Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Revolutionizing type 2 diabetes management: the role of the pharmacist in unlocking the potential of tirzepatide.","authors":"David Banji, Saeed Alshahrani, Moaddey Alfarhan, Otilia J F Banji","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00050-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00050-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) affects over 460 million people worldwide and profoundly diminishes their quality of life. Its onset is driven by obesity, sedentary behavior, and genetic predisposition, leading to insulin resistance, progressive beta-cell dysfunction, and complications such as cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Effective management requires therapies that extend beyond glycemic control to address these interconnected risks. Tirzepatide, a dual agonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in clinical studies, particularly the SURPASS trials. It achieved a reduction in HbA1c of up to 2.3% and body weight losses exceeding 22% over 72 weeks. Additional benefits include improvement in blood pressure, lipid levels, and inflammatory markers, with potential benefit in NAFLD. Pharmacists play a vital role in translating these benefits into practice by counselling patients on safe use, managing adverse effects, and supporting adherence. Their involvement bridges the gap between trial evidence and real-world outcomes. This review examines the dual mechanism of tirzepatide, its broader metabolic effects, and the critical role of pharmacists in optimizing its use. With pharmacist-led care, tirzepatide has the potential to transform diabetes management across diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12712260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145769713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the pharmacological mechanisms of salidroside in cervical cancer by combining network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro studies.","authors":"Jianmin Wang, Guanghui Song, Liaqat Hussain, Lili Xing","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00052-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00052-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cervical cancer is one of the major and serious risks to women. Salidroside, a natural compound, shows promise in treating cervical cancer. However, its specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear and require further investigation. This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacological activity of salidroside and its underlying molecular mechanisms in cervical cancer, employing network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental approaches. Genes associated with cervical cancer were gathered from The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, and network pharmacology. Furthermore, we integrated the drug targets with the disease targets pertinent to cervical cancer, subsequently conducting analyses utilizing the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) to explain the pharmacological pathways through which salidroside operates in the milieu of cervical cancer. Survival analysis was performed to screen the core therapeutic targets of salidroside. Salidroside constituents and hub genes binding affinity were assessed by molecular docking studies. In vitro experiments, including Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting, were performed to further validate the computational findings. Study findings revealed that salidroside inhibited the cervical cancer cell progression, reduced viability, and induced apoptosis.Ten target genes related to salidroside's anti-cancer effects have been identified. Survival analysis revealed that MMP1 and MMP3 exhibited the highest binding capability among all the target genes. Molecular docking indicated that the salidroside's active entities showed a strong binding tendency with the MMP1 and MMP3 genes. Western blot analysis revealed that it significantly reduced the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3. In Vitro studies suggested that suppressing MMP1 and MMP3 genes might be responsible for salidroside's anticancer effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12705929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145758132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhalable nanoparticle-based drug delivery system for non-small cell lung cancer therapy: promises and challenges.","authors":"Molham Sakkal, Ranim W A Abdelmoteleb, Aya Al Ali, Yousef A Bin Jardan, Raimar Löbenberg, Muhammad Sarfraz","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00046-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00046-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for approximately 85% of cases. Conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted treatments, often show limited efficacy, especially in advanced stages. Pulmonary drug delivery systems (PDDSs) have gained attention as an innovative approach for NSCLC management by enabling direct drug administration to the lungs. This method improves therapeutic outcomes while minimizing systemic side effects. Advances in nanotechnology have further enhanced the potential of inhalable chemotherapy, with nanoparticles offering notable benefits such as improved drug solubility, stability, and protection from premature degradation. Additionally, their small size and