Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Intra-peritoneal lavage of Zingiber officinale rhizome and its active constituent gingerol impede inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis following post-operative peritoneal adhesion in male rats","authors":"Roghayeh Yahyazadeh ,&nbsp;Vafa Baradaran Rahimi ,&nbsp;Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri ,&nbsp;Milad Iranshahy ,&nbsp;Maede Hasanpour ,&nbsp;Vahid Reza Askari","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Post-operative peritoneal adhesions (PA) are a common and important clinical problem. In this study, we focused on the ameliorative efficacy of ginger and gingerol compounds on surgical-induced peritoneal adhesion, and their strategies that disrupted the PA formation pathways to suppress their incidence. First, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was established to separate and identify several chemical groups of ginger rhizome extract. In the next steps, male Wistar albino rats were randomly selected and divided into various groups, namely sham, control, ginger extract (0.6, 1.8, 5 %w/v), and gingerol (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 %w/v). Finally, we investigated the macroscopic parameters such as wound healing, body weight as well as spleen height and weight. In addition, visual peritoneal adhesion assessment was performed via Nair et al and Adhesion Scoring Scheme. Moreover, the microscopic parameters and biological assessment was performed via and immunoassays. The present findings revealed significant improvement in wound healing and reduction of the adhesion range, as Nair et al. and Adhesion Scoring Scheme scoring, in both the ginger and gingerol groups compared to the PA group (<em>P &lt; 0.05</em>). Whereas, gingerol (0.3 % w/v) was able to increase the body weight in rats (<em>P &lt; 0.0001</em>) at end stage of experiment. Also, inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis were significantly decreased due to the downregulation of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), respectively, in the ginger and gingerol groups compared to the PA group (<em>P &lt; 0.05</em>). In contrast, the levels of IL-10 were increased in the ginger and gingerol groups compared to the control group (<em>P &lt; 0.01</em>). Our results proved that ginger rhizome and gingerol, as novel therapeutic compounds, could be used to prevent PA for their beneficial anti-inflammatory as well as anti-fibrosis properties in clinical trials. However, further clinical studies are required to approve the effectiveness of ginger and gingerol.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102092"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001427/pdfft?md5=8c7c4914515ef9aaadd50d5df44af799&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001427-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140842752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apixaban and clopidogrel in a fixed-dose combination: Formulation and in vitro evaluation","authors":"Ni'meh Al-Shami,&nbsp;Hani Naseef,&nbsp;Feras Kanaze","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fixed-dose combination (FDC) products represent a novel, safe, and cost-effective formulation. Combined use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications is common among comorbid cardiovascular patients. This study aimed to formulate FDC tablets for Apixaban and Clopidogrel, as prophylaxis and treatment of thrombo-embolic events. FDC tablets were developed by combining small tablets of Immediate-Release Clopidogrel 75 mg and Extend-Release Apixaban 5 mg through direct compression and wet granulation. Particularly, Apixaban tablets were developed using design expert software, and various types and concentrations of polymers were entered. For Clopidogrel tablets, various diluents were used to develop the formulation. Then, the dissolution profile for each formula was studied. Finally, the optimized formulations were encapsulated within hard gelatin capsules. Apixaban formulation followed zero-order with super case Ⅱ transport mechanism as the dominant mechanism of drug release. The Apixaban drug release rate was affected by the type and concentration of the polymers in the formulation (P &lt; 0.05). As the HPMC concentration was increased, Apixaban release was retarded. For, Clopidogrel, the formulated tablets with spray-dried lactose filler and sodium stearyl fumarate lubricant were found to be stable with good properties. In conclusion, the optimum formulation yielded Clopidogrel and extended-release Apixaban for 24 h with the desired in vitro drug dissolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102089"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001397/pdfft?md5=f7860717baadd2805582ea1da96ed824&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001397-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140816148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient Satisfaction with Private Community Pharmacies versus Pharmacies in Primary Health Care Centers in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Ali M. Alzahrani ,&nbsp;Abdulrhman A. Alzhrani ,&nbsp;Holly C. Felix ,&nbsp;Khulud K. Alharbi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Waseem Shahzad ,&nbsp;Turky J. Arbaein ,&nbsp;Sarah S. Monshi","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Saudi Arabia has begun reforming its government-run health care system to increase efficiency and reduce costs. One effort is the adoption of an electronic prescribing system (Wasfaty) and outsourcing pharmaceutical services from government-run clinics to community pharmacies (CP). This study aims to compare satisfaction with pharmaceutical services offered in the two systems.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>This cross-sectional observational study used existing survey data collected from patients (≥15 years of age) visiting government primary health care centers from January 2022 to June 2022. Satisfaction with three pharmaceutical services (availability of medications, pharmacist’s explanation of the prescription, and waiting time to get medications) were the main outcomes.