Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences最新文献

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Assessment of efficacy of Kankshi Bhasma Dhantadhavana in extrinsic dental stain an observational study Kankshi Bhasma Dhantadhavana 对外源性牙渍的疗效评估观察研究
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.7
Manjula Turamari, Kshitija Tigale
{"title":"Assessment of efficacy of Kankshi Bhasma Dhantadhavana in extrinsic dental stain an observational study","authors":"Manjula Turamari, Kshitija Tigale","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Chewing tobacco and use of SLT (smokeless tobacco) products cause considerable staining of teeth among users. Discolouration of the teeth is a common complication of tobacco chewing. The stains bind and penetrate the enamel, dentin, root surfaces causing a brown to black discolouration. Tobacco stains cause the enamel to wear away over time. This exposes the dentin (a softer layer of teeth underneath the enamel), which starts to show through, teeth will look increasingly more yellow. These stains can also lead to gum diseases. Artificial dentures, prosthesis is also discoloured by prolonged tobacco chewing. The coarse abrasives in tobacco products when constantly chewed cause abrasion or tooth wear. Chewing tobacco also increases the incidence of dental caries and thereby causes tooth loss. Epidemiology suggests tobacco users have 67 per cent tooth loss compared to non-users. The high content of sweetening and flavouring agents in tobacco products is responsible for tooth decay. To overcome this Kankshi Bhasma Dantadhavan can be an efficient way Kankshi (Potash alum [K2SO4, Al2(SO4)3.24H2O] having antiseptic and antibacterial properties along with that Vruna Ropana, Lekhana, Mukha Rogahara, Dantadadryakara. Danta Paichilyahara, Dantasharkarahara Karma. It is the high time to intervene Ayurveda as remedy in dental stains specific to tobacco chewing.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Female Menstrual Cycle and its relation to Tridosha and Sapta Dhatu - A Literary Review 女性月经周期及其与 Tridosha 和 Sapta Dhatu 的关系 - 文学评论
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.22
Garima Malik, Jitesh Kumar Panda, Suniti Tanwar
{"title":"Female Menstrual Cycle and its relation to Tridosha and Sapta Dhatu - A Literary Review","authors":"Garima Malik, Jitesh Kumar Panda, Suniti Tanwar","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.22","url":null,"abstract":"Ayurveda is the life science which specifies its two purposes very clearly, first maintenance of one’s health and second curing the diseased condition. Concepts of Ayurveda are based on Tridoshas, Sapta Dhatus and Trimala. Their balanced state is said to be the characteristic feature of a healthy individual. Beside the Doshas and Sapta Dhatus, Upadhatu also mentioned which plays a major role in individual health. Artava, the foremost of its category is the Upadhatu of Rasa Dhatu plays a significant role in reproductive health and conception. The word Artava is used for menstrual blood in Ayurveda classics. The menstrual cycle in Ayurveda is known as Rituchakra, consisting three phases which are Rajashravakala, the Ritukala and the Rituvyatita Kala and shows a time period of 28 days. The normal characteristics of Shudh Artava has been mentioned in Ayurveda classics and deviation from this characteristic are shown due to Tridosha imbalance leading to further problems in Menstrual cycle and reproduction. This abnormality has been described as Artavdushti, Yonivyapad in Ayurveda classics where they are classified on the basis of the three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha). Considering the normal physiology of menstrual cycle, the bleeding phase is facilitated by Vata dosha, whereas the time period during ovulatory/proliferative phase shows the predominance of Kapha dosha. During the luteal phase, the Pitta Dosha comes into action. Most of the discomforts, abnormalities during menstruation are the outcomes of the Doshas imbalances.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Concept of Janapadodhwamsa in perspective of today's environment affecting human health 从影响人类健康的当今环境看 Janapadodhwamsa 的概念
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.23
Nikita Kshirsagar, Arun Bhatkar, Manoj Nimbalkar, Ashvin Bagde, Sonali Fulkar
