Grey Systems-Theory and Application最新文献

{"title":"Forecasting short-term energy consumption in Chongqing using a novel grey Bernoulli model","authors":"Xiaozeng Xu, Yikun Wu, Bo Zeng","doi":"10.1108/gs-02-2024-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-02-2024-0016","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Traditional grey models are integer order whitening differential models; these models are relatively effective for the prediction of regular raw data, but the prediction error of irregular series or shock series is large, and the prediction effect is not ideal.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The new model realizes the dynamic expansion and optimization of the grey Bernoulli model. Meanwhile, it also enhances the variability and self-adaptability of the model structure. And nonlinear parameters are computed by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>Establishing a prediction model based on the raw data from the last six years, it is verified that the prediction performance of the new model is far superior to other mainstream grey prediction models, especially for irregular sequences and oscillating sequences. Ultimately, forecasting models are constructed to calculate various energy consumption aspects in Chongqing. The findings of this study offer a valuable reference for the government in shaping energy consumption policies and optimizing the energy structure.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Research limitations/implications</h3>\u0000<p>It is imperative to recognize its inherent limitations. Firstly, the fractional differential order of the model is restricted to 0 < a < 2, encompassing only a three-parameter model. Future investigations could delve into the development of a multi-parameter model applicable when a = 2. Secondly, this paper exclusively focuses on the model itself, neglecting the consideration of raw data preprocessing, such as smoothing operators, buffer operators and background values. Incorporating these factors could significantly enhance the model’s effectiveness, particularly in the context of medium-term or long-term predictions.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>This contribution plays a constructive role in expanding the model repertoire of the grey prediction model. The utilization of the developed model for predicting total energy consumption, coal consumption, natural gas consumption, oil consumption and other energy sources from 2021 to 2022 validates the efficacy and feasibility of the innovative model.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Social implications</h3>\u0000<p>These findings, in turn, provide valuable guidance and decision-making support for both the Chinese Government and the Chongqing Government in optimizing energy structure and formulating effective energy policies.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>This research holds significant importance in enriching the theoretical framework of the grey prediction model.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Highlights</h3>\u0000<p>The highlights of the paper are as follows:<ol list-type=\"order\"><li><p>A novel grey Bernoulli prediction model is proposed to improve the model’s structure.</p></li><li><p>Fraction","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction and application of a novel grey relational analysis model considering factor coupling relationship","authors":"Aqin Hu, Naiming Xie","doi":"10.1108/gs-04-2024-0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-04-2024-0046","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The purpose of this paper is to explore a new grey relational analysis model to measure the coupling relationship between the indicators for the water environment status assessment. Meanwhile, the model deals with the problem that the changing of indicator order may result in the changing of the degree of grey relation.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The binary index submatrix of the sample matrix is given first. Then the product of the matrix and its own transpose is used to measure the characteristics of the index and the coupling relationship between the indicators. Thirdly, the grey relational coefficient is defined based on the matrix norm, and a grey coupling relational analysis model is proposed.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The paper provides a novel grey relational analysis model based on the norm of matrix. The properties, normalization, symmetry, relational order invariance to the multiplicative, are studied. The paper also shows that the model performs very well on the water environment status assessment in the eight cities along the Yangtze River.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The model in this paper has supplemented and improved the grey relational analysis theory for panel data.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A directed grey incidence model based on panel data","authors":"Yanli Zhai, Gege Luo, Dang Luo","doi":"10.1108/gs-02-2024-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-02-2024-0025","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The purpose of this paper is to construct a grey incidence model for panel data that can reflect the incidence direction and degree between indicators.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>Firstly, this paper introduces the concept of a negative matrix and preprocesses the data of each indicator matrix to eliminate differences in dimensions and magnitudes between indicators. Then a model is constructed to measure the incidence direction and degree between indicators, and the properties of the model are studied. Finally, the model is applied to a practical problem.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The grey-directed incidence degree is 1 if and only if corresponding elements between the feature indicator matrix and the factor indicator matrix have a positive linear relationship. This degree is −1 if and only if corresponding elements between the feature indicator matrix and the factor indicator matrix have a negative linear relationship.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>The example shows the number of days with good air quality is negatively correlated with the annual average concentration of each pollutant index. <em>PM</em>_2.5, <em>PM</em>_₁₀ and <em>O</em>_₃ are the main pollutants affecting air quality in northern Henan.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>This paper introduces the negative matrix and constructs a model from the holistic perspective to measure the incidence direction and level between indicators. This model can effectively measure the incidence between the feature indicator and factor indicator by integrating information from the point, row, column and matrix.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A grey target performance evaluation model for aeroengine pressure test bench","authors":"Yanhua Zhang, Kaixin Ying, Jialin Zhou, Yuehua Cheng, Chenghui Xu, Zhigeng Fang","doi":"10.1108/gs-01-2024-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-01-2024-0013","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This paper aims to optimize the air pressure regulation scheme of the aeroengine pressure test bench.