"Alfred A J Lemierre,James D Gardner,Márton Venczel,Vlad Codrea,Jason S Anderson,Zoltán Szentesi","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag154","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Late Cretaceous Hungarobatrachus szukacsi from Hungary is the only Mesozoic neobatrachian species known in Laurasia. Previously represented by isolated and incomplete ilia (including the holotype), tibio-fibulae, maxillae, squamosals, angulosplenials, and frontoparietals, Hungarobatrachus szukacsi has been regarded as a possible ranoid or hyloid. A recently discovered, three-dimensional skull of Hungarobatrachus szukacsi preserves the paired otoccipitals and squamosals, an incomplete left pterygoid, and posterior portions of the parasphenoid and fused frontoparietals in articulation. The new skull shows an unexpected and rare feature: the dorsal, posterolateral corners bear a horn-like paraoccipital process formed by a posterior elongation of the processus posterdorsalis and processus dorsalis of the squamosal. Elsewhere among anurans, paraoccipital processes occur in just two other neobatrachian genera (all species of Hemiphracus and several species of Ceratophrys), but the composition and form of paraoccipital processes differ among the three taxa. Our new cladistic analyses suggest that Hungarobatrachus szukacsi and four other Late Cretaceous neobatrachian species, two each from South America and Africa, may be australobatrachians, yet are not members of either the less inclusive Calyptocephalellidae or Myobatrachoidea. If correct, this result indicates that australobatrachians were more diverse and widely distributed during the Late Cretaceous than previously recognized.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149150778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographical barriers, asymmetric hybridization, and postglacial demography drive the evolutionary history of three threatened European sousliks","authors":"Masoud Nazarizadeh,Oldřich Říčan,Evgeniy Simonov,Lubomír Piálek,Yordan Koshev,Sergey Titov,Oleg Brandler,Vera Matrosova,Victoria Nistreanu,Oleg Ermakov,Štěpánka Říčanová","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Speciation, hybridization, and historical demography jointly shape evolutionary trajectories, yet their combined effects remain poorly resolved in many threatened mammals. We used single-nucleotide polymorphisms obtained by genome-wide double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to assess evolutionary relationships, hybridization patterns, and demographic histories in three threatened European sousliks: Spermophilus citellus, Spermophilus suslicus, and Spermophilus odessanus. Population genomic analyses showed that all three species are genetically well differentiated, with the Dnieper River forming a major barrier to gene flow and with a narrow contact zone occurring only between S. citellus and S. odessanus in Moldova and western Ukraine. Genome polarization identified admixed individuals between S. citellus and S. odessanus, all carrying S. odessanus mitochondrial haplotypes. D-Statistics supported introgression between these species, and TreeMix inferred historical gene flow from S. citellus into S. odessanus. Spermophilus suslicus showed no evidence of admixture, consistent with its allopatric distribution and fixed karyotypic differences. Demographic reconstructions indicated that all three species experienced a pronounced bottleneck around the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by postglacial range expansion. Subsequently, S. suslicus maintained relatively stable population sizes, whereas S. citellus and S. odessanus underwent gradual long-term declines. Our findings provide a genomic foundation for European sousliks and demonstrate that effective conservation should recognize the distinct evolutionary histories of each species.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149209303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraspecific variations in the cranium of\u0000 Iguanodon\u0000 (Ornithopoda: Iguanodontidae), with comments on functional and evolutionary patterns","authors":"Francisco J Verdú,Josué García-Cobeña,Sergio Sánchez-Fenollosa,Alberto Cobos","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag155","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many characters employed in taxonomic and phylogenetic study of iguanodontian ornithopods are found in the cranium. However, they might be highly intraspecifically variable within species, both individually and ontogenetically. Sources of variation have been widely studied in the crania of Late Cretaceous hadrosaurids but less in those of non-hadrosaurid iguanodontians. Herein, we present novel research on observable and measurable variations in the cranium of Iguanodon, based on the study of several perinates (egg-sized to 1 m in body length) of Iguanodon galvensis. Individual variations in these perinates, as well as potential ontogenetic traits, have been described and quantified by comparing them with other skeletally immature and mature specimens of both I. galvensis and Iguanodon bernissartensis. As a result, we observed that some developmental changes in individual bones were consequences of a general enlargement of the preorbital region, a proportional reduction of the ocular orbit, and an increase in tooth number in both maxillae and dentaries, among others. According to the macro- and microwear patterns of their teeth, the perinates had a shearing feeding apparatus that also moved transversely and propalinally (i.e. rostrocaudally) during mandibular adduction. Finally, cranial ontogeny in Iguanodon supports the hypothesis that peramorphosis (i.e. a descendant species develops beyond its ancestor) played a key role in the morphological evolution of the ornithopod cranium.