BMC Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Nudibranch Cadlina rumia discriminates waterborne cues to find prey and conspecifics and avoid threats.","authors":"Thalita Belmonte, Renato Crespo Pereira, Rafael Santos Erbisti, Daniela Bueno Sudatti","doi":"10.1186/s40850-026-00262-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-026-00262-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dorid nudibranch Cadlina rumia is a tropical western Atlantic species commonly found under boulders and that frequently preys upon the chemically defended sponge Dysidea etheria. We evaluated the ability of C. rumia to recognize waterborne chemical cues from its prey, predator, and conspecifics. Y-maze experiments with two-current choice (control - seawater and treatment - conditioned seawater) flumes were carried out using different conditioned seawater samples soaked with cues for either 1h or 6h, obtained from (1) fresh D. etheria, (2) D. etheria actively consumed, (3) D. etheria artificially damaged (simulated predation), (4) conspecific nudibranchs and (5) its potential predator, the crab Pachygrapsus transversus. Specimens of C. rumia discerned the different chemicals offered to them after a short period of bioassays (within 10 min), regardless of the soaking time. C. rumia exhibited positive attraction to chemical cues from all D. etheria prey treatments and from conspecifics, whereas negative attraction was observed in response to the chemical cues from the crab P. transversus. Our results revealed graded differences in the strength of behavioral responses to different chemical cues, with fresh sponge-conditioned seawater eliciting the strongest attraction, followed by actively consumed sponge and conspecific cues, and a less pronounced response to artificially damaged sponge. Thus, C. rumia not only recognized the chemical cues but also showed differential sensitivity to them, possibly enhancing its ability to detect and capture prey, locate mates, and avoid predators, key selective pressures shaping survival and reproductive success in its environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13126870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147718642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age determination based on external morphometric measurements in live raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides): a method considering animal welfare and research efficiency.","authors":"Bong Kyun Kim, Soo Hyung Eo","doi":"10.1186/s40850-026-00260-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-026-00260-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Accurate age determination is crucial for interpreting the behavior and ecology of raccoon dogs; however, age estimation is often overlooked due to the absence of practical, non-invasive methods or criteria. Existing approaches to age estimation tend to be overly invasive or challenging to implement in field settings, thereby limiting their utility. RESULTS: In this study, we analyzed external morphological traits of 37 raccoon dogs, whose age was verified via radiographic analysis of growth plate closure. We characterized morphological differences between adults and juveniles and developed discriminant functions to estimate the age of individuals of undetermined age. In males, adults exhibited significantly larger body weight, body length, tail length, hind foot length, ear length, head length, and neck circumference than juveniles. In females, all measured traits, except for head length, were larger in adults than in juveniles. The discriminant functions based on external morphology successfully classified adults and juveniles with 100% accuracy for both males and females. Multiple discriminant functions combining three morphological variables were generated for each sex, with body length identified as the most important predictor for age estimation in raccoon dogs. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to present sex-specific, morphometry-based discriminant functions for age estimation in raccoon dogs. With perfect classification accuracy, these functions offer a reliable tool for age estimation. The non-invasive and field-applicable nature of this method offers distinct advantages regarding animal welfare and research practicality. This approach aligns with societal demands for integrating research ethics and animal welfare by minimizing the burden on study animals, thereby enabling more precise and long-term ecological studies. </p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13126748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147619217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal variation of butterflies from high altitude Rugezi marshland, Northern Rwanda.","authors":"Venuste Nsengimana, Gilbert Ndatimana, Thacien Hagenima, Marie Laure Rurangwa, Eric Furaha, Jean Ferus Niyomwungeri, Placide Masengesho, Deo Ruhagazi, Olivier Nsengimana","doi":"10.1186/s40850-026-00263-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-026-00263-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The marshlands provide water resources and support economic, ecological, and human well-being. However, less is known about the biodiversity of insects, particularly butterflies in marshlands of Rwanda. This study was interested with the assessment of species richness and species diversity of butterflies from a high altitude Rugezi marshland. Data were collected twice in 2023 during the dry (June-July) and the rainy (November-December) seasons. The northeast, central and northwest regions of the marshland were demarcated using published geodata and shapefiles of Rugezi, while the opportunistic sampling was used to select the sites with high probability to find butterflies. Within each site, butterflies were systematically sampled