PLoS Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Potential public health impacts of gonorrhea vaccination programmes under declining incidences: A modeling study.","authors":"Lin Geng, Lilith K Whittles, Borame L Dickens, Martin T W Chio, Yihao Chen, Rayner Kay Jin Tan, Azra Ghani, Jue Tao Lim","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004521","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gonorrhea is the second most common sexually transmitted disease notified in Singapore in 2023. Evidence suggests that the 4CMenB vaccine designed to protect against Neisseria meningitidis infection may offer partial cross-protection against gonorrhea. This generated interest in using 4CMenB for the purpose of staving gonorrhea transmission. We explored the efficacy of potential gonorrhea vaccination strategies in the context of historically declining gonorrhea incidence.</p><p><strong>Methods and findings: </strong>We employed an integrated transmission-dynamic model, calibrated using Bayesian methods to local surveillance data to understand the potential public health impact of 4CMenB in reducing gonorrhea acquisition and transmission in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Singapore. We explored the efficacy of implementing six vaccination programmes: (1) offering vaccination to all male adolescents in schools (vaccination before entry [VbE]), (2) offering vaccination to individuals attending sexual health clinics for testing (vaccination on attendance [VoA]), (3) offering vaccination to individuals attending sexual health clinics and who were diagnosed with gonorrhea (vaccination on diagnosis [VoD]), or (4) vaccination according to risk (VaR), by offering vaccination to patients who were diagnosed with gonorrhea plus individuals who tested negative, but report having more than five sexual partners per year. We further examined how altering (5) VoA and (6) VoD strategies changed if the strategies only targeted high risk groups (VoA(H),VoD(H)). We assessed efficacy by examining vaccination impact relative to no vaccination and when behavioral parameters were held constant. We further ascertained the effects of varying vaccine uptake (10%, 33%, 100%), vaccine efficacy (22%, 31%, 47%), and duration of protection (1.5, 4, 7.5 years) on the effectiveness of each vaccination strategy. For a hypothetical 10-year vaccination programme, VbE had 14.18% of MSM gonorrhea cases averted over the time the programme was implemented. VoA had the highest protective impact on the MSM population with 40.26% averted cases (95% credible interval (CrI): 18.32%-52.57%), but required more vaccine doses than any other strategy. VoD had a smaller impact (12.04% averted cases (95% CrI: 7.12%-15.00%)), but was three times more efficient than VoA in terms of averted cases per dose. VoA(H) and VoD(H) improved the efficiency of VoA and VoD strategies by increasing averted cases per dose to 0.22 and 0.24 respectively, but conferred similar protective effects as VoA (VoA(H): 40.10% averted cases (95% CrI: 18.14%-52.55%)) and VoD (VoD(H): 12.04% averted cases (95% CrI: 7.12%-15.00%)), respectively. VaR (40.10% averted cases (95% CrI: 18.14%-52.55%)) had almost the same impact as VoA, but was more efficient by requiring administration of fewer doses than VoA, with 0.21 (95% CrI: 0.12-0.27) averted cases per dose. Sensitivity analyses indicated that ","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"e1004521"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11805383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving monitoring of sexual, reproductive health, and rights globally.","authors":"Sacha St-Onge Ahmad, Zulfiqar A Bhutta","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004525","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004525","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"e1004525"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy and clinical effectiveness of risk prediction tools for pressure injury occurrence: An umbrella review.","authors":"Bethany Hillier, Katie Scandrett, April Coombe, Tina Hernandez-Boussard, Ewout Steyerberg, Yemisi Takwoingi, Vladica M Veličković, Jacqueline Dinnes","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004518","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pressure injuries (PIs) pose a substantial healthcare burden and incur significant costs worldwide. Several risk prediction tools to allow timely implementation of preventive measures and a subsequent reduction in healthcare system burden are available and in use. The ability of risk prediction tools to correctly identify those at high risk of PI (prognostic accuracy) and to have a clinically significant impact on patient management and outcomes (effectiveness) is not clear. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic accuracy and clinical effectiveness of risk prediction tools for PI and to identify gaps in the literature.</p><p><strong>Methods and findings: </strong>The umbrella review was conducted according to Cochrane guidance. Systematic reviews (SRs) evaluating the accuracy or clinical effectiveness of adult PI risk prediction tools in any clinical settings were eligible. Studies on paediatric tools, sensor-only tools, or staging/diagnosis of existing PIs were excluded. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and EPISTEMONIKOS were searched (inception to June 2024) to identify relevant SRs, as well as Google Scholar (2013 to 2024) and reference lists. Methodological quality was assessed using adapted AMSTAR-2 criteria. Results were described narratively. We identified 26 SRs meeting all eligibility criteria with 19 SRs assessing prognostic accuracy and 11 assessing clinical effectiveness of risk prediction tools for PI (4 SRs assessed both aspects). The 19 SRs of prognostic accuracy evaluated 70 tools (39 scales and 31 machine learning (ML) models), with the Braden, Norton, Waterlow, Cubbin-Jackson scales (and modifications thereof) the most evaluated tools. Meta-analyses from a focused set of included SRs showed that the scales had sensitivities and specificities ranging from 53% to 97% and 46% to 84%, respectively. Only 2/19 (11%) SRs performed appropriate statistical synthesis and quality assessment. Two SRs assessing machine learning-based algorithms reported high prognostic accuracy estimates, but some of which were sourced from the same data within which the models were developed, leading to potentially overoptimistic results. Two randomised trials assessing the effect of PI risk assessment tools (within the full test-intervention-outcome pathway) on the incidence of PIs were identified from the 11 SRs of clinical effectiveness; both were included in a Cochrane SR and assessed as high risk of bias. Both trials found no evidence of an effect on PI incidence. Limitations included the use of the AMSTAR-2 criteria, which may have overly focused on reporting quality rather than methodological quality, compounded by the poor reporting quality of included SRs and that SRs were not excluded based on low AMSTAR-2 ratings (in order to provide a comprehensive overview). Additionally, diagnostic test accuracy principles, rather than prognostic modelling approaches were heavily relied upon, which do not account for the temporal nature of","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"e1004518"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11844857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of X-ray-based diagnosis and explanation of knee osteoarthritis on patient beliefs about osteoarthritis management: A randomised clinical trial.","authors":"Belinda J Lawford, Kim L Bennell, Dan Ewald, Peixuan Li, Anurika De Silva, Jesse Pardo, Barbara Capewell, Michelle Hall, Travis Haber, Thorlene Egerton, Stephanie Filbay, Fiona Dobson, Rana S Hinman","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004537","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although X-rays are not recommended for routine diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA), clinicians and patients often use or expect X-rays. We evaluated whether: (i) a radiographic diagnosis and explanation of knee OA influences patient beliefs about management, compared to a clinical diagnosis and explanation that does not involve X-rays; and (ii) showing the patient their X-ray images when explaining radiographic report findings influences beliefs, compared to not showing X-ray images.</p><p><strong>Methods and findings: </strong>This was a 3-arm randomised controlled trial conducted between May 23, 2024 and May 28, 2024 as a single exposure (no follow-up) online survey. A total of 617 people aged ≥45 years, with and without chronic knee pain, were recruited from the Australian-wide community. Participants were presented with a hypothetical scenario where their knee was painful for 6 months and they had made an appointment with a general practitioner (primary care physician). Participants were randomly allocated to one of 3 groups where they watched a 2-min video of the general practitioner providing them with either: (i) clinical explanation of knee OA (no X-rays); (ii) radiographic explanation (not showing X-ray images); or (iii) radiographic explanation (showing X-ray images). Primary comparisons were: (i) clinical explanation (no X-rays) versus radiographic explanation (showing X-ray images); and (ii) radiographic explanation (not showing X-ray images) versus radiographic explanation (showing X-ray images). Primary outcomes were perceived (i) necessity of joint replacement surgery; and (ii) helpfulness of exercise and physical activity, both measured on 11-point numeric rating scales (NRS) ranging 0 to 10. Compared to clinical explanation (no X-rays), those who received radiographic explanation (showing X-ray images) believed surgery was more necessary (mean 3.3 [standard deviation: 2.7] versus 4.5 [2.7], respectively; mean difference 1.1 [Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval: 0.5, 1.8]), but there were no differences in beliefs about the helpfulness of exercise and physical activity (mean 7.9 [standard deviation: 1.9] versus 7.5 [2.2], respectively; mean difference -0.4 [Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval: -0.9, 0.1]). There were no differences in beliefs between radiographic explanation with and without showing X-ray images (for beliefs about necessity of surgery: mean 4.5 [standard deviation: 2.7] versus 3.9 [2.6], respectively; mean difference 0.5 [Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval: -0.1, 1.2]; for beliefs about helpfulness of exercise and physical activity: mean 7.5 [standard deviation: 2.2] versus 7.7 [2.0], respectively; mean difference -0.2 [Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval: -0.7, 0.3]). Limitations of our study included the fact that participants were responding to a hypothetical