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149209304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climatic niche differentiation among cryptic species of the\u0000 Phyllotis xanthopygus\u0000 complex (Rodentia: Cricetidae): insights into speciation patterns","authors":"Agustina Novillo,Agustina A Ojeda,Regina Medina,Jorge Pablo Jayat,Ricardo A Ojeda,Cecilia Lanzone,Pablo Teta,Luciana Cristobal","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag158","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cryptic species complexes provide a valuable framework for understanding how ecological divergence and niche conservatism interact during speciation. Here, we examined climatic niche differentiation within the Phyllotis xanthopygus complex, a group of Andean sigmodontine rodents characterized by recent diversification, cryptic diversity, and variable geographical overlap among lineages. We quantified climatic niche space using principal component analysis and estimated niche breadth for seven species across South America. Niche overlap and divergence were assessed for sister-species pairs and sympatric taxa using equivalency and background tests within the Humboldt framework. Species occupied distinct but partly overlapping regions of environmental space, with niche breadth varying by more than two orders of magnitude. Patterns of niche differentiation were highly heterogeneous: some sister-species pairs exhibited strong divergence associated with complete geographical isolation and limited shared environmental space, whereas others showed partial divergence or apparent conservatism associated with geographical overlap and low genetic differentiation. Isothermality and precipitation of the driest month emerged as the primary axes structuring ecological differentiation. Overall, niche evolution within the complex ranged from conservatism to strong divergence, shaped by evolutionary history, environmental heterogeneity, and the configuration of accessible environmental space.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149090450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New hupehsuchian specimen from the Lower Triassic of Yuan’an, China, confirming the validity of\u0000 Hupehsuchus nanchangensis\u0000 and the implications for hupehsuchian taxonomy and ontogeny","authors":"Yi-Nuo Wang,Ya-Rui Zou,Da-Yong Jiang,Ryosuke Motani,Ming-Tao Yao,Bi Zhao,Jiang-Li Li","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag166","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hupehsuchia is an Early Triassic marine reptile lineage from South China that occupies the most basal position within Ichthyosauromorpha. Potential synonymy between Hupehsuchus nanchangensis Young &amp; Dong, 1972 and Nanchangosaurus suni Wang, 1959 remains contentious, with N. suni interpreted as the juvenile of H. nanchangensis, thereby challenging the taxonomic validity of H. nanchangensis. Here, we describe a new small specimen of H. nanchangensis (YGM17-1) from the uppermost Spathian (Upper Olenekian) of Yuan’an, Hubei Province, representing a juvenile. Although comparable in size to N. suni, this new specimen exhibits the diagnostic features of H. nanchangensis that are lacking in N. suni, including exclusion of a frontal from the orbital margin, and three layers of dermal armour. It also exhibits immature characteristics, such as a sub-round humerus, weakly developed posterior rib flanges, and unossified carpals. In contrast, N. suni shows a participation of the frontal in the orbital margin, only one layer of dermal armour, and more mature features, including a humerus with a concave anterior flange, well-developed posterior rib flanges, and well-ossified carpal elements. These differences support the specific independence of H. nanchangensis from N. suni. The revised taxonomic identifications of the specimen clarify the ontogenetic patterns of H. nanchangensis, e.g. allometric limb growth and a gradual increase of neural spine height. Multiple quantitative analyses, including Chow tests, preliminarily support the independence of Hupehsuchus from Nanchangosaurus, but are limited by the small sample size. These findings provide new insights into biodiversity and evolutionary relationships among early ichthyosauromorphs.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"328 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149209305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the diversity of ‘bone-eating’ worms (Annelida: Siboglinidae:\u0000 Osedax\u0000 ) and their symbionts around the Iberian Peninsula","authors":"Teresa Alonso-Hartyanyi,Andrea Corral-Lou,Marta Turon,Carlota Gracia-Sancha,Almudena Álvarez-Fernández,Javier Cristobo,Pilar Ríos,Cristina Boza,Alejandra Calvo-Díaz,César González-Pola,Eneko Aierbe,Francisco Baldó,Carmen González-Cabrera,Ricardo Sánchez-Leal,Teresa Montaño,Sergi Taboada","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag148","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Annelid worms of the genus Osedax (family Siboglinidae), commonly known as ‘bone-eating worms’, are vertebrate bone specialists. They lack mouth, anus, and gut, and rely on an obligate symbiosis with bacteria capable of digesting the organic matter retained inside the bones. Since their discovery almost two decades ago, 34 different species have been named, occurring across all oceans. In this study we used experimentally deployed cow and pig bones at different depths (90–1200 m) around the Iberian Peninsula to investigate the presence of Osedax worms. Using an integrated morphological and molecular approach we report the existence of three new species to science: Osedax emmae sp. nov., Osedax martini sp. nov., and Osedax teoi sp. nov. We performed population genetics’ analyses to assess the genetic connectivity between populations of two of these species. To characterize the microbial communities associated with the three Iberian species, we produced new data using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, finding no species-specific communities among species. Nevertheless, we found four core microbes present not only across these three Iberian species but also in the Antarctic Osedax deceptionensis. Altogether, our findings substantially expand current knowledge of this group of marine invertebrates in Atlanto-Mediterranean deep-water habitats.