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The study comprised 91,317 participants, 74.06 % of them were CP/Wasfaty users. CP/Wasfaty patients had lower odds of satisfaction with the three pharmaceutical services: availability of medications (OR = 0.49, 95 % CI = 0.47–0.51), pharmacists’ explanation of prescription (OR = 0.55, 95 % CI = 0.53–0.58), and waiting time to get medications (OR = 0.81, 95 % CI = 0.75–0.88). Additional findings showed variations in satisfaction levels based on demographic factors and clinic types.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The significant differences observed in satisfaction levels based on demographic characteristics and type of clinics visited emphasize the importance of tailoring pharmaceutical services to meet the specific needs and expectations of different patient populations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102091"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001415/pdfft?md5=d0dd46c1c0a93f4f5776820e3431f3a8&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001415-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140901089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing liposome technology for innovative strategies against malaria","authors":"Andang Miatmoko ,&nbsp;Rifda Tarimi Octavia ,&nbsp;Tamasa Araki ,&nbsp;Takeshi Annoura ,&nbsp;Retno Sari","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review discusses the potential of liposomes as drug delivery systems for antimalarial therapies. Malaria continues to be a significant cause of mortality and morbidity, particularly among children and pregnant women. Drug resistance due to patient non-compliance and troublesome side effects remains a significant challenge in antimalarial treatment. Liposomes, as targeted and efficient drug carriers, have garnered attention owing to their ability to address these issues. Liposomes encapsulate hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic drugs, thus providing comprehensive and suitable therapeutic drug delivery.</p><p>Moreover, the potential of passive and active drug delivery enables drug concentration in specific target tissues while reducing adverse effects. However, successful liposome formulation is influenced by various factors, including drug physicochemical characteristics and physiological barriers encountered during drug delivery. To overcome these challenges, researchers have explored modifications in liposome nanocarriers to achieve efficient drug loading, controlled release, and system stability. Computational approaches have also been adopted to predict liposome system stability, membrane integrity, and drug-liposome interactions, improving formulation development efficiency. By leveraging computational methods, optimizing liposomal drug delivery systems holds promise for enhancing treatment efficacy and minimizing side effects in malaria therapy. This review consolidates the current understanding and highlights the potential of liposome strategies against malaria.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102085"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S131901642400135X/pdfft?md5=044c7e117f2604c0381de61b61f6cfb0&pid=1-s2.0-S131901642400135X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140646497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of complementary and alternative medicine for functional gastrointestinal disorders among the saudi population","authors":"Salmeen D. Babelghaith,&nbsp;Ibrahim Sales,&nbsp;Wajid Syed,&nbsp;Mohamed N. Al-Arifi","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objective</h3><p>Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a common practice among patients, who experience functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Among the Saudi population, less is known about CAM use for FGID. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of CAM utilization for FGID amongst the Saudi population and determine the types of CAM used for treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>A cross-sectional study was carried out in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during February 2023 through social media platforms using questionnaires adopted from the literature. There were three sections in the questionnaire including demographic information, questions to determine the prevalence of CAM use for FGID, the types of FGID, and the types of CAM utilization, and questions on the sources of information about CAM. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to find factors associated with CAM use. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 828 people participated in this study. The overall prevalence of CAM use for FGID problems was 87.2 %. There were no significant differences in CAM use for FGID problems between men (87.5 %) and women (86.3 %) (P = 0.727). The most commonly used types of CAM for FGID were ginger (73.4 %), chamomile (66.6 %), mint (61.6 %), turmeric (59.0 %), anise (55.5 %), fennel (43.1 %), and Activia yogurt©️ (42.7 %). The most common FGID disorders for utilizing CAM were IBS (29.9 %), followed by constipation (29.8 %), dyspepsia (22.7 %), and bloating (17.0 %). In the multivariable regression, age, gender and employment status did not have an impact on the odds of using CAM. The subjects who had high school, university, and postgraduate education had significant odds ratios of CAM use (OR = 2.73; 95 % CI: 1.22–6.13), (OR = 4.18; 95 % CI: 2.03–8.58), and (OR = 20.85; 95 % CI: 5.51–78.80), respectively, compared to subjects who did not complete high school. Participants who had private insurance had a significant odds ratio (OR = 0.27; 95 % CI: 0.14–0.55) compared to governmental insurance.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The use of CAM among the Saudi population is alarmingly high; however, the lack of standardized medical recommendations and treatment options may be the cause. Although there were no significant gender differences, participants with higher educational levels and private insurance coverage were more likely to use CAM for FGID. Patients suffering from FGID and limited access to medical advice and treatment options are vulnerable to being exposed to dubious and incredible information sources. Expanding access to preventative medical services, funding governmental medical websites to provide credible information, educating healthcare professionals about FGID, and conducting more research in safe and effective treatments for FGID is recommended.