{"title":"Concept of Janapadodhwamsa in perspective of today's environment affecting human health","authors":"Nikita Kshirsagar, Arun Bhatkar, Manoj Nimbalkar, Ashvin Bagde, Sonali Fulkar","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.23","url":null,"abstract":"Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine, clearly mentioned about diseases causing epidemic under a broad term ‘Janapadodhwamsa’ which literally means demolition of people or community. There are four factors that has been described which are common and essential for every living being i.e., Vayu (air), Jala (water), Desha (land) and Kala (season). Any abnormal alteration in these four factors can significantly influence individual or community or environment or all of them together. The reason for Janpadodhwansa has been described as Adharma (immorality) and the root cause of Adharma is said to be Prajnaparadha (delinquency of wisdom). Considering the noteworthiness of Janpadodhwansa, a whole chapter has been depicted in Charak Samhita illustrating its onset, causes, peculiar features and management. In Janapadodhwamsa, persons having distinct Prakriti (constitution), Aahara (diet), Deha (body), Bala (strength), Satmya (suitableness), Mana (mind) and Vaya (age) may be affected by one particular disease simultaneously. In Ayurveda terms like virus, bacteria don’t exist, but term like Krumi, Bhuta etc. were considered as a causative factor for the diseases. On the basis of characteristic features of vitiated four factors in Ayurveda classics, catastrophe conditions like cyclones, earthquakes, endemic/epidemic or pandemic disease outbreak etc., may simulate with Janpadodhwansa. Restrained utilisation of natural, man-made resources, adoption of Ayurveda dietetics and lifestyle, Panchakarma therapies, Rasayana therapies may effectively contribute to prevent and manage these situations especially like disease outbreak. This review primarily focussed on the need of understanding the topic of Janpadodhwansa in current scenario.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album l.) in Nighantus and Caraka Samhita Nighantus 和 Caraka Samhita 中的 Swetha Chandana(Santalum album l.)批判性评论
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.12
Vyshnavi Macharla, Jagan lal Eslavath, Swarupa Rani G, Narasimha V, Vijayalakshmi A
{"title":"Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album l.) in Nighantus and Caraka Samhita","authors":"Vyshnavi Macharla, Jagan lal Eslavath, Swarupa Rani G, Narasimha V, Vijayalakshmi A","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.12","url":null,"abstract":"Chandana also known as Indian sandalwood, scientifically known as Santalum album Linn, is a medium sized tree belongs to the family Santalaceae. It is one of the oldest and most valuable sources of natural smell and has significant medical and commercial value. Chandana is used as a single drug and ingredient of numerous formulations for the betterment of lifestyle and treatment. Although, numerous studies regarding Chandana there still lies scope for evaluation and analysis on this topic.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Concept of Ahara Parinaman in view of Agni - A Physiological and Anatomical Review 阿格尼眼中的阿哈拉-帕里纳曼概念--生理学和解剖学回顾
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.14
Swati Gajanan Vedpathak, Sayali Ramdas Walunj
{"title":"Concept of Ahara Parinaman in view of Agni - A Physiological and Anatomical Review","authors":"Swati Gajanan Vedpathak, Sayali Ramdas Walunj","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.14","url":null,"abstract":"Dosha, Dhatu and Mala are the basic elements of the body whose Source is Ahar Dravya i.e., Food is the basic source of energy for humans. Ayurveda states that our body gets it’s nutrition by Aahar Rasa. All the thirteen types of Agnis works on the four types of Ahar (Ashit, Peet, Leedh, Khadit) we take and are responsible in the formation of this Aahar Rasa. The process of Ahar Parinaman is continuing from birth until death at very minute level by Jatharagni, Bhutagni and Dhatwagni. The role of Agni is of immense importance for a healthy living because when the Agni is in normal state and if the individual consumes Matravat Ahar there will be proper digestion of food which forms Dhatusamyawastha ultimately leading to longevity. Impaired Agni is the root cause of all disease.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of Neutral Pulmonary Douche on Pulmonary Functions among Bronchial Asthma Patients 中性肺部冲洗剂对支气管哮喘患者肺功能的影响
