International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"MicroRNA-21-5p regulates autophagy and apoptosis via the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and reducing H₂O₂-induced damage in primary AEC-II.","authors":"Xinxin Liu, Qiuyu Dai, Jie Zheng, Song Qin, Yingcong Ren, Kun Yu, Banghai Feng, Miao Chen, Hong Mei","doi":"10.1177/03946320251343369","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03946320251343369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined whether miR-21-5p activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis induced by H₂O₂ in AEC II cells.</p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>MicroRNA and autophagy play crucial roles in important biological processes during hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury. Located on chromosome 17q23.1, miR-21-5p, as a critical component of the miRNAs family, significantly contributes to the regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, the underlying mechanism through which miR-21-5p suppresses H₂O₂-induced autophagy and apoptosis of primary AEC-II in vitro remains to be fully elucidated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To investigate the regulatory role of miR-21-5p in autophagy, primary type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC-II) were isolated from rat lung tissue and subjected to 0.5 mmol/L H₂O₂ in a cell culture environment to simulate hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury. Cell viability was detected by cell counting Kit 8. Reactive oxygen species and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Autophagy levels in AEC-II were evaluated by autophagic double marker method. The expressions of apoptosis and autophagy related proteins were detected by Western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that in the process of H₂O₂ injury of AEC-II, the level of autophagy flow was up-regulated and the expression of miR-21-5p was down-regulated. Overexpression of miR-21-5p can significantly reduce the level of autophagy flow, inhibit apoptosis, and activate the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.We pretreated with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, to block the biological effects of miR-21-5p. In addition, pretreatment with MHY1485, an mTOR activator, inhibited AEC-II autophagy flow levels and increased apoptosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In summary, miR-21-5p can inhibit H₂O₂-induced AEC-II apoptosis and autophagy flow, which is partially mediated by the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.MiR-21-5p could be used as both a clinical biomarker and a promising molecular target in patients with HALI.</p>","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"39 ","pages":"3946320251343369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12149623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Icariin protects testicular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through regulation of glycolysis pathway.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/03946320251356315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320251356315","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"39 ","pages":"3946320251356315"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thanks to Reviewers.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/03946320251321083","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03946320251321083","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"39 ","pages":"3946320251321083"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11926831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal association between type 1 diabetes and autoimmune cholestasis: A bi-directional Mendelian randomized study.","authors":"Yuanda Liu, Lanlan Chen, Wei Hao, Kun Zhao, Changfeng Li","doi":"10.1177/03946320251327621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320251327621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Explore the causal relationship of risk between type 1 diabetes and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). A causal association between type 1 diabetes and autoimmune liver disease remains ambiguous. This study explored potential causality between different autoimmune conditions, indicating that caution should be taken of the occurrence of autoimmune liver diseases in daily management of T1D patients. Genetic variants were extracted as instrumental variables from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PBC, PSC, type 1 diabetes (T1D), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Associations between four primary liver enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), and glutamyl transaminase (GGT), and blood glucose-related indicators such as 2h-glucose post-challenge (2hGlu), fasting glucose (FG), fasting insulin (FI), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were also evaluated (GWAS p-value < 5 × 10^-8). A bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design was used to assess causality between type 1 diabetes and autoimmune cholestasis. Genetic susceptibility to T1D increased the risk of PSC and PBC. Genetic susceptibility to T2D reduced the risk of PSC and showed no correlation with PBC. Genetically susceptibility to PBC increased the risk of T1D and showed no correlation with T2D. Genetically susceptibility to PSC did not impact the risk of T1D and T2D. T1D patients have an increased risk of PBC/PSC, but such causation is not mediated or explained by the altered blood glucose levels. A bi-directional causal association was identified between type 1 diabetes and autoimmune cholestasis. The findings provide new insight into the management of patients with these conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"39 ","pages":"3946320251327621"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12033451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune-related adverse events-pembrolizumab-induced colitis-the importance of early diagnosis and treatment: A case report and review of the literature.","authors":"Marina Markovic, Danijela Niciforovic, Violeta Mladenovic, Dragica Pavlovic, Dragana Papic, Katarina Milojevic, Dalibor Jovanovic, Marija Spasojevic, Rade Milic","doi":"10.1177/03946320251326699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320251326699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that block inhibitory immune targets, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L). Pembrolizumab targets the PD-1 receptor of lymphocytes in lung cancer treatment. ICI checkpoint blockade enhances immunity against cancer cells. However, loss of immunoregulatory control can cause autoimmune reactions in various organs, leading to immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The most common irAE is ICIs-induced colitis, which