History of Geo- and Space Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Introduction to the special issue “Atmospheric electrical observatories”","authors":"K. Aplin","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-11-137-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-11-137-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric electricity is a long-established subject, with the discovery of the atmospheric electric field away from thunderstorms and the identification of lightning as electricity both dating from the mid-18th century (Aplin et al., 2008). Systematisation of atmospheric electricity measurements began with the establishment of many geophysical observatories as part of the “magnetic crusade” and the professionalisation of science in the 1830s (e.g. Macdonald, 2018). Although this special issue is focused on the contributions made by observatories, historic atmospheric electricity measurements can be valuable for contemporary science and technology. For example, they can contribute to climatological studies of convective storms (Valdivieso et al., 2019) as well as new insights into space weather (e.g. Aplin and Harrison, 2014) and air pollution (Harrison and Aplin, 2002). Beyond the observatory network, there are numerous other accounts of historical atmospheric electricity observations from across the world. Most are short-lived, some predate the establishment of observatories, and others were made by the amateur scientists of the day. These have been tabulated and are available online (https://glocaem.wordpress. com/historical-datasets/, last access: 1 July 2020); further items to add are welcomed. Some of the observatories with long datasets or that were otherwise historically significant have already been described; for example, the longest known atmospheric electric field time series is from Kew Observatory near London, UK, with a historical account by Macdonald (2018) and scientific analysis by e.g. Harrison (2006). During a recent project, GloCAEM, which produced a worldwide atmospheric electric field database (Nicoll et al., 2019), it became apparent that historic data were available and in principle submittable to the database, but that the sites of and background to these measurements had not been fully described. Historic datasets and observatories are also regularly discussed at meetings of the international COST action CA15211, a European atmospheric electricity networking project. This special issue has been motivated by scientists in the atmospheric electricity community requesting an opportunity to explain the scientific and historical context of their data series. It encourages, but is not limited to, submissions on historical atmospheric electricity measurements focused on the observatories participating in the GloCAEM project and COST action. Broader submissions discussing other atmospheric electricity observatories are also welcomed, with no requirement to be involved with either project. It is anticipated that submissions will describe the history of the observing site and the role of key individuals. The atmospheric electrical observations and techniques should be discussed as well as any other relevant measurements, such as magnetic or meteorological, at the site. Significant events during the observing period and their eff","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"137-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46923431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Ten years of History of Geo- and Space Sciences","authors":"K. Schlegel","doi":"10.5194/hgss-11-135-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-135-2020","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"135-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48615972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the Pakistan Space Weather Centre (PSWC)","authors":"Afnan Tahir, M. A. Ameen, M. Talha, Ghulam Murtaza, M. Ali, Gohar Ali","doi":"10.5194/hgss-11-123-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-123-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This work focuses on the progress of space weather monitoring in Pakistan. Pakistan's first geomagnetic observatory was established in Quetta in 1953. However, the beginning of what we would now call space weather services on a formal level took place in 1971, when the national space agency, the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), established the country's first ionospheric station. Later, in 1983, a geomagnetic observatory was set up in Karachi with the aim of providing high frequency (HF) support and geomagnetic storm alerts to relevant users. With the progression of time, nations began to prioritize space weather monitoring to ensure the safety and security of technological assets. Therefore, it was considered imperative to upgrade the array of instruments in order to maintain the reliability of operations and the efficient utilization of data to contribute to research at local, regional and global scales. Pakistan has recently established a dedicated space weather monitoring facility known as the Pakistan Space Weather Centre (PSWC). This paper describes the historic evolution of space weather infrastructure in Pakistan and the current contribution of the PSWC.