Health Reports最新文献

{"title":"Validation of the mental health continuum: Short form among Canadian Armed Forces personnel.","authors":"R. Plouffe, Aihua Liu, J. Richardson, A. Nazarov","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202200500001-eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202200500001-eng","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Compared to the general Canadian population, military members exhibit a higher prevalence of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. However, there is a paucity of research investigating the extent to which military members experience positive mental health. Validation of positive mental health measures, including the Mental Health Continuum - Short Form (MHC-SF), is necessary to determine whether well-being can be assessed in a valid and reliable manner among Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) military members. The purpose of this research was to assess the internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the MHC-SF among CAF Regular Force and Reserve Force military members.\u0000\u0000\u0000Data and methods\u0000Data were drawn from the nationally representative 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey (CFMHS) conducted by Statistics Canada. A random sample of 8,200 CAF military personnel completed the CFMHS, representing 64,400 Regular Force and 4,460 Reserve Force CAF personnel.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000As expected, all three MHC-SF subscales (psychological, social, and emotional well-being) correlated positively with life satisfaction, self-rated mental health, sense of belonging, and social support, and correlated negatively with psychological distress and disability due to health conditions. Internal consistency was high. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure of the MHC-SF, and measurement invariance was satisfied.\u0000\u0000\u0000Interpretation\u0000Findings provided support for the reliability, convergent validity, factorial validity, and measurement invariance of the MHC-SF among both Regular Force and Reserve Force military samples. Therefore, researchers and clinicians can reliably implement the MHC-SF as a tool to assess, interpret, and predict military members' psychological, social, and emotional well-being.","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"33 5 1","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46168838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-reported eye health in Canada: 20 years of data.","authors":"P. Finès","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202200400002-eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202200400002-eng","url":null,"abstract":"Context\u0000Eye health is an indicator of health in general. Few studies on eye health have been done in Canada, and none of them covered several years of data.\u0000\u0000\u0000Data and Methods\u0000Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey for most years from 2000 to 2020 were used. Eye health was analyzed, by year, sex and age, as well as by immigrant status, the highest level of education in the household and the income quintile of the household. Estimates were obtained using survey weights, and 95% confidence intervals were obtained with bootstrap weights.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000In 2020, the proportion of the population that reported having good vision without correction was about 75% among youth aged 12 to 19 years for both sexes. This proportion was considerably lower for those aged around 45 to 49 years and was about 25% for those aged 55 years or older. Self-reported good vision without correction improved from 2000/2001 to 2020, except for those aged 20 to 39 years old. Every year, fewer females than males reported having good vision without correction.\u0000\u0000\u0000Interpretation\u0000Self-reported eye health generally improved during the period of this study. Limitations of the survey arise from the fact that it uses self-reported data. Moreover, the survey underwent important changes in 2015 that could limit the comparability of data during the period of the study. However, the large number of years included in the study and the stability of the results validate the conclusions.","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"33 4 1","pages":"14-23"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47554488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in chronic disease risk factors and current exercise habits among Canadian adults living with and without a child during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Alessandra T. Andreacchi, Yulika Yoshida-Montezuma, R. Colley, Brendan T. Smith, L. Vanderloo, Laura N. Anderson","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202200400001-eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202200400001-eng","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Canadians have been gravely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and adults living with children may have been disproportionately impacted. The objective of this study was to describe changes in chronic disease risk factors and current exercise habits among adults living with and without a child younger than 18 years old.\u0000\u0000\u0000Data and Methods\u0000A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted using data collected from Canadians aged 15 and older via the Canadian Perspective Survey Series (CPSS) in late March (CPSS1, N=4,383), early May (CPSS2, N=4,367) and mid-July 2020 (CPSS4, N=4,050). This analysis included participants aged 25 and older. At three points during 2020, participants reported whether they increased, decreased, or had not changed their consumption of alcohol, tobacco and junk food or sweets, their screen use, and whether they currently exercised indoors or outdoors. Behaviours were compared for adults living with and without a child, and unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000The presence of a child in the household was associated with higher odds of increased (compared with decreased or no change) alcohol consumption at all three time points, consumption of junk food and sweets at CPSS1 (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.09-2.60), and time on the Internet at CPSS1 (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.05-2.41) and CPSS4 (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.05-2.29). Compared with older adults (aged 55 and older), younger adults (aged 25 to 54) were more likely to exhibit increases in chronic disease risk factors regardless of the presence of a child in the household.