using fruit-baited traps made of banana and pineapple and hand sweep netting. Three traps were placed at each sampling point across a transect of 500 m, where 100 m were maintained between two traps. We left traps in the field and collected them after 24 h. Additionally, specimens were collected using the hand sweep net at each sampling point. The collected specimens were stored in glassine envelopes, brought to the entomology laboratory, and identified to family, genus, and species levels using dichotomous keys. The results revealed a total of 75 species classified into 4 families. The Nymphalidae family had more species than Pieridae, Lycaenidae, and Hesperiidae families during both dry and rainy seasons. Further, more species were sampled in the dry season (47 species) compared to the rainy season (28 species). Of these, 19 species occurred in both dry and rainy seasons. Twenty-eight were only found during the dry season and 9 were only found during the rainy season. We recommend continuous studies in Rugezi and other marshlands to enrich the findings of this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13036898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human carnivore conflict in and around Borena Sayint Worehimanu National Park, South Wollo, Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study design.","authors":"Indiris Abdu, Nurye Seid Muhie","doi":"10.1186/s40850-026-00261-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-026-00261-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human carnivore conflict is a global issue for conservationists, especially in protected areas such as national parks. Research on human carnivore conflict around the Borena Saynt Worehimenu National Park has been conducted with the aim of assessing the conflict between communities and carnivores. A cross-sectional study design was used to investigate human carnivore conflict in the community of the study area. Among the six bordering woreda (District), four were selected purposively for the study. From each woreda, the village, which is the immediate boundary to the park, was included. Both open- and close-ended questionnaires were administered to 573 randomly selected respondents. A total of six carnivorous species and one opportunistic omnivorous species were reported as predators of domestic animals, causing conflict. Pantera pardus and Crocuta crocuta are the most reported carnivores, with contributions of 46.9% and 26.5%, respectively, to the conflict. Together, sheep and goats are the most common domestic prey, accounting for approximately 71.6% of the prey species. The majority of predation occurs during the day, when domestic animals graze in the communal land. A total of 45.7% of the respondents reported that the degree of conflict has increased in the last three years. Poisoning the remaining parts (43.6%) is the most common response of farmers, while their domestic animals are killed by carnivores, as a revenge followed by chasing (28.8%) and then direct killing (18.8%) as revenge. The total economic cost of carnivore depredation was substantial 22,968,500 ETB (166438 USD). Farmers use guarding and physical barrier techniques, to protect their domestic herd from predators. The respondents believed that effective government intervention should focus on providing alternative livelihoods and compensation for losses of livestock and property. The conflict was attributed to overgrazing, agricultural expansion, and a lack of compensation. The establishment of livestock insurance programs; community-based conservation and benefit sharing; the creation of alternative livelihoods; and education and implementation of regulations are essential measures for reducing and managing conflicts.</p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12983519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147436757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the origins of the sabre-toothed felid model: functional anatomy of the hindlimb in Promegantereon ogygia (Felidae, Machairodontinae, Smilodontini) from the Late Miocene of Batallones-1 (Madrid, Spain).","authors":"Manuel J Salesa, Gema Siliceo, Mauricio Antón, Juan F Pastor","doi":"10.1186/s40850-026-00259-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-026-00259-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Spanish Late Miocene locality of Batallones-1 (Madrid, Spain) has yielded a very rich sample of large carnivorans, including hyaenids, mustelids, amphicyonids, ailurids, felines, and two species of sabre-toothed felids that represent the first radiation event of the subfamily Machairodontinae: Machairodus aphanistus and Promegantereon ogygia. The former was the size of a tiger and the top predator of the Batallones-1 community, whereas the latter was a much smaller animal, its body weight being similar to that of an extant puma. In the present paper, we study the functional anatomy of the hindlimb of P. ogygia compared to that of extant felines and pantherines of similar size. Our observations reveal that the hindlimb of this early sabre-toothed felid, unlike the relatively derived forelimb, show several primitive features also observed in the earliest felid, Proailurus lemanensis, thus highlighting the mosaic evolution of machairodontine morphology in this Late Miocene sabre-toothed felid.