scenario, and so findings may not necessarily translate to real-world clinical situations, ","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"e1004537"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11838874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consecutive prediction of adverse maternal outcomes of preeclampsia, using the PIERS-ML and fullPIERS models: A multicountry prospective observational study.","authors":"Guiyou Yang, Tünde Montgomery-Csobán, Wessel Ganzevoort, Sanne J Gordijn, Kimberley Kavanagh, Paul Murray, Laura A Magee, Henk Groen, Peter von Dadelszen","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004509","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Preeclampsia is a potentially life-threatening pregnancy complication. Among women whose pregnancies are complicated by preeclampsia, the Preeclampsia Integrated Estimate of RiSk (PIERS) models (i.e., the PIERS Machine Learning [PIERS-ML] model, and the logistic regression-based fullPIERS model) accurately identify individuals at greatest or least risk of adverse maternal outcomes within 48 h following admission. Both models were developed and validated to be used as part of initial assessment. In the United Kingdom, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends repeated use of such static models for ongoing assessment beyond the first 48 h. This study evaluated the models' performance during such consecutive prediction.</p><p><strong>Methods and findings: </strong>This multicountry prospective study used data of 8,843 women (32% white, 30% black, and 26% Asian) with a median age of 31 years. These women, admitted to maternity units in the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Europe, and Oceania, were diagnosed with preeclampsia at a median gestational age of 35.79 weeks between year 2003 and 2016. The risk differentiation performance of the PIERS-ML and fullPIERS models were assessed for each day within a 2-week post-admission window. The PIERS adverse maternal outcome includes one or more of: death, end-organ complication (cardiorespiratory, renal, hepatic, etc.), or uteroplacental dysfunction (e.g., placental abruption). The main outcome measures were: trajectories of mean risk of each of the uncomplicated course and adverse outcome groups; daily area under the precision-recall curve (AUC-PRC); potential clinical impact (i.e., net benefit in decision curve analysis); dynamic shifts of multiple risk groups; and daily likelihood ratios. In the 2 weeks window, the number of daily outcome events decreased from over 200 to around 10. For both PIERS-ML and fullPIERS models, we observed consistently higher mean risk in the adverse outcome (versus uncomplicated course) group. The AUC-PRC values (0.2-0.4) of the fullPIERS model remained low (i.e., close to the daily fraction of adverse outcomes, indicating low discriminative capacity). The PIERS-ML model's AUC-PRC peaked on day 0 (0.65), and notably decreased thereafter. When categorizing women into multiple risk groups, the PIERS-ML model generally showed good rule-in capacity for the \"very high\" risk group, with positive likelihood ratio values ranging from 70.99 to infinity, and good rule-out capacity for the \"very low\" risk group where most negative likelihood ratio values were 0. However, performance declined notably for other risk groups beyond 48 h. Decision curve analysis revealed a diminishing advantage for treatment guided by both models over time. The main limitation of this study is that the baseline performance of the PIERS-ML model was assessed on its development data; however, its baseline performance has also undergone exter","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"e1004509"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11793762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of prenatal balanced energy and protein supplementation on gestational weight gain: An individual participant data meta-analysis in low- and middle-income countries.","authors":"Dongqing Wang, Uttara Partap, Enju Liu, Janaína Calu Costa, Ilana R Cliffer, Molin Wang, Sudeer Kumar Nookala, Vishak Subramoney, Brittany Briggs, Imran Ahmed, Alemayehu Argaw, Shabina Ariff, Nita Bhandari, Ranadip Chowdhury, Daniel Erchick, Armando García-Guerra, Masoumah Ghaffarpour, Giles Hanley-Cook, Lieven Huybregts, Fyezah Jehan, Fatemeh Kaseb, Nancy F Krebs, Carl Lachat, Tsering Pema Lama, Dharma S Manandhar, Elizabeth M McClure, Sophie E Moore, Ameer Muhammad, Lynnette M Neufeld, Andrew M Prentice, Amado D Quezada-Sánchez, Dominique Roberfroid, Naomi M Saville, Yasir Shafiq, Bhim P Shrestha, Bakary Sonko, Sajid Soofi, Sunita Taneja, James M Tielsch, Laéticia Céline Toe, Naser Valaei, Wafaie W Fawzi","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004523","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding the effects of balanced energy and protein (BEP) supplements on gestational weight gain (GWG) and how the effects differ depending on maternal characteristics and the nutritional composition of the supplements will inform the implementation of prenatal BEP interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods and findings: </strong>Individual participant data from 11 randomized controlled trials of prenatal BEP supplements (N = 12,549, with 5,693 in the BEP arm and 6,856 in the comparison arm) in low- and middle-income countries were used. The primary outcomes included GWG adequacy (%) and the estimated total GWG at delivery as continuous outcomes, and severely inadequate (<70% adequacy), inadequate GWG (<90% adequacy), and excessive GWG (>125% adequacy) as binary outcomes; all variables were calculated based on the Institute of Medicine recommendations. Linear and log-binomial models were used to estimate study-specific mean differences or risk ratios (RRs), respectively, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the effects of prenatal BEP on the GWG outcomes. The study-specific estimates were pooled using meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses were conducted by individual characteristics. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were conducted for study-level characteristics. Compared to the comparison group, prenatal BEP led to a 6% greater GWG percent adequacy (95% CI: 2.18, 9.56; p = 0.002), a 0.59 kg greater estimated total GWG at delivery (95% CI, 0.12, 1.05; p = 0.014), a 10% lower risk of severely inadequate GWG (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.99; p = 0.025), and a 7% lower risk of inadequate GWG (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.97; p = 0.001). The effects of prenatal BEP on GWG outcomes were stronger in studies with a targeted approach, where BEP supplements were provided to participants in the intervention arm under specific criteria such as low body mass index or low GWG, compared to studies with an untargeted approach, where BEP supplements were provided to all participants allocated to the intervention arm.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prenatal BEP supplements are effective in increasing GWG and reducing the risk of inadequate weight gain during pregnancy. BEP supplementation targeted toward pregnant women with undernutrition may be a promising approach to delivering the supplements.</p>","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"e1004523"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11790098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact evaluation of a digital health platform empowering Kenyan women across the pregnancy-postpartum care continuum: A cluster randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Rajet Vatsa, Wei Chang, Sharon Akinyi, Sarah Little, Catherine Gakii, John Mungai, Cynthia Kahumbura, Anneka Wickramanayake, Sathyanath Rajasekharan, Jessica Cohen, Margaret McConnell","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004527","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Accelerating improvements in maternal and newborn health (MNH) care is a major public health priority in Kenya. While use of formal health care has increased, many pregnant and postpartum women do not receive the recommended number of maternal care visits. Even when they do, visits are often short with many providers not offering important elements of evaluation and counseling, leaving gaps in women's knowledge and preparedness. Digital health tools have been proposed as a complement to care that is provided by maternity care facilities, but there is limited evidence of the impact of digital health tools at scale on women's knowledge, preparedness, and the content of care they receive. We evaluated a digital health platform (PROMPTS (Promoting Mothers in Pregnancy and Postpartum Through SMS)) composed of informational messages, appointment reminders, and a two-way clinical helpdesk, which had enrolled over 750,000 women across Kenya at the time of our study, on 6 domains across the pregnancy-postpartum care continuum.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods and findings: &lt;/strong&gt;We conducted an unmasked, 1:1 parallel arm cluster randomized controlled trial in 40 health facilities (clusters) across 8 counties in Kenya. A total of 6,139 pregnant individuals were consented at baseline and followed through pregnancy and postpartum. Individuals recruited from treatment facilities were invited to enroll in the PROMPTS platform, with roughly 85% (1,453/1,700) reporting take-up. Our outcomes were derived from phone surveys conducted with participants at 36 to 42 weeks of gestation and 7 to 8 weeks post-childbirth. Among eligible participants, 3,399/3,678 women completed antenatal follow-up and 5,509/6,128 women completed postpartum follow-up, with response rates of 92% and 90%, respectively. Outcomes were organized into 6 domains: knowledge, birth preparedness, routine care seeking, danger sign care seeking, newborn care, and postpartum care content. We generated standardized summary indices to account for multiple hypothesis testing but also analyzed individual index components. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted for all outcomes at the individual level, with standard errors clustered by facility. Participants recruited from treatment facilities had a 0.08 standard deviation (SD) (95% CI [0.03, 0.12]; p = 0.002) higher knowledge index, a 0.08 SD (95% CI [0.02, 0.13]; p = 0.018) higher birth preparedness index, a 0.07 SD (95% CI [0.03, 0.11]; p = 0.003) higher routine care seeking index, a 0.09 SD (95% CI [0.07, 0.12]; p &lt; 0.001) higher newborn care index, and a 0.06 SD (95% CI [0.01, 0.12]; p = 0.043) higher postpartum care content index than those recruited from control facilities. No significant effect on the danger sign care seeking index was found (95% CI [-0.01, 0.08]; p = 0.096). A limitation of our study was that outcomes were self-reported, and the study was