Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Toward low‐carbon cities: A review of circular economy integration in urban waste management and its impact on carbon emissions","authors":"Nur Izzah Nabilah Haris, Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus, Nurliyana Abdul Raof, Mohd Hafizz Wondi, Waseem Razzaq Khan, Leong Sui Sien, R. A. Ilyas, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Chayanon Sawatdeenarunat","doi":"10.1002/wene.535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.535","url":null,"abstract":"Urban areas significantly contribute to global carbon emissions, necessitating a shift toward low‐carbon environments. The concept of low‐carbon cities presents a viable pathway for mitigating these anthropogenic emissions, particularly through solid waste management. This article explores the critical role of circular economy‐integrated waste management (CEWM) strategies in reducing carbon emissions and fostering sustainable urban development. We examine city‐level CEWM initiatives worldwide, assess the carbon emission quantification methods, and highlight specific CEWM strategies with significant carbon reduction potential. Our findings reveal that city‐level initiatives predominantly prioritize waste reduction and prevention (51%), followed by education and engagement (23%), material recycling and upcycling (21%), and waste conversion (6%). Key strategies such as composting, waste sorting, recycling, and biogas plants have demonstrated substantial potential in reducing carbon emissions. Integrating CE principles with waste management transforms the traditional linear take‐make‐dispose model into a circular approach that minimizes waste and maximizes resource efficiency. This integration is crucial for reducing carbon emissions and promoting a sustainable urban environment. A holistic perspective is required to plan and strategize for sustainable urbanization whereby CE and waste management are interconnected. CE principles provide an ideal foundation that enhances waste management strategies toward sustainability, ultimately leading to reduced carbon emissions. This article provides essential insights to equip decision‐makers with evidence‐based strategies for effective urban waste management.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Climate and Environment &gt; Circular Economy</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Sustainable Development &gt; Goals</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical and economic challenges for floating offshore wind deployment in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea","authors":"Laura Serri, Davide Airoldi, Francesco Lanni, Roberto Naldi, Alessio Castorrini, Franco Rispoli, Takvor Soukissian, Laura Castro Santos, Marc Le Boulluec, Christophe Maisondieu","doi":"10.1002/wene.533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.533","url":null,"abstract":"Offshore wind is nowadays already well developed in the North European countries. Ninety‐nine percent of the offshore wind turbines are installed on fixed foundations in shallow waters. For areas with water depth greater than 50–60 m, the floating wind is the cheapest and mostly used technology. This technology is going to reach the commercial phase in a few years, thus disclosing the potential of all marine areas with deep waters close to the coast, including the Mediterranean basin. One of the main challenges for floating offshore wind deployment in this area is the achievement of its economic feasibility. The offshore wind resource in the Mediterranean is generally lower than the one in the North Sea and in Oceans and the cost of offshore wind farms, especially with floating technology, is higher than the present offshore wind farm installations also because this industrial sector has not yet started in this area. However, in the Mediterranean area, the potential of offshore wind to contribute to the decarbonization pathway and reduce the dependence on imported fuel supply is substantial. Numerous studies, examined in this article, have already performed a technical‐economic assessment of offshore wind farms in different countries and geographical areas within the basin. A significant number of offshore wind projects are already in different stages of development, confirming the industrial interest and readiness of the Mediterranean offshore wind energy sector. The article provides a comprehensive review of various factors influencing the future deployment of offshore wind in the Mediterranean. It covers a range of topics including technology advancements, resource assessment, wind energy potential, ongoing projects, costs, and economic aspects. Additionally, it discusses environmental sustainability, regulatory frameworks, supply chain logistics, and system integration. The updated review presented in this article could assist decision‐makers and stakeholders in gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of this promising sector and accelerating its development.