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102084"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001348/pdfft?md5=55f1e26b37eec76d4566474a037d18a6&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001348-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140755927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The utility of serum glucose potassium ratio as a predictive factor for haemorrhagic transformation, stroke recurrence, and mortality among ischemic stroke patients","authors":"Faisal F. Alamri ,&nbsp;Daniyah A. Almarghalani ,&nbsp;Eman A. Alraddadi ,&nbsp;Abdullah Alharbi ,&nbsp;Hajar S. Algarni ,&nbsp;Oyoon M. Mulla ,&nbsp;Abdullah M. Alhazmi ,&nbsp;Turki A. Alotaibi ,&nbsp;Deema H. Beheiry ,&nbsp;Abdullah S. Alsubaie ,&nbsp;Ahmed Alkhiri ,&nbsp;Yasser Alatawi ,&nbsp;Mohammad S. Alzahrani ,&nbsp;Alqassem Y. Hakami ,&nbsp;Aser Alamri ,&nbsp;Khalid Al Sulaiman","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Objective</h3><p>Glucose-Potassium Ratio (GPR) has emerged as a biomarker in several pathophysiological conditions. However, the association between GPR and long-term outcomes in stroke patients has not been investigated. Our study evaluated the applicability of baseline GPR as a predictive prognostic tool for clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The multicenter retrospective cohort study included acute-subacute adult ischemic stroke patients who had their baseline serum GPR levels measured. Eligible patients were categorized into two sub-cohorts based on the baseline GPR levels (&lt;1.67 vs. ≥ 1.67). The primary outcome was the incidence of 30-day hemorrhagic transformation, while stroke recurrence, and all-cause mortality within twelve months, were considered secondary.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among 4083 patients screened, 1047 were included in the current study. In comparison with GPR &lt; 1.67 group, patients with ≥ 1.67 GPR had a significantly higher ratio of all-cause mortality within twelve months (aHR 2.07 [95 % CI 1.21–3.75] <em>p</em> = 0.01), and higher ratio of 30-day hemorrhagic transformation but failed to reach the statistical significance (aHR 1.60 [95 % CI 0.95–2.79], <em>p</em> = 0.08).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Overall, baseline GPR serum is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality within twelve months in patients with acute and subacute ischemic stroke. Further clinical studies are necessary to validate these findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102082"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001324/pdfft?md5=59a48c128559f3e7bf1dd2ccee472581&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001324-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140645794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special issues in forensic toxicology in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: The importance of toxicology amid MENA drug challenges","authors":"Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Asmari PhD,&nbsp;Fawaz Alasmari,&nbsp;Sary Alsanea PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102071"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S131901642400121X/pdfft?md5=6aa98271416c8ba7b2fef936bc79893a&pid=1-s2.0-S131901642400121X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140633364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation of silymarin surface modified vesicles: In vitro characterization to cell viability assessment","authors":"Syed Sarim Imam,&nbsp;Sultan Owaid Alshammari,&nbsp;Sultan Alshehri,&nbsp;Wael A. Mahdi,&nbsp;Mohamed H. Al-Agamy","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silymarin (SLR) is a poorly water-soluble bioactive compound with a wide range of therapeutic activities. Nanosized silymarin vesicles (F1–F6) were prepared by the solvent evaporation rehydration method. The silymarin vesicles were evaluated for vesicle size, surface charge, entrapment efficiency, and drug release studies. The optimized SLR lipid vesicle (F3) was further modified with the addition of the cationic polymer chitosan. After that, the modified vesicle (F3C1) was assessed for permeation flux, antimicrobial activity, cell viability, and molecular docking studies. The silymarin vesicles showed nanometric size (&lt;250 nm), low polydispersibility index (&lt;0.05), negative surface charge, and high SLR entrapment (85–95 %). The drug release study result demonstrated a maximum drug release of 91.2 ± 2.8 %. After adding chitosan to the surface, there was a significant change in the size, polydispersibility index, surface charge (positive), and encapsulation efficiency. The drug release was found to be prolonged, and the permeation flux was also increased in comparison to free SLR. A comparative antimicrobial result was observed in comparison to the free SLR and standard drug. The cell viability assay also demonstrated a low IC₅₀ value for F3C1 against the cell line.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102072"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001221/pdfft?md5=49153dbbc0cf2fc2bb0ce96085da0b10&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001221-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140785095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effect of kaempferol glucoside against lipopolysaccharide-caused acute lung injury via targeting Nrf2/NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD: Integrating experimental and computational studies","authors":"Wesam H. Abdulaal ,&nbsp;Ulfat M. Omar ,&nbsp;Mustafa Zeyadi ,&nbsp;Dina S. El-Agamy ,&nbsp;Nabil A. Alhakamy ,&nbsp;Naif A. R. Almalki ,&nbsp;Hani Z. Asfour ,&nbsp;Mohammed W. Al-Rabia ,&nbsp;Abdulrahim A. Alzain ,&nbsp;Gamal A. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Sabrin R.M. Ibrahim","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current study explored the protective potential of kaempferol 3-sophoroside-7-glucoside (KSG) against acute lung injury (ALI). Pre-treatment with KSG effectively secured mice from ALI and showed similar efficaciousness to dexamethasone. KSG markedly increased the survival rate and alleviated lung pathological lesions induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, KSG attenuated differential and total cell counts in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) and MPO (myeloperoxidase) activity. KSG counteracted the NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) activation and significantly ameliorated the downstream inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α). Simultaneously, KSG suppressed the over-expression of NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3<strong>)</strong>, caspase-1, and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin IL-1β (interleukine-1β) and prohibited the elevation of the pyroptotic parameter GSDMD-N (N-terminal domain of gasdermin D) induced by LPS challenge. In addition, KSG significantly enhanced Nrf2 (nuclear-factor erythroid-2-related factor) and HO-1 (heme-oxygenase-1) expression. Meanwhile, KSG mitigated lipid peroxidative markers (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and 4-hydroxynonenal) and boosted endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase/reduced glutathione/catalase) in lung tissue. <em>In silico</em> analyses revealed that KSG disrupts Keap1-Nrf2 protein–protein interactions by binding to the KEAP1 domain, consequently activating Nrf2. Specifically, molecular docking demonstrated superior binding affinity of KSG to KEAP1 compared to the reference inhibitor, with docking scores of −9.576 and −6.633 Kcal/mol, respectively. Additionally, the MM-GBSA binding free energy of KSG (−67.25 Kcal/mol) surpassed that of the reference inhibitor (−56.36 Kcal/mol). Furthermore, MD simulation analysis revealed that the KSG-KEAP1 complex exhibits substantial and stable binding interactions with various amino acids over a duration of 100 ns. These findings showed the protective anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative modulatory efficiencies of KSG that effectively counteracted LPS-induced ALI and encouraged future research and clinical applications of KSG as a protective strategy for ALI.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102073"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001233/pdfft?md5=2838ff40427d3a493238a9e6660eafb3&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001233-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140620730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic, and pharmacological prospects of nutmeg seed: A comprehensive review for novel drug potential insights","authors":"Sawsan S. Al-Rawi ,&nbsp;Ahmad Hamdy Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Heshu Jalal Ahmed ,&nbsp;Zhikal Omar Khudhur","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>For centuries, plant seed extracts have been widely used and valued for their benefits. They have been used in food, perfumes, aromatherapy, and traditional medicine. These natural products are renowned for their therapeutic properties and are commonly used in medicinal treatments. Their significant pharmacological profiles provide an excellent hallmark for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the biological and pharmacological properties of nutmeg seeds and explored their efficacy in treating various illnesses.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Published articles in databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Wiley, were analyzed using keywords related to nutmeg seed. The searched keywords were chemical compounds, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, anticancer properties, and their protective mechanisms in cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s diseases.</p></div><div><h3>Results &amp; discussion</h3><p>Nutmeg seeds have been reported to have potent antimicrobial properties against a wide range of various bacteria and fungi, thus showing potential for combating microbial infections and promoting overall health. Furthermore, nutmeg extract effectively reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by improving the body’s natural antioxidant defense mechanism. Nutmeg affected lipid peroxidation, reduced lipid oxidation, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and increased phospholipid and cholesterol excretion. In addition, nutmeg extract improves the modulation of cardiac metabolism, accelerates cardiac conductivity and ventricular contractility, and prevents cell apoptosis. This study elucidated the psychotropic, narcotic, antidepressant, and anxiogenic effects of nutmeg seeds and their potential as a pharmaceutical medicine. Notably, despite its sedative and toxic properties, nutmeg ingestion alone did not cause death or life-threatening effects within the dosage range of 20–80 g powder. However, chemical analysis of nutmeg extracts identified over 50 compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenolic compounds, which exhibit antioxidant properties and can be used as phytomedicines. Moreover, the exceptional pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of nutmeg have been found different for different administration routes, yet, more clinical trials are still needed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Understanding the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of nutmeg holds promise for novel drug discovery and therapeutic advancements. Nutmeg seed offers therapeutic and novel drug prospects that can revolutionize medicine. By delving into their pharmacological properties, we can uncover the vast potential possibilities of this natural wonder.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"32 6","pages":"Article 102067"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424001178/pdfft?md5=6652b1b4978190473104026dd0f72582&pid=1-s2.0-S1319016424001178-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140633353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}