not powered to detect effects on health outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"e1004527"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11835334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of placenta previa in assisted reproductive technology: A Nordic population study with sibling analyses.","authors":"Eirik Landsverk, Kjersti Westvik-Johari, Ulla-Britt Wennerholm, Christina Bergh, Frederik Kyhl, Anne Lærke Spangmose, Ditte Vassard, Anja Pinborg, Kristiina Rönö, Mika Gissler, Sindre Hoff Petersen, Signe Opdahl","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004536","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004536","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;A higher risk of placenta previa after assisted reproductive technology (ART) is well established. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, but may relate to embryo culture duration, cryopreservation, and cause of infertility. Within-mother analyses, where each woman is her own control (i.e., sibling design), help disentangle treatment contributions from maternal confounders that are stable between pregnancies. We aimed to investigate the risk of placenta previa in pregnancies achieved after ART according to embryo culture duration, cryopreservation, and infertility factors while accounting for stable maternal factors using within-mother analyses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods and findings: &lt;/strong&gt;We used linked nationwide registry data from Denmark (1994 to 2014), Finland (1990 to 2014), Norway (1988 to 2015), and Sweden (1988 to 2015). All women who gave their first birth during the study period at age 20 years or older were eligible and contributed up to 4 deliveries (singleton or multifetal) occurring between 22 and 44 weeks of gestation, excluding deliveries where maternal age exceeded 45 years. We used multilevel logistic regression to compare risk of placenta previa after ART (n = 139,694 deliveries) versus natural conception (n = 5,614,512 deliveries), both at the population level and within mothers, adjusting for year of delivery, maternal age, parity, and country. We categorized ART according to culture duration, embryo cryopreservation, and infertility factors. Population level risk of placenta previa was higher for ART versus natural conception (odds ratio [OR], 4.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.96-4.37). Controlling for stable maternal factors, the association attenuated, but risk remained higher for ART versus natural conception (OR within mothers, 2.64; 95% CI, 2.31-3.02). Compared to naturally conceived, a larger difference in risk was seen for pregnancies from fresh embryos than for pregnancies from frozen embryos. Further categorization by culture duration showed the largest risk difference after fresh blastocyst transfer, and the smallest after frozen cleavage stage embryo transfer, which persisted in sensitivity analyses (including restriction to singletons). When stratified according to infertility factors at the population level, women with endometriosis conceiving by ART had the highest risk of placenta previa (OR, 9.35; 95% CI, 8.50-10.29), whereas women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) conceiving by ART had the lowest risk (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.12-2.09), compared to natural conception. Within mothers, we found a higher risk of placenta previa after ART compared to natural conception for women with endometriosis (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.50-2.90), but not for women with PCOS (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.41-1.89 [unadjusted due to sparse data]). However, within-mother analyses are restricted to multiparous women with deliveries after different conception methods. Therefore, findings from these a","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"e1004536"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11835333/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term drought and risk of infant mortality in Africa: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Pin Wang, Tormod Rogne, Joshua L Warren, Ernest O Asare, Robert A Akum, N'datchoh E Toure, Joseph S Ross, Kai Chen","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004516","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As extreme events such as drought and flood are projected to increase in frequency and intensity under climate change, there is still large missing evidence on how drought exposure potentially impacts mortality among young children. This study aimed to investigate the association between drought and risk of infant mortality in Africa, a region highly vulnerable to climate change that bears the heaviest share of the global burden.