modifiable surfaces allow for targeted delivery to tumor cells, increasing treatment efficacy and reducing harm to healthy tissues. This review outlines the formulations used in PDDSs for NSCLC, evaluates suitable inhalation devices, and examines the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles critical for pulmonary delivery. It also discusses both passive and active targeting mechanisms and explores current challenges in inhalable nanomedicine. Emphasis is placed on recent innovations in inhalable nanomaterials, providing a comprehensive and current perspective on their application in NSCLC therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12705525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145758137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coaxial electrospun fibers for control release of vancomycin and diclofenac in osteomyelitis management.","authors":"Suhail Khalaf, Noura M Alshiban, Nada F Alosaimi, Ali A Alamer, Alhassan H Aodah, Haya A Alfassam, Abdullah A Alshehri, Fahad A Almughem, Meshal K Alnefaie, Rawan A Fitaihi, Aws Alshamsan, Essam A Tawfik","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00048-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00048-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteomyelitis (OM) is a serious bacterial bone infection and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. A promising approach to manage OM involves using drug-loaded fibrous implants or scaffolds containing antibiotics, analgesics, or anti-osteoporosis medications to combat infection, reduce pain and promote bone healing, respectively. In this study, a coaxial electrospinning technology was employed to fabricate drug-loaded fibers encapsulating vancomycin hydrochloride (VAN), an antibiotic, and diclofenac sodium (DIC), an analgesic to prevent infection and alleviate post-surgical pain. The fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which indicated that the drug-loaded (DL) coaxial fibers had smooth surfaces and lacked beads and pores. The drug loading of the DL coaxial fibers was estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the results were calculated as 75 ± 4 µg/mL for VAN and 82 ± 3 µg/mL for DIC. The drug release was also measured by HPLC, which showed a rapid initial release, i.e., 59% for VAN and 75% for DIC within the first day, followed by a sustained slow release reaching approximately 92% and 79%, respectively after 264 h. The antimicrobial assay zone of inhibition confirmed the antibacterial activity of the DL fibers against Staphylococcus aureus. The cell viability assessments on the drugs alone against human dermal fibroblasts (HFF-1) demonstrated that the VAN and DIC combination is safe at concentrations up to 250 µg/mL but required careful dosing due to time-dependent cytotoxicity. Overall, the study highlights the potential use of VAN and DIC-loaded coaxial electrospun fibers as a localized drug delivery system for OM treatment, offering controlled drug release, effective antibacterial action, and biocompatibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12673007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relevance of topical application of minoxidil laden nano-lipid for hair growth enhancement.","authors":"Ali M Alghazal, Tamer M Shehata, Bandar Alduhbiab, Heba S Elsewedy","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00051-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00051-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Practically, all patients treated with Minoxidil (MXD) reported experiencing hypertrichosis, even though the original intended usage of the drug was the treatment of hypertension. This limitation supports the potential of repurposing MXD as a topical agent for the treatment of hair loss. Accordingly, the outset of the current study was to exploit the cutaneous influence of MXD and limit the drawbacks of conventional available dosage forms. This could be achieved via developing a nanocarrier, mainly; nanoemulsion (NE) for transdermal delivery of MXD. Therefore, several NEs were prepared containing MXD and optimized according to their particle size and in vitro release study using Response Surface Methodology. The optimized formulation was examined for its organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, and drug content. Moreover, Morphology, kinetic study was investigated a long with the stability testing upon keeping in two distinct settings: room temperature and refrigerator for 12 months. Eventually, the in vivo hair growth rate was monitored and documented for 28 days in pretreated mice. The developed MXD-NEs were developed and optimized using Box Behnken Design software to obtain the most desired formula. The optimized MXD-NE demonstrated a nanosize (83.1 nm) and performs a successful in vitro release (75.6%) over a period of 6 h. Additionally, it showed ideal physical properties with pH (5.9), viscosity (26.7 cP), and drug content (99.4%). The droplets in the formula seemed to be spherical. The formula was stable when preserved for 12 months at both applied conditions. Finally, the formula demonstrated significant faster rate of hair growth that mostly owed to the value of nanocarrier in delivering drug into follicular hairs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12669459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145649901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular mechanisms