Structures最新文献

{"title":"Tensile performance and multi-objective optimization of novel kinked connected components (KCCs)","authors":"Long Zheng ,&nbsp;Yu-Chen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan-Li Shi ,&nbsp;Wen-Da Wang ,&nbsp;Yin-Quan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a novel kinked connected component (KCC) with a uniquely wave part that offers substantial deformation capacity and reserve. The KCC significantly strengthens connection joints, thereby improving resistance to progressive collapse. To validate the superior ductility in KCC, tensile performance tests and finite element simulations are conducted, comparing its resistance mechanisms and failure modes with those of straight connected plate (SP). Additionally, the influence of two key parameters is analyzed, i.e., wave height (<em>h</em>_KCC) and wave length (<em>l</em>_KCC), under different thicknesses of KCC (<em>t</em>_KCC), followed by a comprehensive multi-objective optimization. The findings reveal that the KCC progresses through four stages under loading: an elastic stage, a straightening stage, a strengthening stage, and a necking stage. Compared to SP, the KCC demonstrates lower initial stiffness yet exhibits similar failure modes and ultimate strengths. Remarkably, the KCC improves the deformation capacity (displacement at ultimate load) by 30–100 % relative to SP. However, excessive <em>h</em>_KCC coupled with insufficient <em>l</em>_KCC may lead to premature failure at the wave part, significantly reducing both strength and deformation performance. The multi-objective optimization analysis identifies optimal combinations of <em>h</em>_KCC and <em>l</em>_KCC, achieving enhanced performance metrics, including maximum force (<em>F</em>_max) and its corresponding displacement (<em>u</em>_Fmax). The KCC-implemented prefabricated beam-column joints demonstrate dual mechanical enhancement due to the special waveform design, achieving amplified catenary action that enhance progressive collapse resistance. These innovative aspects have made significant contributions to the design of corrugated connections, opening new possibilities for enhancing the progressive collapse performance of structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108818"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliable determination of peak shear strength of H-shaped concrete squat walls using explainable machine learning techniques","authors":"Waleed Bin Inqiad ,&nbsp;Muhammad Saud Khan ,&nbsp;Saad S. Alarifi","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flanged reinforced concrete walls also known as H-shaped walls are frequently used in nuclear facilities and conventional buildings due to their substantial lateral strength and stiffness in both directions. These walls mostly fail in shear, and it is essential to accurately estimate their peak shear strength (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>). However, the provisions of existing building codes to determine peak shear strength have significant limitations such as exclusion of the influence of flanges and consideration of insufficient input parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to construct predictive models for H-shaped walls using machine learning techniques like Bagging Regressor (BR), Gene Expression Programming (GEP), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), based on data gathered from existing literature. The gathered data had twelve inputs including shear span ratio (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>/<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), the ratio of flange thickness to web thickness (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>/<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), and loading type (M) etc. Out of all the algorithms, only GEP depicted its output as an equation. The performance of the algorithms was checked using error metrices like Objective Function (OF), and coefficient of determination (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>) etc. which showed that XGB exhibited the highest accuracy having the testing <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> equal to 0.99. Additionally, shapely (SHAP), Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE), and partial dependence plots (PDP) analysis were employed which showed that flange length, loading type, and shear span ratio are some of the most contributing variables to determine <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. Furthermore, a graphical user interface (GUI) has been developed to efficiently compute <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> of RC squat H-shaped walls to help professionals in the civil engineering industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinearity as a damage index for structural health monitoring using random decrement technique","authors":"A. Pourrastegar,&nbsp;H. Marzouk","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural health monitoring (SHM) implements prominent methods for detecting the evolution of damage. This study detects damage by implementing the Random decrement (RD) technique based on nonlinear damping analysis for 12 reinforced concrete (RC) columns under compression up to failure. In addition, employing a second-generation fibre-optic accelerometer