Current Infectious Disease Reports最新文献

{"title":"Out with the Old, In with the New: A Review of the Treatment of Intrapartum Infections","authors":"Pamela Bailey, Lance Schacht, Grace Pazienza, Patricia Seal, Amy Crockett, Julie Ann Justo","doi":"10.1007/s11908-024-00838-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-024-00838-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>In 2019, a global meta-analysis demonstrated incidence of 3.9% for chorioamnionitis, 1.6% for endometritis, 1.2% for wound infection, 0.05% for sepsis, and 1.1% for maternal peripartum infection (Woodd et al. in PLOS Med 16(12):e1002984, 2019). Antimicrobial regimens for these infections are based on older microbiology profiles and may not account for changes in antimicrobial susceptibility data or the availability more modern antimicrobial therapies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Recommendations for treatment of puerperal infection have not changed significantly in recent decades, despite the availability of new antimicrobial therapies with improved safety profiles.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>A consideration should be given to monotherapy or two-drug regimens that have fewer toxicities than older therapeutics and require less monitoring. Obtaining appropriate microbiologic data and antimicrobial susceptibility data is critical to balance broad-spectrum coverage with the threat of antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139648120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Septic Coagulopathy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Strategies","authors":"Toshiyuki Karumai, Yuki Kotani, Ryohei Yamamoto, Mayuko Tonai, Yoshiro Hayashi","doi":"10.1007/s11908-024-00833-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-024-00833-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Septic coagulopathy is a complex disorder linked with multiple organ dysfunction and increased mortality, and definitive treatments are still lacking. This review summarizes the current understanding of septic coagulopathy, covering its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and debatable treatment approaches. Additionally, it provides a thorough overview of recent research and emerging trends in this area.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Recent studies have highlighted the interplay between coagulation mechanisms in sepsis and inflammatory response. Diagnostic tools include the newly published scoring system for sepsis-induced coagulopathy and the existing scoring systems for disseminated intravascular coagulation, enhancing early detection and treatment. Several drugs targeting abnormal clotting have been investigated in septic coagulopathy or wider septic groups, including heparin, antithrombin, activated protein C, and human-soluble thrombomodulin. However, they have not yielded clear survival benefits. Nonetheless, recent studies indicate that some of those therapies may benefit specific groups with septic coagulopathy, emphasizing the growing interest in emerging biomarkers and precision medicine to enhance patient outcomes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Despite recent advancements, no pharmaceutical intervention is currently endorsed for septic coagulopathy. However, a noted association exists between disseminated intravascular coagulation and unfavorable prognosis. Future research is imperative, especially in devising individualized treatment strategies tailored to each patient’s condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139555077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Difficult to Treat Gram-Negative Bacteria—The Indian Scenario","authors":"Niraj Bannore, Farhad Kapadia, Ashit Hegde","doi":"10.1007/s11908-024-00834-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-024-00834-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Over 50% of the infections in most ICUs in tertiary care centres in India are caused by difficult to treat (DTR) gram-negative bacteria. The options available for the treatment of these infections are quite limited. This review discusses the epidemiology of these DTR infections in India and explores the various treatment strategies for these infections which are relevant in an Indian setting.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The most common organisms causing DTR infections in India are <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. The mechanisms of resistance in these organisms are not the same as those in DTR organisms prevalent in the western world. Treatment strategies recommended by western guidelines may not work in India. Management of these DTR organisms needs to be tailored to the situation in India.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Overuse of antibiotics has led to an alarming rate of DTR infections in Indian ICUs. The polymyxins are often the only drugs which are effective against many of these infections. Physicians in India and the government need to take urgent measures to control the spread of these organisms.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Key points</h3>\u0000<ul>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Antibiotic overuse has led to a situation where over 50% of infections in Indian ICUs are caused by DTR organisms.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Carbapenemase production is the primary mechanism of resistance in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). Efflux pumps, altered outer membrane porin and production of carbapenemases are all implicated in DTR <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>KPC production is very uncommon in the CRE prevalent in India. Western guidelines may therefore not be relevant in India.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>The polymyxins (in combination) and ceftazidime/avibactam with aztreonam are the drugs most often used to deal with DTR gram-negative bacteria in India.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Local delivery of antibiotics may be indicated in the management of these DTR infections in special sites like meningitis and pneumonia.