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"123-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42897199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scientific career launched at the start of the space age: Michael Rycroft at 80","authors":"K. Aplin, R. Harrison, M. Füllekrug, B. Lanchester, François Becker","doi":"10.5194/hgss-11-105-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-105-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The scientific career of Michael Rycroft (born in 1938) spans the space age, during which\u0000significant changes have occurred in how scientists work, experiment, and\u0000interact. Here, as part of his 80th birthday celebrations, we review\u0000his career to date in terms of the social and structural changes in\u0000collaborative international science. His contributions to research,\u0000teaching, and management across solar–terrestrial and ionospheric physics as well as\u0000atmospheric and space science are also discussed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49271132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"At the dawn of global climate modeling: the strange case of the Leith atmosphere model","authors":"K. Hamilton","doi":"10.5194/hgss-11-93-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-93-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A critical stage in the development of our ability to model and project\u0000climate change occurred in the late 1950s–early 1960s when the first\u0000primitive-equation atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) were\u0000created. A rather idiosyncratic project to develop an AGCM was conducted\u0000virtually alone by Cecil E. Leith starting near the end of the 1950s. The Leith\u0000atmospheric model (LAM) appears to have been the first primitive-equation\u0000AGCM with a hydrological cycle and the first with a vertical resolution\u0000extending above the tropopause. It was certainly the first AGCM with a\u0000diurnal cycle, the first with prognostic clouds, and the first to be used as\u0000the basis for computer animations of the results. The LAM project was\u0000abandoned in approximately 1965, and it left almost no trace in the journal literature.\u0000Remarkably, the recent internet posting of a half-century-old computer animation\u0000of LAM-simulated fields represents the first significant “publication” of\u0000results from this model. This paper summarizes what is known about the\u0000history of the LAM based on the limited published articles and reports as\u0000well as transcripts of interviews with Leith and others conducted in the 1990s\u0000and later.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"93-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44500822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Karl Friedrich Almstedt – scientist, teacher, and co-founder of the German Geophysical Society","authors":"K. Glassmeier","doi":"10.5194/hgss-11-71-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-71-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The German Geophysical Society was founded in 1922 as the\u0000Deutsche Seismologische Vereinigung. One of the 24 founders of this society\u0000was Karl Friedrich Almstedt. Born in 1891 and deceased in 1964, Almstedt\u0000represents a generation of academics and scientists who grew up during the\u0000decline of the European empires, experiencing the devastations of the two\u0000World Wars and the cruelties of the Nazi era as well as the resurrection of\u0000academic and cultural life in post-war Germany. A detailed biographical\u0000sketch of Karl Almstedt's life is presented through historical notes on\u0000his social, political, and scientific environment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42149675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements of atmospheric electricity in the Széchenyi István Geophysical Observatory, Hungary","authors":"J. Bór, G. Sátori, V. Barta, Karolina Szabóné-André, J. Szendrői, V. Wesztergom, T. Bozóki, A. Buzás, Dávid Koronczay","doi":"10.5194/hgss-11-53-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-53-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Szechenyi Istvan Geophysical Observatory,\u0000also known as the Nagycenk Geophysical Observatory (NCK), was established in\u00001957. It has been the only measurement site in Hungary where observations of\u0000various parameters of the atmospheric global electric circuit are made in\u0000the framework of organized research under the umbrella of the Hungarian\u0000Academy of Sciences (MTA). Measurements of the atmospheric electrical potential\u0000gradient (PG) and Schumann resonances (SRs) running quasi-continuously in the\u0000observatory for decades provide an invaluable source of information for\u0000geophysical research. This paper gives an overview on the history of the\u0000observatory and particularly on various atmospheric electricity (AE) measurements\u0000on-site to commemorate the efforts and excellence of the people who served\u0000atmospheric sciences by dedicating their lives to obtaining high-quality,\u0000reliable data and scientific achievements at the highest possible level.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"53-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46321506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The configuration of the Pontus Euxinus in Ptolemy's Geography","authors":"Dmitry A. Shcheglov","doi":"10.5194/hgss-11-31-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-31-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This article aims to explain how Ptolemy could have constructed a\u0000map of the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea), as described in his Geography, under the\u0000assumption that his sources were similar to those that have come down to us.