</p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13045031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147370545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Home range and habitat use of black and white Colobus monkey (Colobus guereza guereza) in Khatasa Protected Forest, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia.","authors":"Eshetu Moges, Silesh Mossie","doi":"10.1186/s40850-026-00258-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-026-00258-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Khatasa Protected Forest is one of the protected forests found in Awi Zone, Amhara Regional State that has been protected since 1994. The study on home range and habitat use of Colobus monkey (Colobus guereza) was carried out from January 2021 to August 2021. For this purpose, ranging data were collected from the focal animal group, and following for continuous periods at regular intervals of 10 min. This study was carried out in combination with feeding and habitat use of focal animal samples. During the observation of focal animals in each group, location of troops were recorded using GPS in every 10 min until the follow was concluded. The values from the map were calculated by using measuring tools in the GIS software ArcGIS 10.8. Data on habitat use and feeding were collected in using a scan sampling starting from early morning 7:00 to 12:00 h and in the afternoon from 14:00 to 18:00 h throughout study period. The ranging ecology of Colobus monkey in the study area was characterized by a mean daily range length of (207.13 m, SE ± 10.14) in the study. The highest mean daily range length was recorded during the dry season mainly in March (281 m, SE ± 16.33) while the lowest mean daily range length was recorded during the wet season mainly in July (147 m, SE ± 6.45). In regarding to habitat use/feeding, colobus consumed nearly 15 plant species in Khatasa Protected Forest. Among the plant species Albizia Schimeperiana and Apodytes dimidiate had contributed to high proportion of the diet of Colobus monkey, which were (33.25%) and (12.85%), respectively. The variation in type of plant species consumed in the study period showed a significance difference (χ2=49, df=1, p=0.05) between dry and wet seasons. Determine the ranging and feeding ecology of Colobus monkey in dry and wet seasons in this protected area would enable to take conservation actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12947430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147311497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migratory bird species as the primary contributors to wildlife collisions: a case study at Shanghai Pudong International Airport, China.","authors":"Caiqian Sun, Qi Sun, Jiajie Li, Jie Zhang, Yuanyuan Cai, Jie Yan, Qing Chang, Peng Li, Chaochao Hu","doi":"10.1186/s40850-026-00257-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-026-00257-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Wildlife collisions, especially bird strikes, pose a persistent threat to aviation safety. Identifying the species involved and understanding their ecological patterns are essential for effective risk mitigation. This study investigated wildlife strike incidents involving civil aircraft at Shanghai Pudong International Airport from 2014 to 2024, with a focus on species composition, migratory status, and seasonal variation based on molecular identification. RESULTS: A total of 1760 wildlife strike incidents were analyzed, of which 1397 samples were birds, 260 were mammals, 5 were other animals, and 98 samples could not be reliably identified. Molecular identification revealed 208 bird species associated with strike events. Migratory birds dominated strike risk, accounting for 1181 incidents (84.54%), whereas permanent resident species contributed only 216 incidents (15.46%). Among the ten most frequently recorded bird species, eight were migratory and only two were permanent residents. Clear seasonal patterns were observed, with species richness peaking in autumn and species diversity and evenness highest in spring, corresponding to major migration periods. In addition, several endangered and vulnerable bird species were identified among strike records, highlighting potential conservation concerns. CONCLUSION: Bird strike risk at Shanghai Pudong International Airport is primarily driven by migratory bird species, particularly during peak migration seasons. Although birds constitute the main hazard, the occurrence of mammal strikes, especially involving bats, requires greater attention in airport wildlife management. These findings emphasize the need for seasonally adaptive and migration-focused mitigation strategies and demonstrate the value of molecular identification for improving wildlife strike risk assessment and management at civil airports. </p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13020184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146259602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) attraction: the roles of habitat diversity and bait type evaluated through EUNIS habitat classes.","authors":"Doğan Erhan Ersoy, Abdullah Hasbenli","doi":"10.1186/s40850-026-00255-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-026-00255-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scarabaeidae, particularly dung beetles, are saprophagous insects that underpin ecosystem functioning by facilitating dung removal, soil aeration, efficient nutrient turnover, seed dispersal, parasite suppression, and habitat restoration, while exploiting a broad dietary range from plant material to carrion. Understanding their feeding ecology and habitat-specific distributions is essential for habitat conservation and for developing effective strategies for soil rehabilitation. This study examined the influence of EUNIS habitat types and food sources on the richness, abundance, diversity, and composition of Scarabaeidae assemblages. Field sampling was conducted between May 2018 and October 2019 on the Kazan Hills, Ankara, Türkiye, using pitfall traps baited with banana, chicken liver, and cattle dung. To evaluate the effects of habitat and bait type on species assemblages, we compared richness using the Shannon–Wiener and evenness indices, assessed community similarities with