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.6
Prajwal HM, Swathi BS, Nitesh MK, Vineetha A N, Lakshmeesha DR, Shravya CN, Amshuman R. Yadav
{"title":"Effect of Neutral Pulmonary Douche on Pulmonary Functions among Bronchial Asthma Patients","authors":"Prajwal HM, Swathi BS, Nitesh MK, Vineetha A N, Lakshmeesha DR, Shravya CN, Amshuman R. Yadav","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Bronchial Asthma is the second-most significant contributing factor to mortality rates for chronic respiratory diseases. It is characterized by hyperreactivity of the airways and reversible episodes of bronchoconstriction. Douche is a general application in hydrotherapy, which is a stream of water directed against the body generally or locally. The neutral pulmonary douche (NPD) is employed to improve pulmonary functions, but there is no scientific report validating its effect. Materials and Method: A randomized control trial study of a total of 60 subjects belonging to the age group of 18–44 years participated in the study. The study participants were randomized into intervention and control groups (1:1). The intervention group (30) underwent NPD for 30 minutes. No intervention was given to the control group (30) and was followed up. The assessments were taken at baseline and after 10 days of the study. Result: The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis, employing interferential statistical tests. These analyses showed a significant difference in all parameters (FEV1, FVC, the FEV1FVC ratio, and PEFR) within (t-tests, the Wilcoxon rank test) and between (ANCOVA) groups. Conclusion: The implementation of hydrotherapy-facilitated NPD has demonstrated notable enhancement of pulmonary functionality in Bronchial asthma (BA) sufferers, in conjunction with conventional medical interventions. This discovery contributes to the progressively accumulating substantiation endorsing the efficacy of hydrotherapy within the domain of naturopathy.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Role of Ayurveda medicine in the management of Amashaya Arbhuda w.s.r. to Carcinoma of Stomach 阿育吠陀医学在治疗 Amashaya Arbhuda 与胃癌相关疾病中的作用
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.19
Shripathi Acharya G., Niranjan S., Swapna Swayamprabha, Rajeshwari S. Acharya
{"title":"Role of Ayurveda medicine in the management of Amashaya Arbhuda w.s.r. to Carcinoma of Stomach","authors":"Shripathi Acharya G., Niranjan S., Swapna Swayamprabha, Rajeshwari S. Acharya","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.19","url":null,"abstract":"Due to faulty lifestyle, altered food habits and chronic psychological stress and mental depression, the incidence of Malignancy has been raised. Carcinoma of stomach is one such disorder which is commonly seen in Indian population. Symptoms like pain abdomen, burning sensation of the stomach, malena, weight loss, loss of appetite and anaemia are the common clinical features of this disease. Ayurveda medicine is beneficial in the cases with early diagnosis. After radical excision of the active lesion, palliative treatment can be given by using Ayurveda medicine. In Ayurveda, Vyadhi Pratyanika Aushadhi Prayoga, Yogasana and Pranayama, Assurance, changes in food and life style and Pathapathya Prayoga are advised. Medicines having actions like Anticancer, cytotoxic, Shoolahara, Antacid, antispasmodics, antidepressant, anxiolytic, antistress, adaptogenic, CNS depressant, Balya, Brimhala, Ojaskara, immunomodulator and cytoprotective actions are used as palliative measures. In this paper, the role of Ayurveda medicines in the management of Amashaya Arbhuda w.s.r. to carcinoma of stomach is discussed elaborately.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Significance of Swarnaprashana in Boosting Immunity Swarnaprashana 在增强免疫力方面的意义
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.15
Sahil Kumar, Minakshi