usually develops 6-8 weeks after ICI initiation and can involve any part of the gastrointestinal system. Herein, we report a presentation of pembrolizumab-induced colitis in a female patient with metastatic lung cancer and review the most recent findings in the model of checkpoint-induced colitis. It was interesting to learn that the colon mucosa may show normal macroscopic findings, but microscopically, immunotherapy-induced autoimmune colitis could be present. Additionally, patients with grade 2 or higher symptoms should have a colonoscopy, receive systemic corticosteroids as treatment, and, based on their response, receive biologic therapy. Here, we present a case report of in a 45-year-old female who has been a smoker for 25 years, without comorbidities, and with metastatic lung cancer who developed colitis after the seventh cycle of pembrolizumab. This case presentation highlights the importance of early recognition and appropriate intervention in order to prevent permanent interruption of treatment with checkpoint inhibitors, as well as prevention of colitis complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"39 ","pages":"3946320251326699"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12033556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating cell-free DNA as a potential biomarker for prediction of disease activity and prognosis among Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients.","authors":"Sara I Taha, Sara F Samaan, Sally Saber Hawash, Eman M El-Sehsah, Sara Shamloul, Dalia Hussein Helmy Elsheikh, Basim Othman, Mohammad A Albanghali, Saeedah H Aljadani, Abdalla Elmanna, Rasha Ahmed Ghorab","doi":"10.1177/03946320251315036","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03946320251315036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has emerged as a potential biomarker for assessing disease activity and prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the association between cfDNA levels and the established RA markers of inflammation and disease severity remains unclear. The current study aimed to detect plasma levels of cfDNA in patients with RA and to investigate their association with RA activity indicators (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), disease activity score-28 (DAS28)), prognostic markers (rheumatoid factor (RF), anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA)), and the musculoskeletal ultrasonographic (US7) scores. This controlled cross-sectional study included 108 RA patients and 108 healthy controls. Plasma levels of cfDNA were quantified by real-time PCR using ALU repeats. Levels of ESR, CRP, RF, and ACPA were measured using routine laboratory assays. Synovial inflammation and joint damage evaluation was performed using the US7 scoring system. Plasma levels of cfDNA were higher in RA patients than controls (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and significantly increased with higher DAS28 scores among all RA activity groups. Also, cfDNA levels were significantly positively correlated with ESR, CRP, RF, and ACPA levels (<i>P-</i>values <0.001). Regarding US7, cfDNA was significantly positively correlated with synovitis and erosion scores (<i>P-</i>values <0.05) but did not correlate significantly with tenosynovitis scores (<i>P-</i>values >0.05). In addition, plasma cfDNA was significantly higher in seropositive RA patients than in seronegative patients (<i>P</i> = 0.007). The odds ratio for cfDNA as a risk factor for erosions was 2.254. This study revealed that cfDNA levels are elevated in RA patients and positively associated with disease activity indicators and prognosis markers. Further research is warranted to validate these findings in larger cohorts and explore the clinical implications of cfDNA measurement in RA management.</p>","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"39 ","pages":"3946320251315036"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11786270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143076006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dihydromyricetin improving myocardial function in the mice induced by CCl₄.","authors":"Wen-Juan Zhang, Ke-Yun Li, Le-Ying Lin, Tao Song, Heng Hu, Yi-Man Song, Zi-Qing Xiao, Jiang-Rui Zhu, Li-Tao Long, Gao-Lu Cao, Bin-Hong Huang","doi":"10.1177/03946320251317397","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03946320251317397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the role and underlying mechanisms of dihydromyricetin on the myocardial function in mice induced by CCl₄.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen C57BL/6 mice (6-8 W, female) were randomly divided into the following three groups: control group, CCl₄-induced positive group (CCl₄ group), dihydromyricetin group, six mice/group. NLRP3-deficient (NLRP3^-/-) C57BL/6 mice used the same age, gender, and modeling method. The HL-1 cells were used for in vitro experiments. The HL-1 cells were treated with PBS, CCl₄, and CCl₄ + DMY respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The RT-qPCR results showed that compared to the mice induced by CCl₄, the dihydromyricetin increased the Arg-1 mRNA level in the mouse myocardial tissues. The mRNA expressions of the iNOS, IL-33, and ST2 were reduced by the dihydromyricetin. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that dihydromyricetin decreased IL-33 protein expressions in the myocardial tissues. Western blot results also showed that compared with the control group, the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in the myocardial tissues of mice injured by CCl₄ was increased, and dihydromyricetin can reduce NLRP3 inflammasomes activation in the myocardial tissues induced by CCl₄. The results of ELISA showed that dihydromyricetin could reduce the IL-1β level in the serum of the mice induced by CCl_4. Consistent with the in vivo results, compared with the control group, the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-33/ST2 expression were increased in the CCl₄-treated HL-1 cells, while DMY significantly weakened this effect. Interestingly, NLRP3 deficiency enhanced the protective effect of DMY on myocardial function in mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IL-33/ST2 signaling pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome activation may be involved in dihydromyricetin improving the myocardial function of the mice induced by CCl₄.</p>","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"39 ","pages":"3946320251317397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12033494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron chelating, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities of hesperidin and/or rutin against induced-ferroptosis in heart tissue of rats.","authors":"Haidy A Abdullah, Fatma Sm Moawed, Esraa Sa Ahmed, Fatma F Abdel Hamid, Riham Abdel-Hamid Haroun","doi":"10.1177/03946320251331873","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03946320251331873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excess iron has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids are antioxidants and cardioprotectants. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to evaluate the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and iron-chelating qualities of two flavonoids, rutin (R) and hesperidin (H), as well as their potential to prevent induced ferroptosis in rats. It is an in vivo cross-sectional study, in which rats were divided into 12 groups; control, H, R, H + R, Fe, Fe + IR, Fe + IR + Ref, Fe + H, Fe + IR + H, Fe + R, Fe + IR + R and Fe + IR + H + R. Cardiac and serum iron levels, serum troponin I, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin, ferritin, and hepicidin were determined. Moreover, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were also determined. The expression levels of DMT1, ACSL4, GPX4, Nrf2, and caspase-3 genes were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Lastly, a histological analysis of the heart tissues from several groups of rats was conducted. After hesperidin and/or rutin treatment, our results revealed that cardiac markers (serum troponin I and CK-MB), iron metabolism markers (serum and cardiac iron, TIBC, ferritin, transferrin, hepicidin and DMT1 expression levels) and oxidative stress markers (MDA, NO and ACSL4 expression levels) were significantly (<i>P</i> ⩽ 0.05) reduced, while the antioxidant markers (GSH level, GPx and SOD activities and GPX4 and Nrf2 expression levels) were significantly (<i>P</i> ⩽ 0.05) increased. Also, hesperidin and rutin exerted its protective anti-apoptotic role by significantly (<i>P</i> ⩽ 0.05) decreasing caspase-3 expression levels. Hesperidin and/or rutin treatment can be proposed as a therapeutic candidate to attenuate ferroptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"39 ","pages":"3946320251331873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12032457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143812718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors and a model for prognosis prediction after intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in acute ischemic stroke based on propensity score matching.","authors":"Pan Huang, XingYang Yi","doi":"10.1177/03946320241274231","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03946320241274231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Alteplase intravenous thrombolysis is effective for treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS) within 4.5 h. Nevertheless, the prognosis remains poor for some patients.<b>Objective:</b> To investigate the risk factors for poor prognosis in patients undergoing intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase following AIS based on propensity score matching and to develop a predictive model.<b>Result:</b> Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that baseline blood glucose (OR = 1.20, 95%CI, 1.03-1.39), baseline NIH Stroke Scale score (OR = 1.23, 95%CI, 1.12-1.35), and hyperlipidemia (OR = 6.60, 95%CI 1.74-25.00) were risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with AIS undergoing alteplase intravenous thrombolysis. Using these factors, a nomogram model was constructed for predicting patient prognosis at 3 months. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) of the training and validation groups were 0.792 (95CI% 0.715-0.870) and 0.885 (95CI% 0.798-0.972), respectively, showing good differentiation. The Hosmer Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed that the model had good fit. The calibration curve fitted well with the ideal curve, and the decision curve analysis curve showed that the model had good clinical applicability when the threshold probability was between 10%-80%.<b>Conclusion:</b> The established nomogram could successfully predict the 3-month prognosis of patients with AIS after undergoing alteplase intravenous thrombolysis. The model thus has clinical application value.</p>","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"38 ","pages":"3946320241274231"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11339746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved gastric residence time of famotidine by raft-forming drug delivery system using DOE.","authors":"Rajalakshmi Munusamy, Sangeetha Shanmugasundharam","doi":"10.1177/03946320241249429","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03946320241249429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the raft-forming suspension of famotidine as an anti-reflux formulation to improve the oral bioavailability of narrow absorption window drugs by enhancing gastric residence time (GRT) and preventing gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Various combinations of raft-forming agents, such as Tragacanth gum (TG), guar gum (GG), and xanthan gum (XG), were evaluated alongside sodium alginate (SA) to develop an effective raft. Preformulation studies and preliminary screening were conducted to identify the most suitable raft-forming agent, and GG was chosen due to its mucilaginous properties. The formulation was optimized using a 32 full factorial design, with the quantities of GG and SA as independent factors and apparent viscosity and in-vitro drug release (%) as dependent factors. The in vivo floating behavior study was performed for optimized and stabilized formulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the tested batches, F6 was selected as the optimized formulation. It exhibited desirable characteristics such as adequate raft weight for extended floating in gastric fluid, improved apparent viscosity, and a significant percentage of drug release at 12 h. A mathematical model was applied to the in-vitro data to gain insights into the drug release mechanism of the formulation. The stability of the suspension was assessed under accelerated conditions, and it demonstrated satisfactory stability. The formulation remains floating in the Rabbit stomach for more than 12 h.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It concludes that the developed formulation has enhanced bioavailability in the combination of GG and SA. The floating layer of the raft prevents acid reflux, and the famotidine is retained for an extended period of time in the gastric region, preventing excess acid secretion. The developed formulations are effective for stomach ulcers and GERD, with the effect of reducing acid secretion by H2 receptor antagonists.</p>","PeriodicalId":48647,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","volume":"38 ","pages":"3946320241249429"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11084990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140899967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}