for measuring vibration responses is evaluated. The specimens’ design variables are three different concrete types with two different configurations solid and hollow. Six specimens are the same as the remaining, except they underwent submerged curing. A vibration-based damage identification technique (VBDIT) was performed on all the columns to index the thresholds-limits of damage induced by progressive compressive loading at 0.1 % strain, yield, and pre-ultimate states. RD signatures effectively generate the damage indexes by obtaining changes in dynamic parameters through adequate linear and nonlinear system assumptions. Besides, the columns’ responses under compressive loading were expressed regarding the load-deformation relationships, failure modes, ductility, and toughness. A purely viscous dissipative mechanism is observed in all the columns with the same failure condition at intact, 0.1 % strain, and yield states. At the pre-ultimate state, nonlinearity occurred in the damping ratio of all the columns. The combined viscous with nonlinear damping parameters coulomb-cube root are employed to derive the nonlinear damage indexes by applying the adopted energy approach and proposed zoning approach models. The damage indexes outcome from viscous damping and frequency show inconsistencies. Conversely, the nonlinearity damage index is highly consistent. Among all nonlinearity models, the zoning approach is recommended as it incorporates the static-dynamic friction spectrum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108810"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the flexural behaviour of reinforced laminated veneer lumber beam with near-surface mounted CFRP","authors":"Annisa Prita Melinda ,&nbsp;Pingkan Nuryanti ,&nbsp;Yuji Takiuchi ,&nbsp;Yukihiro Matsumoto","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effect of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate reinforcement on the flexural performance of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams using the near-surface mounted (NSM) technique. A total of six specimens were tested in four-point bending, including two control beams and four beams with CFRP plate reinforcement in the tensile zone. The variations of the CFRP plates considered included differences in depth plates. All test beams were compared in terms of bending strength, initial stiffness, midspan vertical displacement, and failure load. Experimental results indicate that the bending strength of the beams increased by approximately 37 % for a 20 mm depth of CFRP and 66 % for a 40 mm depth. In addition, the flexural stiffness of the strengthened beams improved by 21 % for the 20 mm depth and 37 % for the 40 mm depth. These results suggest that the NSM technique with CFRP reinforcement in tensile areas significantly enhances the structural performance of LVL beams, with depth being a critical factor in improving both strength and stiffness. Considering the contribution of CFRP plates, a theoretical model is developed to predict the ultimate moment capacity and bending stiffness of CFRP-reinforced LVL beams. It was shown that the predicted results closely aligned with the experimental ones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108903"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of short reinforced concrete columns with L-shaped ties under cyclic loading","authors":"Yeongsoo Shin,&nbsp;Chul-Goo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns with L-shaped ties, proposed as an alternative to conventional closed hoops with 135º hook anchorages. The L-shaped ties are designed to enhance constructability by allowing lateral installation through temporary displacement of longitudinal bars. Cyclic lateral loading tests were performed on eight short RC columns to examine the effects of transverse reinforcement type, tie spacing, and axial load ratio on structural performance. The test results indicated that L-shaped ties provided shear resistance, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation comparable to conventional closed hoops. Closely spaced L-ties improved post-peak deformation capacity due to increased shear resistance. Columns subjected to high axial load ratios (<em>N/A</em>_<em>g</em><em>f</em>_<em>c</em>^<em>'</em>=0.35) exhibited shear-compression failure prior to longitudinal reinforcement yielding, whereas lower axial load ratios (<em>N/A</em>_<em>g</em><em>f</em>_<em>c</em>^<em>'</em>=0.138) allowed flexural yielding before shear failure. Nonlinear modeling parameters from ASCE 41–17 provided reliable predictions of the deformation capacity of columns with L-shaped ties. These findings demonstrate that L-shaped ties provide a practical and efficient solution for large RC columns or concrete-encased steel columns, particularly in applications where the installation of closed hoops is challenging and high axial loads are present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy absorption and vibration characteristics of metal/polymer composited pyramidal lattice cylinder structure","authors":"Xin Xue ,&nbsp;Jin Gao ,&nbsp;Chao Zheng ,&nbsp;Zeyu Li ,&nbsp;Juan Liao ,&nbsp;Mangong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration performance of rigid and flexible materials in composite structures is of particular interest and complexity. In this work, the lattice structure of