\u0000\u0000\u0000Interpretation\u0000A substantial proportion of Canadian adults reported increased chronic disease risk factors during the pandemic, with greater increases noted among adults living with a child, compared with those living without a child. Public health interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the long-term impact of the pandemic on population health.","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"33 4 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41434371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 infection in the Canadian household population.","authors":"Tracey Bushnik, S. Earl, J. Clark, Jonathan Cabot","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202200400003-eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202200400003-eng","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Certain population groups face a disproportionate burden of exposure to COVID-19. This study examined characteristics of Canadians living in private households in fall 2020 and winter 2021 who had been infected with COVID-19.\u0000\u0000\u0000Data and Methods\u0000With an online questionnaire and an at-home finger-prick blood test, the Canadian COVID-19 Antibody and Health Survey was designed to estimate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 infection among people in private households in Canada. Data were collected from respondents aged 1 or older in the 10 provinces and the three territorial capitals, from November 2020 to April 2021. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to identify characteristics that were associated with being seropositive for a past COVID-19 infection. Gender differences in observed associations were examined.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000After covariate adjustment, younger age and visible minority status were associated with an increased likelihood of being seropositive for a past COVID-19 infection. For males, having a visible minority status, having less education and living in a multi-unit dwelling increased the likelihood of being seropositive. Females were more likely to have been seropositive if they worked in health care in direct contact with others.\u0000\u0000\u0000Interpretation\u0000As Canada navigates the fifth and possibly a sixth wave of the pandemic, understanding who was more likely to be infected in earlier waves can help ongoing public health efforts to stop the transmission of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"33 4 1","pages":"24-33"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45028657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term cancer prevalence in Canada, 2018.","authors":"Chunhe Yao, J. Billette","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202200300002-eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202200300002-eng","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000As the leading cause of death in Canada, cancer imposes an enormous burden on both the health of Canadians and the Canadian health care system. This study presents detailed tumour-based cancer prevalence estimates in Canada by sex, age group, cancer type and prevalence duration as of January 1, 2018.\u0000\u0000\u0000DATA AND METHODS\u0000Estimates of two- and five-year cancer prevalence were calculated for an extensive list of cancers in the Canadian population (excluding Quebec) based on incidence data from the Canadian Cancer Registry linked to mortality data from the Canadian Vital Statistics - Death Database, and death-related information from tax data.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The two- and five-year cancer prevalence counts were 236,785 (832.1 per 100,000 people) and 503,060 (1,767.8 per 100,000 people), respectively. Cancer prevalence estimates varied by cancer site, and the four most prevalent cancers (breast, prostate, colorectal, lung) accounted for 49.6% of total five-year cancer prevalence in Canada. Prevalence for all cancers combined increased dramatically with age: 74.3% of prevalent cases among males and 61.9% among females were encountered among the population aged 60 and older. Prevalence was higher among females than males before age 60, and higher among males thereafter, peaking in the 80-to-89 age group for both sexes.\u0000\u0000\u0000INTERPRETATION\u0000Prevalence mirrors the effects of both cancer incidence and survival. Breaking down cancer prevalence by disease duration is useful to distinguish groups of patients in different phases of care. An increase in prevalence indicates a greater demand for health care services and translates into a significant economic burden for the jurisdictions that are responsible for providing such services.","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"33 3 1","pages":"15-21"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41529191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep behaviours among Canadian adults: Findings from the 2020 Canadian Community Health Survey healthy living rapid response module.","authors":"Chinchin Wang, R. Colley, K. C. Roberts, J. Chaput, Wendy Thompson","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202200300001-eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202200300001-eng","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults, released in October 2020, recommend 7 to 9 hours of good-quality sleep for adults aged 18 to 64 and 7 to 8 hours for adults aged 65 and older, on a regular basis, with consistent sleep and wake times for health benefits. This study assesses the sleep behaviours of Canadian adults and how these behaviours align with the recommendations.