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000</ul>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139506302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Verdict on Vancomycin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam-Associated Nephrotoxicity: Acquittal by Biomarkers or Guilty as Charged?","authors":"Sara Lee, Emily Heil","doi":"10.1007/s11908-024-00829-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-024-00829-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Current literature largely suggests that the combination of vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam (VPT) is associated with a significantly higher risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) compared to vancomycin alone or in combination with other antipseudomonal beta-lactams. However, the true mechanisms behind this potential nephrotoxic effect remain unclear.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The majority of studies describing VPT-associated nephrotoxicity are based on potentially flawed surrogates of glomerular function (e.g., serum creatinine). Moreover, the incidence of creatinine-based AKI is dependent on the consensus definition used. In contrast, animal and clinical studies using more reliable kidney damage biomarkers (e.g., cystatin c) and histopathological examinations largely suggest that injury does not occur.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>In the absence of definitive evidence supported by prospective randomized clinical trials specifically designed to address this question and using various GFR markers and AKI biomarkers, the concern of nephrotoxicity should not influence clinical decision-making for patients requiring broad-spectrum antibiotics. Instead, empiric therapy should be guided by the suspected source of infection, local pathogen susceptibility patterns, and adverse effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139510462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole Genome Sequencing Applications in Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Prevention","authors":"Michelle Doll, Alexandra L. Bryson, Tara N. Palmore","doi":"10.1007/s11908-024-00836-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-024-00836-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Whole genome sequencing is increasingly used in epidemiologic surveillance in healthcare centers, shedding new light on the transmission of healthcare-associated infections. As processing times for these technologies shorten, the ability to use sequencing data for targeted infection prevention is seemingly attainable and of great interest to infection prevention practitioners in an era of limited resources.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Common healthcare-associated infections such as <i>C. difficile</i> and methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> may be acquired in diverse settings including the community, rather than direct patient-to-patient transmission as previously thought. This along with the emergence of new organisms such as <i>Candida auris</i> may indicate that infection prevention interventions should be all-encompassing rather than organism-specific in focus.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Whole genome sequencing technologies are providing a level of detail in assessing organism relatedness that is changing our understanding of the transmission of infections in healthcare settings and may impact infection prevention strategies in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139510133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long Story Short: Establishing Breakpoints for Antimicrobials and 2023 Updates","authors":"Morgan L. Bixby, Dina Zheng, Elizabeth B. Hirsch","doi":"10.1007/s11908-024-00830-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-024-00830-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>This review outlines the process of setting and revising Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints and summarizes breakpoints approved in 2023. These breakpoints will be published in the 2024 edition of the CLSI M100 document.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Over the past decade, new rapid diagnostic tests and antibiotic approvals have led to more frequent updates and revisions to clinical breakpoints—or susceptibility test interpretive criteria (STIC). CLSI is currently the only recognized standards development organization—outside of the FDA—allowed to set or revise STIC. The process of setting breakpoints is not always clear-cut because data evaluation can be limited by a lack of published data in one of three required categories (microbiologic, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics, and clinical outcomes) detailed in the CLSI M23 document.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is a foundation for optimal antimicrobial therapy and plays a critical role in monitoring the spread of antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139495011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advancements in the Therapeutic Development for Marburg Virus: Updates on Clinical Trials","authors":"Garima Sharma, Ashish Ranjan Sharma, Jin-Chul Kim","doi":"10.1007/s11908-023-00828-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-023-00828-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>We aim to provide valuable insights into the current state of therapeutic development for the deadly Marburg virus and guide researchers and clinicians to study the emerging therapies and shape future directions against this deadly virus.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>We find considerable progress in understanding the molecular biology and pathogenesis of the Marburg virus, leading to the identification of small-molecule antivirals and host-targeted approaches, including RNA polymerase inhibitors, viral entry inhibitors, and RNA interference therapies. However, there are very few ongoing clinical trials on the therapy/vaccine development against Marburg virus. Some of the potential studied candidates are chimpanzee adenovirus type 3, modified vaccinia Ankara, Marburg DNA plasmid vaccine, antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers, and galidesivir. Yet, there are no approved vaccines or drugs against Marburg virus due to the viral genetic variability.