the steel rod mesh cylinder skeleton was used to fabricate a composite structure by combining it with polyurethane (PU) as the matrix. The objective is to investigate the correlation between design structure and mechanical response associated with the combination of the metallic skeleton and polymer materials. Besides the energy absorption obtained from quasi-static loading, the vibration characteristics via a sinusoidal dynamic excitation test were analyzed by using the phonon and bandgap theory. The experimental results show that the addition of polyurethane increases the vibration suppression performance of the composite structure. The band diagram and the compress curves show that the energy absorption properties of the metal/polymer composited lattice structure are positively related to the rod diameter, whereas the influence of the rod diameter on the vibration suppression properties is opposite. The increase of axial angle has a negative influence on the energy absorption properties but improves the vibration suppression properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of channel shear connectors in steel deck composite slabs","authors":"Haron Cesar Almeida Tavares ,&nbsp;Igor Eduardo da Silva Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Jonas Yoshihiro Namba ,&nbsp;Alexandre Rossi ,&nbsp;Hermano de Sousa Cardoso ,&nbsp;Rodrigo de Melo Lameiras ,&nbsp;Guilherme Santana Alencar ,&nbsp;Carlos Humberto Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of channel shear connectors in composite slabs and beams offers logistical and mechanical advantages over headed studs, making them suitable for structures under complex loading. However, standard prediction models are primarily developed for solid concrete slabs, limiting their applicability to composite slabs with steel decking. This paper investigates the influence of steel decking on channel connector shear resistance through push-out tests on two solid slab (SS) specimens and three composite slab (CS) specimens with varying configurations, analyzing the effects of deck thickness and rib reinforcement. Experimental results showed that CS specimens exhibited 2.5 times lower shear resistance and four times less ductility than SS specimens, with failure modes shifting from web base rupture in SS specimens to concrete cone failure in CS specimens. Rib reinforcement within the steel deck improved shear resistance and ductility, while increased deck thickness provided minor gains but slightly reduced stiffness. Prediction models accurately estimated SS specimen resistance but were imprecise and unconservative for CS specimens. A numerical study was conducted, consisting of a calibration phase and a parametric investigation. The calibration phase analyzed factors such as slab-support friction, steel-concrete friction, and weld representation. Slab-support friction was the most influential, with low values underestimating shear resistance due to excessive slip, while weld modeling affected stiffness and deformation differently for SS and CS specimens. The parametric study examined reinforcement configuration, connector height, concrete cover thickness, and concrete strength. Results showed that increasing connector height significantly improved load capacity and ductility, while concrete cover thickness had a greater effect when failure was governed by connector rupture. Different reinforcement configurations produced slight variations in performance, with double reinforcement offering marginal gains. Increasing concrete strength enhanced load capacity, though its effect on slip varied depending on the failure mode. Based on these findings, optimized correction factors were derived to refine predictive load capacity models paired with reduction coefficient equations for stud bolts, enhancing their applicability to composite slabs with channel connectors for the parameters assessed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive simulation and data-driven hybrid modeling for predicting shear strength and failure modes of interior reinforced concrete beam-column joints","authors":"Vikas Mehta,&nbsp;Sung Hyun Jang,&nbsp;Min Ho Chey","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the key factors influencing failure modes and shear strength in interior reinforced concrete beam-column joints (<em>RCBCJs</em>) using an integrated machine learning framework. A dataset of 200 experimental records was analyzed, with Principal Component Analysis (<em>PCA</em>) refining essential parameters and the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (<em>SMOTE</em>) addressing class imbalance through the generation of 136 synthetic instances, equilibrating the minority class to 140 samples. Five classification and regression algorithms were evaluated, with the Random Forest (<em>RF</em>) model demonstrating superior predictive performance. For shear strength prediction, the <em>RF</em> model achieved a training relative absolute error (<em>RAE</em>) of 0.11 and a coefficient of determination (<em>R</em>² = 0.99), outperforming conventional design codes (<em>ACI</em> 318–14, <em>EN</em>1998-I:2004). Testing yielded an <em>RAE</em> of 0.27 and <em>R</em>² = 0.94, demonstrating robust generalizability. In failure mode classification, the model attained 98 % training accuracy and 84 % testing accuracy, surpassing the performance of empirical code-based methods.