\u0000\u0000\u0000DATA AND METHODS\u0000This cross-sectional study uses nationally representative data from the 2020 Canadian Community Health Survey healthy living rapid response module (N = 9,248), collected from January to March 2020. Sleep behaviours were self-reported by respondents, and descriptive statistics were used to calculate means or percentages for sleep duration, guideline adherence, physical activity and screen time, sleep timing, and sleep variability in the full sample. This was done by age, sex, household education, household income adequacy and employment status.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Mean sleep duration was 7.9 hours for adults aged 18 to 64, with 77% meeting sleep duration recommendations, and 8.1 hours for adults aged 65 and older, with 55% meeting sleep duration recommendations. Among adults aged 18 to 64, 61% reported high sleep quality, compared with 71% among adults aged 65 and older. High sleep variability (≥30-minute difference between work and free days) and poor sleep-facilitating behaviours were prevalent. Adults who reported high sleep quality and high sleep variability were more likely to meet sleep duration recommendations.\u0000\u0000\u0000INTERPRETATION\u0000To maximize health benefits, continued efforts are needed to promote good sleep behaviours among Canadian adults. Device-based measures of sleep could improve surveillance and research.","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"33 3 1","pages":"3-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44474584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pan-Canadian dataset of neighbourhood retail food environment measures using Statistics Canada's Business Register.","authors":"Andrew C Stevenson, Clara Kaufmann, Rachel C Colley, Leia M Minaker, Michael J Widener, Thomas Burgoine, Claudia Sanmartin, Nancy A Ross","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202200200001-eng","DOIUrl":"10.25318/82-003-x202200200001-eng","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The objective of this study was to create the Canadian Food Environment Dataset (Can-FED) and to demonstrate its validity.</p><p><strong>Data and methods: </strong>Food outlet data were extracted from Statistics Canada's Business Register (BR) in 2018. Retail food environment access measures (both absolute and relative measures) were calculated using network buffers around the centroid of 56,589 dissemination areas in Canada. A k-medians clustering approach was used to create categorical food environment variables that were easy to use and amenable to dissemination. Validity of the measures was assessed by comparing the food environment measures from Can-FED with measures created using Enhanced Points of Interest data by DMTI Spatial Inc. and data from a municipal health inspection list. Validity was also assessed by calculating the geographic variability in food environments across census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and assessing associations between CMA-level food environments and CMA-level health indicators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two versions of Can-FED were created: a researcher file that must be accessed within a secure Statistics Canada environment and a general-use file available online. Agreement between Can-FED food environment measures and those derived from a proprietary dataset and a municipal health inspection list ranged from r_s=0.28 for convenience store density and r_s=0.53 for restaurant density. At the CMA level, there is wide geographic variation in the food environment with evidence of patterning by health indicators.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>Can-FED is a valid and accessible dataset of pan-Canadian food environment measures that was created from the BR, a data source that has not been explored fully for health research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"33 2","pages":"3-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39934645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household food insecurity in Canada early in the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Jane Y Polsky,&nbsp;Didier Garriguet","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202200200002-eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202200200002-eng","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Food insecurity linked to insufficient income is an important determinant of health. Whether the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated levels of food insecurity in Canada, particularly among vulnerable groups, is unclear. This study estimated the proportion of Canadians reporting experience of household food insecurity six to nine months into the COVID-19 pandemic, and drew comparisons with pre-pandemic levels.</p><p><strong>Data and methods: </strong>Data on household food security status during the pandemic came from the population-based cross-sectional Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) collected from September to December 2020. Analyses were based on 26,831 respondents aged 12 and older residing in the 10 provinces. The Household Food Security Survey Module was used to categorize respondents' household food security status within the previous 12 months as food secure or marginally, moderately or severely insecure. The percentage of Canadians reporting some experience of household food insecurity was estimated for the overall population and for various sociodemographic groups. T-tests were used to draw comparisons with pre-pandemic rates from the 2017/2018 CCHS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In fall 2020, 9.6% of Canadians reported having experienced some level of food insecurity in their household in the prior 12 months, which is lower than the estimate of 12.6% from 2017/2018. Overall estimates were also lower in fall 2020 when examined within levels of household food insecurity (i.e., marginal, moderate or severe). The percentage of Canadians reporting experience of household food insecurity was either unchanged or lower than in 2017/2018 among sociodemographic groups vulnerable to experiencing income-related food insecurity, including renters and those with lower levels of education.