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149150777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating mitogenomes, morphology, and ecology reveals depth-structured diversification and two new species of deep-sea\u0000 Bargmannia\u0000 siphonophores (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)","authors":"Maciej K Mańko,Samuel H Church,Diego A Ramirez,Steven H D Haddock,Casey W Dunn","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag150","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Open-ocean biodiversity is structured by subtle environmental gradients rather than obvious geographic barriers, yet how genomes, morphology, and ecology interact during diversification in such systems remains unclear. Here we use Bargmannia siphonophores (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) as a tractable model system for understanding the evolution of deep-sea pelagic biodiversity. Using museum specimens, genome-skimming data, and in situ observations and collections from remotely operated vehicles, we resolve species boundaries, clarify historical taxonomy, and describe two new species, B. marlena sp. nov. and B. pyrosa sp. nov. Our phylogenomic analyses recovered two major lineages within Bargmannia, one of which exhibits pronounced acceleration of mitochondrial genome evolution. This genomic divergence coincided with a transition to monoecy, suggesting a potential link between mitochondrial evolution and sexual system shift. Using geometric morphometrics we show that nectophore shape variation is strongly structured by phylogeny and follows lineage-specific allometric trajectories, while comparative cnidome analyses indicate functional divergence associated with differences in nematocyst size and tentillum architecture. Finally, although Bargmannia species overlap geographically, their distributions are structured along depth gradients, supporting vertical niche partitioning as an important driver of speciation in the open ocean. Together, these findings show how deep-sea biodiversity emerges from the interplay of genomic innovation, morphological divergence, and depth structuring.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149210425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Panagrolaimus einhardi sp. nov. and two sisters of fortune","authors":"Laura C Pettrich, Arunee Suwanngam, Nadège Guiglielmoni, Noelle Ledoux, Laura I Villegas, Amy Treonis, Lewis Stevens, Manuela Kieninger, Michael Paulini, Mark Blaxter, Ann-Marie Waldvogel, Oleksandr Holovachov, Philipp H Schiffer","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag125","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying nematode species is challenging due to morphological plasticity and few diagnostic characters, especially in Panagrolaimus, which has many genetically distinct but morphologically similar cryptic species adapted to extreme environments. Morphology-based methods often fail to distinguish divergent Panagrolaimus, limiting discovery. Genome assemblies address these challenges by providing a detailed genetic blueprint for identification. We combined genome sequencing, phylogenetic analyses using 18S rRNA and ultra-conserved elements, and morphology to describe three novel species: Panagrolaimus einhardi sp. nov. (formerly Panagrolaimus sp. ES5, Rhineland, Germany), Panagrolaimus shuimeiren sp. nov. (Namib Desert, Namibia), and Panagrolaimus nebliphilus sp. nov. (Atacama Desert, Chile). Panagrolaimus einhardi is named after Prof. Einhard Schierenberg, a renowned expert and valued member of the nematode community, who isolated the species himself. The identifications are supported by high-quality assemblies from PacBio HiFi or Oxford Nanopore long reads. The P. einhardi assembly was scaffolded using Hi-C, yielding a 116 Mb collapsed assembly with 44 scaffolds (N50: 28 Mb). Panagrolaimus shuimeiren has an assembly size of 69 Mb (49 scaffolds, N50: 13 Mb), and P. nebliphilus an assembly size of 70 Mb (24 scaffolds, N50: 13 Mb). Integrating morphology and genomics clarifies biological diversity in cryptic-rich lineages like Panagrolaimidae, resolving relationships where morphology alone is ambiguous.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Less picky and more widespread than expected: new records and insights into the biology of\u0000 Propyxidium tardigradum\u0000 , an epibiotic ciliate (Ciliophora: Peritrichida: Operculariidae)","authors":"Karol Wałach,Jane V Thomas,Nadia Książkiewicz,Brian Blagden,Łukasz Michalczyk","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag113","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For nearly six decades, the peritrichous ciliate phoront Propyxidium tardigradum  comb. nov., an epibiotic protist that utilizes tardigrades as a substrate for transport and dispersion, has remained an enigmatic and seemingly rare species. Here we demonstrate, through sampling of epiphytic arboreal lichens in the United Kingdom and newly gathered records from across the globe, that Propyxidium tardigradum  comb. nov. is substantially more prevalent than previously supposed. The ciliate was found in 49 new sites, including several samples from Antarctica, Australia, Canada and the USA. Furthermore, through a citizen science approach using the iNaturalist platform, five additional records of the protist were obtained. These findings represent the first documented occurrences for the Australasian and Nearctic biogeographic realms, as well as the first national records for Australia, Canada, Italy, Lithuania and USA. Owing to the abundance of samples containing the protist, and informed by reference to previously published studies, we tentatively address several major outstanding issues regarding the protist life history and host preference. We provide observations suggesting the protist remains attached to its host during anhydrobiosis and may revive after rehydration; document, for the first time, a Propyxidium attached to tardigrades egg, as well as to non-tardigrade hosts (i.e. acarid mites, a rotifer) and debris. Finally, we considerably expand the known distribution of P. tardigradum  comb. nov. and document morphologically distinct Antarctic populations (representing a possible new species), which requires integrative taxonomic assessment.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148894560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}