attributed to colistin renal proximal tubular epithelial cytotoxicity.","authors":"Mohamed A Mahmoud, Metab Alharbi","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00049-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00049-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colistin is an antibiotic that belongs to the polymyxin family. It has reemerged as a treatment of last resort against multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Nephrotoxicity remains the most daunting and limiting adverse effect of colistin therapy leading to treatment discontinuation and mortality in high-risk patients. Nephrotoxicity occurs secondary to the accumulation of colistin in the renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs). Mechanistically, colistin exerts endoplasmic reticulum and ribotoxic stress, induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the RPTECs leading to apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, colistin activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases and perturbs the balance between survival-promoting and death-promoting growth factors. In this review we have presented and integrated the major in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies undertaken to study colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. In addition, we have suggested a possible unifying mechanism for colistin renal toxicity based on the emerging concept of the cross-organelle stress response.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12644391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145589751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting triple-negative breast cancer: apoptotic and antitumor effects of Artemisia sieberi Besser extracts.","authors":"Fatimah G Albani, Sahar S Alghamdi, Sabine Matou-Nasri, Arwa Alsubait, Rasha Suliman, Rehab AlRoshody, Sarah M Huwaizi, Tlili Barhoumi, Afrah E Mohammed, Mohamed Boudjelal, Entissar S Alsuhaibani, Zeyad Alehaideb","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00047-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00047-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artemisia sieberi Besser (A. sieberi) has shown promise as a natural source of safe cytotoxic agents for breast cancer therapy. However, its effects on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a very aggressive subtype lacking targeted treatments, remain poorly studied. This study evaluates the anticancer activity of A. sieberi extracts against the MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line, comparing results with hormone receptor-positive MCF-7 cells. Aerial parts of A. sieberi were extracted using ethanol and methanol and then chemically characterized via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify bioactive compounds. Cytotoxic effects were assessed using cell viability assays, while apoptosis induction was examined through flow cytometry (Annexin V/propidium iodide staining), caspase-3/-7 activation assays, and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization visualized using confocal microscopy. Western blotting analyzed the expression levels of apoptotic proteins. In silico molecular docking simulations explored the interactions between phytochemicals and apoptosis-regulating proteins. A. sieberi extracts exhibited higher cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells than against MCF-7 cells, with lower IC₅₀ values. Treatment of TNBC cells induced apoptosis, evidenced by increased caspase activity, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, elevated Bax, and decreased Bcl-2 expression. Additionally, colony formation assays demonstrated a significant reduction in tumorigenic potential. Computational analyses indicate that β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, among the main compounds, exhibited strong interactions with apoptosis regulators by docking with Bcl-2, supporting their promising anticancer potential. A. sieberi extracts induce potent apoptosis and exert anti-tumour effects in TNBC cells, highlighting their potential as sources of novel anticancer agents. Further isolation and characterization of active constituents are warranted for therapeutic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12644357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145589702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of coverage of drug availability regulations across the supply chain cycle in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Abdulmalik Alyousef, Mohammed Al Masoud, Mohammed Alturki, Faiyaz Shakeel, Sultan Alshehri","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00045-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00045-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a need for assessing the impact of current drug availability regulations across the various stages of the pharmaceutical supply chain and among different stakeholders involved. This mixed methods survey assessed the impact of pharmaceutical availability regulations across the drug supply chain in Saudi Arabia. This research utilized a cross-sectional study design involving a survey conducted at a single point in time to collect data from key stakeholders across the various stages of the pharmaceutical supply chain. Various metrics, such as availability ratings, accessibility issues, and stakeholder perspectives on regulatory effectiveness were examined. Mixed methods