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Sustainable Energy &gt; Wind Energy</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and opportunities toward a sustainable bio‐based chemical sector in Europe","authors":"Nariê Rinke Dias de Souza, Marisa Groenestege, Jurjen Spekreijse, Cláudia Ribeiro, Cristina T. Matos, Massimo Pizzol, Francesco Cherubini","doi":"10.1002/wene.534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.534","url":null,"abstract":"The chemical sector is the fourth largest industry in the European Union (EU) and the second largest chemical producer globally. However, its global share in chemicals sales has declined from 25% two decades ago to around 14% now. The sector, which accounts for 22% of the EU industry's energy demands, faces significant challenges in mitigating climate change, reducing pollution and toxicity, and improving circularity. Biomass, a promising renewable feedstock, currently represents only 3% of the sector's feedstocks. This review explores the opportunities and challenges for a bio‐based chemical sector in the EU, particularly plastics, to improve circularity and contribute to climate neutrality, reduction of pollution and toxicity. It provides an overview of current fossil‐based feedstocks, production processes, country‐specific trends, bio‐based production, and sustainability initiatives. Exploring new feedstocks such as lignin, organic residues, and algae can increase biomass availability toward a circular bioeconomy. Integrating chemicals and plastics production into commercial pulp and power factories, biofuel plants, and the sustainable hydrogen economy could boost the sector. Hydrogen is crucial for reducing biomass's oxygen content. These can ultimately contribute to reduce climate change impacts. Designing novel chemicals and plastics to accommodate biomass's higher oxygen content, reduce toxicity, and enhance biodegradability is essential. However, plastic waste mismanagement cannot be solved by merely replacing fossil feedstocks with biomass. Sustainability initiatives can strengthen and develop a circular bio‐based chemical sector, but better management of bio‐based plastic waste and transparent labeling of bio‐based products are needed. This calls for collaborative efforts among citizens, academia, policymakers, and industry.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Climate and Environment &gt; Circular Economy</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Climate and Environment &gt; Net Zero Planning and Decarbonization</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Emerging Technologies &gt; Materials</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141887299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent trends and developments in protection systems for microgrids incorporating distributed generation","authors":"Sobia Ashraf, Osman Hasan, Ibrahim Evkay, Ugur S. Selamogullari, Mustafa Baysal","doi":"10.1002/wene.532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.532","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids are integral to power grids; they enhance grid reliability by integrating distributed generators (DGs) to fulfill the local load requirements, lowering energy generation costs, and providing eco‐friendly energy resources to reduce carbon emissions. Despite their benefits, new capabilities also introduce protection‐related complexities, including bidirectional power flow, varying fault currents, false tripping, relay reach limitations, coordination issues, and the requirement for proper grounding. This article offers a detailed review of protection issues in AC, DC, and hybrid AC–DC microgrids, investigating existing approaches to address these issues. Furthermore, the constraints and hurdles associated with these approaches and the future trends and intelligent approaches required to develop a reliable and efficient protection strategy are also identified in this article.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Energy and Power Systems &gt; Microgrids</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Energy and Power Systems &gt; Distributed Generation</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An updated review and perspective on efficient hydrogen generation via solar thermal water splitting","authors":"Justin T. Tran, Kent J. Warren, Steven A. Wilson, Christopher L. Muhich, Charles B. Musgrave, Alan W. Weimer","doi":"10.1002/wene.528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.528","url":null,"abstract":"Solar thermal water splitting (STWS) produces renewable (or green) hydrogen from water using concentrated sunlight. Because STWS utilizes energy from the entire solar spectrum to drive the reduction–oxidation (redox) reactions that split water, it can achieve high theoretical solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiencies. In a two‐step STWS process, a metal oxide that serves as a redox mediator is first heated with concentrated sunlight to high temperatures (<jats:italic>T</jats:italic> &gt;1000°C) to reduce it and evolve oxygen. In the second step, the reduced material is exposed to steam to reoxidize it to its original oxidation state and produce hydrogen. Various aspects of this process are comprehensively reviewed in this work, including the reduction and oxidation chemistries of active materials considered to date, the solar reactors developed to facilitate the STWS reactions, and the effects of operating conditions—including the recent innovation of elevated oxidant pressure—on efficiency. To conclude the review, a perspective on the future optimization of STWS is provided.