</p><p><strong>Methods and findings: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, we obtained data on infant mortality in 34 African countries during 1992-2019 from the Demographic and Health Surveys program. We measured drought by the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index at a timescale of 24 months and a spatial resolution of 10 × 10 km, which was further dichotomized into mild and severe drought. The association between drought exposure and infant mortality risk was estimated using Cox regression models allowing time-dependent covariates. We further examined whether the association varied for neonatal and post-neonatal mortality and whether there was a delayed association with drought exposure during pregnancy or infancy. The mean (standard deviation) number of months in which children experienced any drought during pregnancy and survival period (from birth through death before 1 year of age) was 4.6 (5.2) and 7.3 (7.4) among cases and non-cases, respectively. Compared to children who did not experience drought, we did not find evidence that any drought exposure was associated with an increased risk of infant mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.00, 1.04], p = 0.072). When stratified by drought severity, we found a statistically significant association with severe drought (HR: 1.04; 95% CI [1.01, 1.07], p = 0.015), but no significant association with mild drought (HR: 1.01; 95% CI [0.99, 1.03], p = 0.353), compared to non-exposure to any drought. However, when excluding drought exposure during pregnancy, the association with severe drought was found to be non-significant. In addition, an increased risk of neonatal mortality was associated with severe drought (HR: 1.05; 95% CI [1.01, 1.10], p = 0.019), but not with mild drought (HR: 0.99; 95% CI [0.96, 1.02], p = 0.657).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Exposure to long-term severe drought was associated with increased infant mortality risk in Africa. Our findings urge more effective adaptation measures and alleviation strategies against the adverse impact of drought on child health.</p>","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":"e1004516"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11785314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143071320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ovarian cancer prevention through opportunistic salpingectomy during abdominal surgeries: A cost-effectiveness modeling study.","authors":"Angela Kather, Habib Arefian, Claus Schneider, Michael Hartmann, Ingo B Runnebaum","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004514","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004514","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;There is indication that the fallopian tubes might be involved in ovarian cancer pathogenesis and their removal reduces cancer risk. Hence, bilateral salpingectomy during hysterectomy or sterilization, so called opportunistic salpingectomy (OS), is gaining wide acceptance as a preventive strategy. Recently, it was discussed whether implementation of OS at other gynecologic surgery, e.g., cesarean section, endometriosis excision or myomectomy and even at non-gynecologic abdominal surgery such as cholecystectomy or appendectomy for women with completed family could be feasible. This modeling analysis evaluated the clinical and economic potential of OS at gynecologic and abdominal surgeries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods and findings: &lt;/strong&gt;A state transition model representing all relevant health states (healthy, healthy with hysterectomy or tubal ligation, healthy with other gynecologic or non-gynecologic abdominal surgery, healthy with hysterectomy and salpingectomy, healthy with salpingectomy, healthy with hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy, ovarian cancer and death) was developed and informed with transition probabilities based on inpatient case numbers in Germany (2019). Outcomes for women aged 20-85 years were simulated over annual cycles with 1,200,000 million individuals. We compared four strategies: (I) OS at any suitable abdominal surgery, (II) OS only at any suitable gynecologic surgery, (III) OS only at hysterectomy or sterilization, and (IV) no implementation of OS. Primary outcome measures were prevented ovarian cancer cases and deaths as well as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Volume of eligible interventions in strategy I was 3.5 times greater than in strategy III (286,736 versus 82,319). With strategy IV as reference, ovarian cancer cases were reduced by 15.34% in strategy I, 9.78% in II, and 5.48% in III. Setting costs for OS to €216.19 (calculated from average OS duration and operating room minute costs), implementation of OS would lead to healthcare cost savings as indicated by an ICER of €-8,685.50 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained for strategy I, €-8,270.55/QALY for II, and €-4,511.86/QALY for III. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated stable results over a wide range of input parameters with strategy I being the superior approach in the majority of simulations. However, the extent of cancer risk reduction after OS appeared as the critical factor for effectiveness. Preventable ovarian cancer cases dropped to 4.07% (I versus IV), 1.90% (II versus IV), and 0.37% (III versus IV) if risk reduction would be &lt;27% (hazard ratio [HR] &gt; 0.73). ICER of strategies I and II was lower than the 2× gross domestic product per capita (GDP/C) (€94,366/QALY, Germany 2022) within the range of all tested parameters, but strategy III exceeded this threshold in case-risk reduction was &lt;35% (HR &gt; 0.65). The study is limited to data from the inpatient sector and direct medical costs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong","PeriodicalId":49008,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":"e1004514"},"PeriodicalIF":15.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11781718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}