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>During the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in fall 2020, about 1 in 10 Canadians aged 12 and older reported experience of food insecurity in their household in the previous 12 months. This proportion was lower compared with 2017/2018, both overall and among several groups at higher risk of food insecurity. Monitoring household food insecurity will continue to be important during the COVID-19 pandemic and throughout the years of recovery ahead.</p>","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"33 2","pages":"15-26"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39934646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health associations with meeting the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for adults: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey.","authors":"Scott Rollo,&nbsp;Justin J Lang,&nbsp;Karen C Roberts,&nbsp;Felix Bang,&nbsp;Valerie Carson,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Chaput,&nbsp;Rachel C Colley,&nbsp;Ian Janssen,&nbsp;Mark S Tremblay","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202200100002-eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202200100002-eng","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults (18-64 years and 65 years or older) were launched in October 2020 and provide evidence-based recommendations for physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep. The purpose of this study was to examine whether meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines overall, and different combinations of recommendations within the guidelines, was associated with health indicators in a representative sample of Canadian adults.</p><p><strong>Data and methods: </strong>Participants were 8,297 adults aged 18 to 79 from cycles 1 to 3 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. They were classified as meeting or not meeting each of the recommendations required for overall guideline adherence: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (150 minutes or more per week), sedentary behaviour (8 hours or less per day or 9 hours or less per day of sedentary time, including 3 hours or less per day of recreational screen time) and sleep duration (7 to 9 hours per day for adults 18 to 64 years old, 7 to 8 hours per day for adults aged 65 years or older). A combination of self-reported and device-based measures were used. Indicators of adiposity (n=2), aerobic fitness (n=1) and cardiometabolic health (n=7) were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 19.1% of the sample met none of the recommendations, 43.9% met one of them, 29.8% met two and 7.1% met all three. Compared with meeting no recommendations, meeting one, two and all three recommendations was associated with better health for one, six and seven health indicators, respectively (p < 0.05). Compared with adults meeting two or fewer recommendations, those who met all three recommendations had more favourable body mass index; waist circumference; aerobic fitness scores; and triglyceride, insulin, C-reactive protein and serum glucose levels (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>These findings provide support for the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and show that less than 1 in 10 Canadian adults are meeting all three of the healthy movement behaviour guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"33 1","pages":"16-26"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring workplace psychosocial factors in the federal government.","authors":"Ann-Renée Blais,&nbsp;Isabelle Michaud,&nbsp;Jean-François Simard,&nbsp;Lenka Mach,&nbsp;Simon Houle","doi":"10.25318/82-003-x202101200001-eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202101200001-eng","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The National Standard of Canada for Psychological Health and Safety in the Workplace (the Standard) identifies 13 psychosocial factors affecting psychological health and safety in the workplace that employers should measure and monitor with the goal of addressing areas for improvement. The present study sought to determine the suitability of the Public Service Employee Survey as a tool for the assessment of these psychosocial factors in public service employees. It also aimed to explore-in a preliminary manner-predictors of job satisfaction in these employees.</p><p><strong>Data and methods: </strong>Data from the 2017 and 2019 Public Service Employee Survey (PSES) were analyzed. Specifically, exploratory structural modelling and tests of measurement invariance were used to identify a measurement model reflecting the psychosocial factors outlined in the Standard and to evaluate the equivalence of this model across both PSES administrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analyses uncovered 10 of the 13 psychosocial factors, as well as 2 closely related factors-diversity and inclusion-and supported the full invariance of the resulting measurement model across both PSES administrations. Lastly, preliminary results pointed to recognition and reward (encompassing leader reward behaviours) and involvement and influence (touching on participative decision making, innovation and initiative) as predictors of job satisfaction in both samples of public service employees.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>The present study identified the PSES as a tool for the assessment-in public service employees-of the majority of the psychosocial factors outlined in the Standard as well as two additional factors of particular importance to the federal government, diversity and inclusion. Future research to address current limitations is discussed, as are preliminary implications for practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":49196,"journal":{"name":"Health Reports","volume":"32 12","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39922413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}