{"title":"Significance of Swarnaprashana in Boosting Immunity","authors":"Sahil Kumar, Minakshi","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.15","url":null,"abstract":"Administration of gold in children is a unique practice mentioned in Ayurveda as “Swarnaprashana” by Acharya Kashyapa thousands of years back. He explained evidently the administration of Swarna (gold) in children for the benefits of improving Medha (intellect), Agni (digestion and metabolism), Bala (physical strength), Ayusha (longevity), Mangalkarka (Increase auspicious circumstances), Punyam (Virtue), Vrushya (Fertility) Grahabadhanashaka or Grahapaham (Protection from piritis & microorganisms) and act as a immuno-modulator. There are various formulations of gold along with herbal drugs explained by different Acharya for prolonged usage in children. The primary sources of Swarnaprashana in children are found in two classical Ayurvedic texts: Jatakarma Samskara (newborn care) and Lehana (supplementary feeding). The age and method of administration, benefits and dosage as per various classical textbooks of Ayurveda are discussed here along with the reports of related scientific studies. Ayurveda recommends only purified and processed form of gold for internal administration.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A literary review on Ayurveda perspective of Pandu in Kaumarabhritya 从阿育吠陀的角度评述《考马拉布赫里提亚》中的潘杜
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.20
Bighneswar Mishra
{"title":"A literary review on Ayurveda perspective of Pandu in Kaumarabhritya","authors":"Bighneswar Mishra","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.20","url":null,"abstract":"In traditional science of Indian medical system, Childhood age is described as Kaumaravastha. The basic feature of this age group is to increase immunity, physical & mental strength, management of nutritional supply & control of prevalence of disease in of growing children. Kaumarbhritya not only to help paediatric disease but also describe dietary & daily life routine for paediatric care. The Pandu is one of the common diseases of childhood as early growing life which resembles Anaemia as per modern science. The disease involves vitiation of Dhatus by Pitta predominant Tridosha, which leads to deficiency of Blood (Rakta) Fat (Meda) & Ojas.[2] The condition is associated with laxity (Saithilya) of Dhatus, heaviness (Gaurava). Other predominant features are like diminish Varna (Complexion), Vala (Strength) & Sneha (Smoothness) of the body. There are certain premonitory symptoms which indicate chances of Pandu like Hrudaya Spandana (Palpitation), Roukshya (Dryness), Swedabhava (Loss of sweating) & Shrama (tiredness).[4] The Pandu may arise due to Sevan of Kshara, Amla, Lavana, Asatmya Bhojana. Hence Ayurveda recommended to take Satmya Bhojana & all of the foods which increase the amount of blood. The foods like Kharjura, Kismis, Apple, Pomegranate should be given. The drugs to be used in child should have Madhura Rasa.There are various Ayurveda formulation also available for the management of Pandu such as Navayasa Choorna. Samsodhana Karma also indicated for the management of Pandu Roga. This Article described various Ayurveda perspective of Pandu Roga in children.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study the effect of Darun Lepa in Darunaka 研究 Darun Lepa 在达鲁纳卡的影响
Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.21760/jaims.9.3.8
Sneha Batakurki, Prashant Bhandi
{"title":"Study the effect of Darun Lepa in Darunaka","authors":"Sneha Batakurki, Prashant Bhandi","doi":"10.21760/jaims.9.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Darunaka is a Kapha Vataja (due to Kapha and Vata) condition featured with itching, dryness, and scaling of skin over the scalp with an itching sensation is considered a cardinal feature. It has become the most common cause of hair fall.  Dandruff is a common scalp disorder, the cause may vary among individuals like fungal, bacterial, dry scalp, oil or irritated skin. In this study a cost effective and simple topical application of Lepa using Haritaki Churna, Amra Beeja Churna and Godugdha as a combination has been evaluated in Darunaka.","PeriodicalId":486780,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ayurveda and integrated medical sciences","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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