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>Based on the requirements of pressure regulation process and the operating mechanism of aeroengine pressure test bench, a grey performance evaluation index system is constructed. The combination of principal component analysis and grey theory is employed to assign weights to grey indexes. The grey target evaluation model is introduced to evaluate the performance of historical regulation processes, and the evaluation results are analyzed to derive optimization mechanism for pressure regulating schemes.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>A case study based on monitoring data from nearly 300 regulation processes verifies the feasibility of the proposed method. On the one hand, the improved principal component analysis method can achieve rational weighting for grey indexes. On the other hand, the method comparison intuitively shows that the proposed method performs better.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The pressure test bench is a fundamental technical equipment in the aviation industry, serving the development and testing of aircraft engines. Due to the complex system composition, the pressure and flow adjustment of the test bench heavily rely on manual experience, leading to issues such as slow adjustment speed and insufficient accuracy. This paper proposes a performance evaluation method for the regulation process of pressure test bench, which can draw knowledge from historical regulation processes, provide guidance for the pressure regulation of test benches, and ultimately achieve the goal of reducing equipment operating costs.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grey relations","authors":"Mohammed Atef, Sifeng Liu","doi":"10.1108/gs-03-2024-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-03-2024-0031","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The goal of this article is to introduce the notion of a grey relation between grey sets using grey numbers.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>This study uses the grey number to create novel ideas of grey sets. We suggest several operations that can be performed on it, including the union, intersection, join, merge, and composition of grey relations. In addition, we present the definitions of reflexive, symmetric, and transitive grey relations and analyze certain characteristics associated with them. Furthermore, we formulate the concept of the grey equivalence relation, apply it to the study of the grey equivalence class over the grey relation, and go over some of its features.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>We present new algebraic aspects of grey system theory by defining grey relations and then analyzing their characteristic features.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>This paper proposes a new theoretical direction for grey sets according to grey numbers, namely, grey relations. This paper proposes a new theoretical direction for grey sets according to grey numbers, namely, grey relations. As such, it can be applied to create rough approximations as well as congruences in algebras, topologies, and semigroups.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The presented notions are regarded as new algebraic approaches in grey system theory for the first time. Additionally, some fundamental operations on grey relations are also investigated. Consequently, different types of grey relations, such as reflexive, symmetric, and transitive relations, are discussed. Then, the grey equivalence class derived from the grey equivalence relation is demonstrated, and its properties are examined.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On some operations on grey graphs with application","authors":"Mohammed Atef, Sifeng Liu","doi":"10.1108/gs-12-2023-0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-12-2023-0125","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The objective of this paper is to formulate the precise meanings of grey graphs and examine some of their properties.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>This article introduces innovative concepts of grey sets based on the grey number. We establish the grey graphs and examine their essential properties as isomorphisms of these graphs. Additionally, we explore the notion of a grey-complete graph and demonstrate certain properties of self-complementary grey-complete graphs.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>We showcase novel facets of grey system theory through the establishment of the structures of grey graphs, and the subsequent analysis of their distinctive traits.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>This article provides us with a new theoretical direction for grey system theory according to grey numbers. Thus, we present test examples that explain the routes between cities and the electrical wires between homes. Furthermore, the concept of grey graphs can be applied in several areas of engineering, computer science, neural networks, artificial intelligence, and medical diagnosis.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The proposed concepts are considered novel mathematical directions in grey system theory for the first time. Some operations of grey graphs are also explored.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141511310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grey multi-criteria group consensus decision-making based on cobweb model","authors":"Sandang Guo, Liuzhen Guan, Qian Li, Jing Jia","doi":"10.1108/gs-08-2023-0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-08-2023-0079","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Considering the bounded confidence of decision-makers (DMs), a new grey multi-criteria group consensus decision-making (GMCGCDM) model is established by using interval grey number (IGN), cobweb model, social network analysis (SNA) and consensus reaching process (CPR).</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>Firstly, the model analyzes the social relationship of DM under social networks and proposes a calculation method for DMs’ weights based on SNA. Secondly, the model defines a cobweb model to consider the preferences of decision-making alternatives in the decision-making process. The consensus degree is calculated by the area surrounded by the connections between each index value of DMs and the group. Then, the model coordinates the different opinions of various DMs to reduce the degree of bias of each DM and designs a consensus feedback mechanism based on bounded confidence to guide DMs to reach consensus.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The advantage of the proposed method is to highlight the practical application, taking the selection of low-carbon suppliers in the context of dual carbon as an example. Comparison analysis is performed to reveal the interpretability and applicability of the method.