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Extensive efforts and global awareness in the scientific society are requisite to develop preventive and therapeutic measures focusing on combinatorial formulations against Marburg virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139476764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Update on Suppurative Tenosynovitis","authors":"Wissam El Atrouni, Mitchell C. Birt, Rachel Weihe","doi":"10.1007/s11908-023-00826-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-023-00826-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Suppurative tenosynovitis is a serious infection mostly affecting the flexor tendons of the hand and is considered a medico-surgical emergency.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Infectious tenosynovitis is mostly caused by <i>Staphylococci</i>, <i>Streptococci</i>, Gram negatives, and following bite injury, <i>Eikenella</i> and <i>Pasteurella</i> species. Atypical organisms especially in immunocompromised patients are increasingly being reported like fungi and slowly or rapidly growing mycobacteria. Management can be conservative with intravenous antibiotics and close monitoring especially in mild cases. Minimally invasive catheter irrigation of the tendon sheath can be used with improved functional outcomes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Suppurative tenosynovitis is an infection of the tendon sheath. Inoculation usually occurs following injury, puncture wounds, bites, recent surgery, or via hematogenous or contiguous spread of infection. Kanavel signs are helpful when evaluating patients. Hand surgeons should be promptly consulted for decision about need for surgical exploration. Uncomplicated cases can be treated with 7 to 14 days of an oral antibiotic. Smoking, diabetes, vascular disease, and advanced Michon stage infection are associated with higher risk of amputation or decreased mobility. Infectious diseases specialists should be consulted in the management of atypical presentations like fungal and mycobacterial tenosynovitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"198 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139093109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HBV Reactivation in Patients Receiving Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (BTKIs): a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Ahmed Azzam, Heba Khaled, Basem Osama Ashry, Sarah Mohamed Hussein, Manar Osama, Ameer Ahmed, Omar Yousef, Anees Hjazeen, Ahmed A. Allam, Gellan Alaa Mohamed Kamel","doi":"10.1007/s11908-023-00827-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-023-00827-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKIs) are immunosuppressive cancer therapies approved for the treatment of various mature B-cell malignancies. Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) is a known complication in patients with chronic or past HBV infection undergoing immunosuppressive chemotherapy. The present work aims to establish the correlation between HBVr and patients receiving BTKIs.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>This review included 18 studies. The overall incidence of HBVr was found to be 6.6% in patients with past HBV infections who received ibrutinib. Fourteen cases of HBVr were associated with ibrutinib (two occult hepatitis B infections and twelve past HBV infections). One case of HBV past infection was associated with zanubrutinib, and three cases were recorded for acalabrutinib (one chronic HBV and two past HBV). Most incidents occurred in males older than 60 years within the first year after initiating BTKIs. Three reported cases documented HBVr after discontinuing ibrutinib and zanubrutinib. Two deaths caused by HBVr in patients with past HBV infections were recorded (one for each of acalabrutinib and ibrutinib). Remarkably, HBV antiviral treatment normalized liver functions and eliminated serum HBV in most cases. It was reported that false negativity of HBsAg following reactivation occurred in two cases: one case was attributed to HBsAg escape mutations, and the other to the hook effect.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Our findings show that HBVr risk is intermediate in patients with past HBV infections who receive ibrutinib. Universal anti-HBV prophylaxis before initiating ibrutinib may be an option.</p>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139092870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining International Critical Care Pharmacist Contributions to Sepsis and Exploring Variability","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s11908-023-00825-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-023-00825-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <span> <h3>Purpose of Review</h3> <p>To define international clinical pharmacist contributions to managing sepsis in critically unwell patients and explore variation.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Recent Findings</h3> <p>Clinical pharmacists improve clinical outcomes and cost efficiencies. They provide pharmaceutical advice on selection, administration, plus monitoring of antimicrobials and supportive therapies. Logistical activities reduce drug administration times. Guideline production, patient/clinician education, prescribing error identification, plus therapeutic optimisation activities are also reported.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Summary</h3> <p>A survey incorporating semi-structured interviews identified further antimicrobial stewardship, prescribing and digital contributions to optimise sepsis management. However, disparities associated with multidisciplinary team integration and intensive care unit service provision were found. Variability was attributed to multifaceted physical, social, financial, training and education themes. Findings empower collaborations between pharmacists and stakeholders to identify and overcome contribution barriers. Strategies to mitigate barriers and enhance sepsis contributions were envisaged by reported aspirations. These emphasised the importance of professional advocacy, interprofessional education and impactful implementation research.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":48839,"journal":{"name":"Current Infectious Disease Reports","volume":"203 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138821130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}