</div><div>SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis revealed beam width (<em>b</em>_<em>b</em>) and column height (<em>h</em>_<em>c</em>) as the most influential factors for failure modes (mean absolute SHAP = 0.09 and 0.05). For shear strength, column height (<em>h</em>_<em>c</em>) had the highest impact (mean absolute SHAP = 76.52), followed by top (<em>A</em>_{<em>sb,top</em>}; 64.02) and bottom (<em>A</em>_{<em>sb,bot</em>}; 54.74) beam reinforcement areas. The <em>RF</em> model consistently surpassed existing design standards, validating its capacity to capture complex parameter interactions. To bridge research and practice, a user-friendly graphical user interface (<em>GUI</em>) was developed, enabling streamlined <em>RCBCJ</em> design optimization by integrating data-driven insights with structural engineering principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of seismic performance levels of corroded RC frames based on crack width","authors":"Ahmet İhsan Turan ,&nbsp;Atila Kumbasaroglu ,&nbsp;Hakan Yalciner ,&nbsp;Yaşar Ayaz","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In reinforced concrete (RC) structures, corrosion of the reinforcement due to environmental factors or concrete components poses significant risks to both structural integrity and safety. Reinforcement corrosion, can be visually detected through cracks in the concrete cover, and this situation offers a practical approach to associating corrosion-induced cracks with structural parameter degradations caused by the corrosion mechanism. In this study, a total of five RC frame specimens were fabricated, with one specimen not exposed to corrosion and four specimens exposed to different levels of corrosion through the accelerated corrosion method, all having the same cross-section and material properties. In the experiments conducted under a constant 20 % axial load and cyclic repeated load effects, the structural performance indicators of the RC frame specimens were examined. Within the scope of the study, two experimental models are proposed. The first model aims to estimate the loss in the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement bar based on crack width, while the second model was oriented towards estimating the energy consumption capacity of the specimen for a specific displacement ratio based on the loss in the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement. The results revealed that as the corrosion ratio increased, the crack widths of the specimens also increased, and after a 1.5 % drift ratio, there was a significant decrease in the energy consumption capacities of the corroded specimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108860"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the effects of grouting rate and flanges on the seismic performance of mortarless mortise-and-tenon masonry walls","authors":"Zehui Wang ,&nbsp;Quan Yuan ,&nbsp;Shuizhou Xu ,&nbsp;Xiong Peng ,&nbsp;Changdong Zhou ,&nbsp;Jinhui Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mortarless masonry structures (MMS) are increasingly becoming the preferred solution for a new generation of masonry structures due to high construction efficiency and low demand for skilled labor. As an effective method to enhance the lateral load resistance of MMS, grouted reinforcement has received limited research, and the effect of partially grouted reinforcement has not been considered. Against this background, combining the characteristics of interlocking masonry units and grouting reinforcement, this paper designed a grouted mortarless mortise-and-tenon masonry wall (MMTW). At the same time, considering the effects of grouting rate and flange, three specimens were fabricated for low cycle reciprocating loading tests, and effects of different structures on the seismic performance of MMTWs were evaluated. Furthermore, the results were compared with traditional mortar masonry walls to assess the influence of mortarless connection methods on the performance of MMTW. The results indicated that with the increase of grouting rate, the bearing capacity of wall MW2 increased by 69.47 % compared with that of wall MW1, and the effect of mortar deficiency on the damage behavior of MMTWs gradually decreased. In partially grouted MMTWs, both the mortise-and-tenon building blocks and the core columns interacted and were jointly stressed, participating in the stress system of MMTW in stages. Compared with wall MW1, the average loads and displacements at each characteristic point of wall MW3 were reduced by about 9.5 % and 7.5 %, respectively. The presence of the flanges did not significantly improve the performance of wall MW3, primarily due to the uneven distribution of the overall stiffness of wall MW3, which caused local damage to the wall. In addition, compared with mortar mortise-and-tenon masonry walls, the bearing capacity of MMTWs was reduced, but their deformation capacity and stiffness degradation rate were improved to varying degrees. The findings of this study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the performance of MMTW with varying structural configurations under lateral loads, thereby providing guidance for relevant application and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 108851"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}