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Sustainable Energy &gt; Solar Energy</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Emerging Technologies &gt; Hydrogen and Fuel Cells</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Emerging Technologies &gt; New Fuels</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"198 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioenergy potential in Nigeria, how to advance knowledge and deployment to enable SDG 7","authors":"Prince Anthony Okoro, Katie Chong, Mirjam Röder","doi":"10.1002/wene.531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.531","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass is currently the main energy source in Nigeria, but it is being used and managed unsustainably, resulting in significant health and environmental risks. To support Nigeria's transition to an affordable, reliable, and low‐emission future, there is a need to shift from traditional biomass use to modern bioenergy applications. The research reviews the existing knowledge on themes relevant to developing sustainable modern bioenergy for Nigeria in the context of agri‐residues. It synthesizes the key findings on the themes from 161 scientific literature published between 2010 and 2021 on Nigeria and Sub‐Saharan Africa. The findings show that most literature focused on agri‐residues potentially available in large amounts but highly disaggregated, such as cassava and palm residues. Furthermore, the literature highlighted the importance of understanding agri‐residue aggregation, technological, economic, socio‐economic, governance framework of bioenergy, and the interactions with other sectors to unlock the full potential of modern bioenergy. While research acknowledged that bioenergy could enhance energy security, economic growth, and social co‐benefits, there has been less focus on the benefits of novel bioenergy solutions co‐created by relevant stakeholder groups in Nigeria. Involving relevant stakeholders in developing novel bioenergy solutions would address the missing link between resource assessment, appropriate technology deployment, and end‐user demand. It would also enhance the analysis of the bioenergy market and nonmarket benefits and ensure that bioenergy solutions in Nigeria are aligned with community needs and foster inclusivity.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Sustainable Energy &gt; Bioenergy</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Policy and Economics &gt; Governance and Regulation</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design principle of anti‐corrosive photocatalyst for large‐scale hydrogen production","authors":"Spandana Gonuguntla, Bhavya Jaksani, Aparna Jamma, Chandra Shobha Vennapoosa, Debabrata Chatterjee, Ujjwal Pal","doi":"10.1002/wene.530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.530","url":null,"abstract":"With the most advances made so far in terms of photocatalyst design and preparation (inorganic photoredox nanoparticles), researchers of different expertise joined together to address sustainable energy conversion. Despite notable advancements in creating exceptionally active photocatalysts, the practical scalability of these innovations is hindered by issues such as ineffective utilization of solar energy and mass transport, recombination reactions, catalyst instability, and photo corrosion of the catalyst. In this roadmap review, we brief the fundamentals, latest progress, outstanding challenges, and novel design methodology for anticorrosive photocatalysts favorable to large‐scale hydrogen production. To enable the effective scaling of photocatalysis, beyond the inherent activity of photocatalysts, a range of additional factors are considered, with a primary focus on the design of photocatalytic systems. This review underlines the significance of well‐structured photocatalyst design and evaluation for achieving reproducibility and using dependable research methodology for conducting rigorous experiments. The recommendations are directed at reducing the uncertainty surrounding the optimism presented in published research, and we spotlight our recent research advancements. Importantly, the synergistic integration of design principles and research methodologies to enhance the anti‐corrosion properties of photocatalysts may pave the way for a practical technology to utilize solar energy for large‐scale hydrogen production efficiently.