analysis combined survey statistics with qualitative insights. The data source for this study comprised an online survey targeting key stakeholders involved along the pharmaceutical supply chain (n = 27), including drug manufacturers (n = 10), distributors (n = 4), and healthcare settings, such as hospitals (n = 9) and pharmacies (n = 4). The data were collected in September 2023. Manufacturers (mean availability rating of 3.8) and distributors (mean availability rating of 3.5) viewed regulations to be more effective versus hospital/pharmacies (mean availability rating of 3.3) citing lack of harmonization and transparency as key efficiency deterrents. Centralized inventory monitoring and unified availability benchmarks were strongly advocated as enhancements alongside improved communication flows. Ultimately, a collaborative, yet guided approach is imperative for balancing industrial priorities and access imperatives to attain synchrony across the pharmaceutical value chain in order to augment both health and economic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12623592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145543449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current status and trends of anti-tumor biosimilars in China from 2019 to 2023: A cross-sectional analysis.","authors":"Han Shan, Zihan Guo, Xuan Ye, Qiong Du, Jiyong Liu, Mengmeng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00042-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00042-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While several anti-tumor biosimilars have been approved in China, comprehensive nationwide analyses of their real-world utilization patterns remain limited, particularly regarding cross-regional adoption and indication-specific usage. We collected information on patients treated with bevacizumab, rituximab, trastuzumab and their biosimilars at 109 hospitals in nine Chinese cities from 2019 to 2023. Analysis of 264,527 prescriptions revealed rapid biosimilar adoption for bevacizumab (2023 originator share: 20.0%, -25.1%/year), moderate for rituximab (32.1%, -16.8%/year), and limited for trastuzumab (70.0%, -8.3%/year). Geographic variation was substantial (2023 city ranges: bevacizumab 2.3-43.0%; rituximab 6.7-70.3%; trastuzumab 42.4-92.4%). Tertiary hospitals showed faster biosimilar uptake than secondary hospitals (bevacizumab: + 23.7%). Free medical care patients preferred originators (bevacizumab: 64.1% vs 38-39% for other payers). Off-label use demonstrated significantly higher biosimilar adoption (bevacizumab: 69.0%; rituximab: 52.1%) versus approved indications (p < 0.00625). Cost distributions mirrored prescription trends but consistently favored originators. All trends were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The biosimilar market share showed steady annual growth, however the growth rates vary across different products. However, Patients with lower out-of-pocket costs remained more likely to choose original products. Enhanced regulatory oversight of both approved and off-label/extrapolated indications is needed to ensure appropriate biosimilar utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12612310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145497363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A cohort study.","authors":"Rania Naguib, Nouran Aleyeidi, Hend Naguib","doi":"10.1007/s44446-025-00044-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44446-025-00044-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are a novel group of oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a complication of T2DM, is now recognized as one of the most frequent causes of chronic liver disorders. We aimed to investigate the effects of SGLT2is on hepatic function and glucose homeostasis in patients with T2DM and comorbid NAFLD. To our knowledge, this is the first study in the Arab region to compare the effects of SGLT2is and other antidiabetic medications and to evaluate the outcomes after a 6-month follow-up period in this patient cohort. This cohort study involved 100 patients with T2DM. The patients were divided equally into two groups. The exposed group comprised 50 patients receiving any of the SGLT2is (empagliflozin or dapagliflozin); the non-exposed group comprised 50 patients taking any other oral antidiabetic medication (other than glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists or SGLT2is). The outcomes investigated were glycemic control, hepatic function, and liver fibrosis parameters, investigated at baseline and after 6 months. Significant improvements in glycemic control, hepatic function, and fibrosis parameters were observed in the SGLT2i group after 6 months, as evidenced by laboratory and clinical data (p < 0.001). Significant improvements were observed in hemoglobin A1c, Fibrosis-4 index, gamma-glutamyl transferase level, alanine aminotransferase level, and NAFLD fibrosis score (p < 0.05). The findings indicate that 6 months of SGLT2i therapy improved fibrosis and glucose homeostasis in patients with T2DM and NAFLD. Therefore, SGLT2is are effective therapeutic agents in this patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":49257,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","volume":"33 6","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12559501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145379256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}