Bray–Curtis (single-linkage) cluster analysis, and tested community variation through SHE analysis. Among the studied habitats, the steppe habitat (E1.2) supported the highest species richness and diversity, whereas forest plantation (G3.5) and ruderal areas (X18) exhibited the lowest values. Cattle dung proved to be the most effective attractant, yielding significantly higher numbers and species compared with other baits. These findings demonstrate the combined role of habitat characteristics and food resources in structuring Scarabaeidae communities. Our findings indicate that dung input can enhance dung beetle populations and indirectly provide a practical approach to support soil rehabilitation in degraded habitats. The quantitative data from this study serve as a reference for evaluating habitat conservation and monitoring changes in population trends at the species level. Standardized long-term monitoring is crucial for detecting population dynamics and assessing habitat changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12998160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive pattern and biochemical composition of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) in west Aegean Sea-Türkiye.","authors":"Aysun Küçükdermenci, Aynur Lök, Ali Kırtık, Evrim Kurtay, Serpil Serdar, Selçuk Yiğitkurt","doi":"10.1186/s40850-026-00256-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-026-00256-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study focuses on the annual reproductive cycle and biochemical of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816). Sixty sea urchins were collected monthly from July 2018 to June 2019 in Karaburun, Aegean Sea. The reproductive cycle was divided into six stages, with mature gonads observed in October-November and February-March, coinciding with spawning. Despite a decrease in gonadosomatic index, the gut index remained relatively stable, indicating sufficient environmental food. The reduced gonadosomatic index suggests the potential prioritization of gut use for survival over reproduction. The maximum gonadosomatic index of female was 5.01 ± 2.10% (at 24 °C) in July while the maximum value of male was observed in July (4.02 ± 0.57%). There was no correlation found between gonadosomatic indices and temperature or photoperiod (r= -0.123- 0.177, p > 0.05). Gender differences were observed in gonadosomatic index and perivisceral index (p < 0.05), but not in gut index, Aristotle’s lantern index, or test index. Biochemical analysis indicated higher protein levels preceding the primary egg-laying period in spring, while glycogen and lipids were utilized before other periods of egg laying throughout the year. Understanding the annual reproductive cycle and nutritional dynamics of P. lividus offers valuable insights for effective reproduction management, opening increasing opportunities for aquaculture globally in the foreseeable future.</p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":" ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12892755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146114630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From least concerned to endangered? An integrated approach to determine the distribution, suitable habitat, and future of Dryophytes immaculatus.","authors":"Amaël Borzée, Xiaoli Zhang, Vishal Kumar Prasad, Ruiyang Wang, Zhenqi Wang, Shujie Qin, Kevin R Messenger, Taoran Guo, Yikweon Jang, Jiechen Wang","doi":"10.1186/s40850-025-00248-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40850-025-00248-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: The immaculate treefrogs, Dryophytes immaculatus, were reported to be abundant in the plains of southern Jiangsu, China, until the 1980s. However, the species has scarcely been seen since the beginning of the century. RESULTS: We conducted field surveys at more than 6000 independent sites between 2017 and 2025, citizen science surveys resulting in more than 1300 entries, and questioned farmers, when possible, to determine the occurence and presence of D. immaculatus. We detected the species at 210 independent sites, obtained 12 additional independent sites from the citizen science data, and confirmed its local extinction at eight additional sites. Based on the accumulated data, we applied a suite of species distribution models, including some with putative absence, to determine the current suitable habitat for D. immaculatus. Finally, we used models to predict future shifts in suitable habitats based on climate change scenarios. The current model identified suitable habitat in an area marginally broader than the one where the species is currently found. The climate change scenario models highlighted a shift in the location of the suitable habitat for all scenarios and time periods tested, with a weak overlap with the current distribution of the species. Based on the data accumulated, we could also apply the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and we suggest the species to be listed as Endangered under both criteria B2ab (i, ii, iii, v) based on geographic range, and C2a (i) based on the small and declining population size. CONCLUSION: The range of D. immaculatus has contracted over the last decades, fast enough for people sharing their land with the species to remember them. In addition, the habitat suitable for the species keeps on declining, and it is predicted to entirely collapse in all future climatic scenarios. While not Critically Endangered yet, D. immaculatus is in need of conservation actions, especially to prevent future decline in habitat quality due to human activities. </p>","PeriodicalId":48590,"journal":{"name":"BMC Zoology","volume":"11 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12781737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}