\u0000The method employed is based on the comparison of Ptolemy's data with\u0000corresponding information from other ancient sources, revealing the most\u0000conspicuous similarities and differences between them. Three types of\u0000information are considered as possible “constituent elements” of Ptolemy's\u0000map: latitudes, coastline lengths, and straight-line distances. It is argued\u0000that the latitudes Ptolemy used for the key points determining the overall shape of\u0000the Pontus (Byzantium, Trapezus, the mouth of the Borysthenes and the\u0000Cimmerian Bosporus, the mouth of the Tanais, etc.) were most likely\u0000inherited from earlier geographers (Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Marinus).\u0000In exactly the same way, Ptolemy's data on the circumference of the Pontus\u0000and the length of the coastal stretches between the key points (from the\u0000Thracian Bosporus to Cape Karambis, Sinope, Trapezus, and the mouth of the\u0000Phasis, etc.) closely correlate with the corresponding estimates reported by\u0000other geographers (Eratosthenes, Artemidorus, Strabo, Pliny, Arrian, and\u0000Pseudo-Arrian), which implies that Ptolemy drew on similar coastline length\u0000information. The shortening of Ptolemy's west coast of the Pontus (from the\u0000Thracian Bosporus to the mouth of the Borysthenes) relative to the\u0000corresponding distances reported by other sources is explained by his\u0000underestimation of the circumference of the Earth. The lengthening of\u0000Ptolemy's north-east Pontus coast (from the Cimmerian Bosporus to the mouth\u0000of the Phasis) can, in part, be accounted for by his attempt to incorporate\u0000the straight-line distances across the open sea reported by Pliny. Overall,\u0000Ptolemy's configuration of the Black Sea can be satisfactorily explained as\u0000a result of fitting contradictory pieces of information together that were inherited\u0000from earlier geographical traditions.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"31-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43733834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tide prediction machines at the Liverpool Tidal Institute","authors":"P. Woodworth","doi":"10.5194/hgss-11-15-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-15-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The 100th anniversary of the Liverpool Tidal Institute (LTI) was\u0000celebrated during 2019. One aspect of tidal science for which the LTI\u0000acquired a worldwide reputation was the development and use of tide\u0000prediction machines (TPMs). The TPM was invented in the late 19th\u0000century, but most of them were made in the first half of the 20th\u0000century, up until the time that the advent of digital computers consigned\u0000them to museums. This paper describes the basic principles of a TPM, reviews\u0000how many were constructed around the world and discusses the method devised\u0000by Arthur Doodson at the LTI for the determination of harmonic tidal\u0000constants from tide gauge data. These constants were required in order to\u0000set up the TPMs for predicting the heights and times of the tides. Although\u0000only 3 of the 30-odd TPMs constructed were employed in operational tidal\u0000prediction at the LTI, Doodson was responsible for the design and oversight\u0000of the manufacture of several others. The paper demonstrates how the UK, and\u0000the LTI and Doodson in particular, played a central role in this area of\u0000tidal science.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47338150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Struve Geodetic Arc: the development of the triangulation, technical possibilities, and the initiation of the project","authors":"Rūta Puzienė","doi":"10.5194/hgss-10-269-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-269-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The determination of parameters of the Earth's ellipsoid\u0000is quite a difficult task that gives no rest to scientists to this\u0000day. One of the more famous works is the Struve Geodetic Arc, which was stretched from\u0000the Black Sea to the Arctic Ocean by employing the method of a triangulation\u0000network and which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. However, until\u0000this project was implemented, many steps of scientific and technological\u0000advancement had to be taken, the entirety of which created the conditions\u0000for the realization of this project. A study of the method of triangulation\u0000measurements, the development of geodetic devices, the state\u0000politics of the Russian Empire in the 17th–19th centuries in the field of\u0000geodesy, and the development of triangulation during this period are\u0000presented in the article. Moreover, a study of the origins of the Struve\u0000Geodetic Arc project that led to such a grand result is conducted. The\u0000obtained results reveal that certain factors predetermined\u0000the favourable conditions for the successful execution of the project of\u0000this geodetic arc.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47321039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}