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Sustainable Energy &gt; Solar Energy</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141609329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relevance of biomass‐based gases as energy carriers: A review","authors":"Frank K. Radosits, Amela Ajanovic, Michael Harasek","doi":"10.1002/wene.527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.527","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and the consequences of the energy crisis on the European energy markets require action to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels. Biomass‐based green gases can contribute to emission reduction goals and are therefore considered as essential energy carriers in the future energy system. The core objective of this work is a literature review on biomass‐based green gases covering important economic, environmental and policy‐related aspects of their use as energy carriers. The main obstacles to rapid deployment are the economic and environmental uncertainties. The production costs for biomethane and bio‐SNG vary from 51 to 134 EUR<jats:sub>2020</jats:sub>/MWh depending on the technology, size of the plant, and feedstock utilized. The current production costs are not economically feasible without policy support. Carbon taxes and incentives can act as effective measures to promote biomass‐based gases. Emission reductions for production and consumption are in the range of 45%–90% compared to natural gas and fossil‐based hydrogen. The system borders significantly affect the results, making it difficult to compare the findings from different studies. Therefore, more research needs to be conducted to evaluate the economic uncertainties for investors as well as the environmental impact of biomass‐based green gases.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Sustainable Energy &gt; Bioenergy</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141568630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Struvite in circular economy: Production techniques, emerging applications and market opportunities","authors":"Sivaraman Chandrasekaran, Alisha Zaffar, Paramasivan Balasubramanian","doi":"10.1002/wene.529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.529","url":null,"abstract":"Struvite precipitation is an efficient approach to recover phosphorus and ammonium from wastewater to alleviate many operational as well as environmental issues. The sparingly soluble nature of struvite in water makes it a potential slow‐release fertilizer whose adequacy has been investigated in various soil‐based cultivation. However, struvite has diverse applications other than field usage which are yet to be explored. The review highlights the usage of struvite as a fertilizer in soil along with its other applications as a nutrient supplier in hydroponic systems, fire retardants, and sorbent for the adsorption of heavy metals, dye, and gases. The research gaps between the lab and the application of the struvite products in the market for its proper utilization have also been reported. Thus, struvite produced from wastewater can be a promising green chemistry that could replace many costly, synthetic, and harmful products, while conserving phosphorous resource at the same time.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Climate and Environment &gt; Circular Economy</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Emerging Technologies &gt; Materials</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Sustainable Development &gt; Goals</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141568632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated assessment models for resource–environment–economy coordinated development","authors":"Hao Li, Pengru Fan, Yukun Wang, Yang Lu, Feng Chen, Haotian Zhang, Bin Zhang, Bo Wang, Zhaohua Wang","doi":"10.1002/wene.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.514","url":null,"abstract":"Resources–environment–economy coordinated development (REECD) is important for global sustainable development goals (SDGs). Integrated assessment model (IAM) is widely applied to investigate REECD‐related issues and design policy or technology development pathways. Accordingly, this study reviews existing literatures on the REECD related IAMs in terms of nexus mechanism, classification, theoretical basis and applicability, and puts forward possible expansion dimensions for improving the models. IAMs could be categorized into top‐down ones mainly based on computable general equilibrium and optimization theories, and bottom‐up ones generally based on engineering‐technological and ecology‐environmental analysis. Top‐down and bottom‐up combined IAMs are increasingly employed to evaluate the impacts of policy implementation, technological penetration and behavior modification, in order to improve the accuracy for decision‐making. Meanwhile, IAMs for REECD are need to be further developed to increase its applicability for analyzing high‐resolution and high‐frequency inventories of resource development and pollutant emissions. Existing IAMs should also embrace key resources consumption such as heavy and strategic metals. Due to tighter carbon emission space under 1.5‐degree and carbon‐neutral climate targets, the nexus mechanism of REECD would change significantly in future, which we need to characterize these variations in the models. Furthermore, researchers and developers should pay more attention to model improvement towards the developing and emerging economies.This article is categorized under:<jats:list list-type=\"simple\"> <jats:list-item>Sustainable Development &gt; Emerging Economies</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Sustainable Development &gt; Goals</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Human and Social Dimensions &gt; Energy and Climate Justice</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}