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The main contribution of this paper is to propose a new GMCGCDM model, which can not only expand the calculation method of DM’s weight and consensus degree but also reduce the time and cost of decision-making.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141511311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What kind of urban brand ecology attracts talent best? Grey configuration analysis of 98 Chinese cities","authors":"Zhaohu Dong, Peng Jiang, Zongli Dai, Rui Chi","doi":"10.1108/gs-03-2024-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-03-2024-0035","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>Talent is a key resource for urban development, and building and disseminating urban brands have an important impact on attracting talent. This paper explores what kind of urban brand ecology (UBE) can effectively enhance urban talent attraction (UTA). We explore this question using a novel grey quantitative configuration analysis (GQCA) model.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>To develop the GQCA model, grey clustering is combined with qualitative configuration analysis (QCA). We conducted comparative configuration analysis of UTA using fuzzy set QCA (fsQCA) and the proposed GQCA.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>We find that the empirical results of fsQCA may contradict the facts, and that the proposed GQCA effectively solves this problem.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>Based on the theory of UBE, we identify bottleneck factors for improving UTA at different stages. Seven configuration paths are described for cities to enhance UTA. Theoretically, this study expands the application boundaries of UBE.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The proposed GQCA effectively solves the problem of inconsistent analysis and facts caused by the use of a binary threshold by the fsQCA. In practical case studies, the GQCA significantly improves the reliability of configuration comparisons and the sensitivity of QCA to cases, demonstrating excellent research performance.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141549685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organizational culture’s influence on supply chain performance analysis with fuzzy grey cognitive maps","authors":"Lucas Gabriel Zanon, Tiago F.A.C. Sigahi, Rosley Anholon, Luiz Cesar Ribeiro Carpinetti","doi":"10.1108/gs-10-2023-0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-10-2023-0099","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>This paper applies fuzzy grey cognitive maps (FGCM) to support multicriteria group decision making (GDM) on supply chain performance (SCP) considering the role of organizational culture as a moderating factor.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>This paper follows the quantitative axiomatic prescriptive model-based research. It introduces a MGDM model that relies on the SCOR® model performance attributes and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. The proposal is underpinned by the soft computing technique of FGCM, aimed at addressing the inherent subjectivity associated with evaluating the culture-performance relationship within supply chains.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The FGCM-based model proposes a management matrix tool for supporting SPC management. It results in a graphical representation that deconstructs SCP and organizational culture into key elements and provides directives for action plans that align improvement efforts. An illustrative application is presented to guide and promote the model’s application in different configurations of supply chains.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Practical implications</h3>\u0000<p>This model offers valuable insights into addressing the impact of organizational culture on decision-making related to SCP. Additionally, it facilitates scenario simulation. The management matrix visually illustrates how each performance attribute is influenced by each cultural dimension on a quantitative scale. It also ranks these attributes based on the overall level of influence they receive from culture.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The study provides a unique outlook on the use of FGCMs to support the SCP decisional process by detailing and accounting for the influence of organizational culture. This is done through the development of a novel matrix that allows for visual management and benchmarking.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141259409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symmetric Kullback–Leibler distance based generalized grey target decision method for mixed attributes","authors":"Jinshan Ma, Hongliang Zhu","doi":"10.1108/gs-01-2024-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/gs-01-2024-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The reported Kullback–Leibler (K–L) distance-based generalized grey target decision method (GGTDM) for mixed attributes is an asymmetric decision-making basis (DMB) that does not have the symmetric characteristic of distance in common sense, which may affect the decision-making result. To overcome the deficiency of the asymmetric K–L distance, the symmetric K–L distance is investigated to act as the DMB of GGTDM for mixed attributes.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The decision-making steps of the proposed approach are as follows: First, all mixed attribute values are transformed into binary connection numbers, and the target centre indices of all attributes are determined. Second, all the binary connection numbers (including the target centre indices) are divided into deterministic and uncertain terms and converted into two-tuple (determinacy and uncertainty) numbers. Third, the comprehensive weighted symmetric K–L distance can be computed, as can the alternative index of normalized two-tuple (deterministic degree and uncertainty degree) number and that of the target centre. Finally, the decision-making is made by the comprehensive weighted symmetric K–L distance according to the rule that the smaller the value, the better the alternative.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>The case study verifies the proposed approach with its sufficient theoretical basis for decision-making and reflects the preferences of decision-makers to address the uncertainty of an uncertain number.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>This work compares the single-direction-based K–L distance to the symmetric one and uses the symmetric K–L distance as the DMB of GGTDM. At the same time, different coefficients are assigned to an uncertain number’s deterministic term and uncertain term in the calculation process, as this reflects the preference of the decision-maker.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":48597,"journal":{"name":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141254848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}