Actuators最新文献

{"title":"Open Set Bearing Fault Diagnosis with Domain Adaptive Adversarial Network under Varying Conditions","authors":"Bo Zhang, Feixuan Li, Ning Ma, Wen Ji, See-Kiong Ng","doi":"10.3390/act13040121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13040121","url":null,"abstract":"Bearing fault diagnosis is a pivotal aspect of monitoring rotating machinery. Recently, numerous deep learning models have been developed for intelligent bearing fault diagnosis. However, these models have typically been established based on two key assumptions: (1) that identical fault categories exist in both the training and testing datasets, and (2) the datasets used for testing and training are assumed to follow the same distribution. Nevertheless, these assumptions prove impractical and fail to accurately depict real-world scenarios, particularly those involving open-world assumption fault diagnosis in multi-condition scenarios. For that purpose, an open set domain adaptive adversarial network framework is proposed. Specifically, in order to improve the learning of distribution characteristics in different fields, comprehensive training is implemented using a deep convolutional autoencoder model. Additionally, to mitigate the negative transfer resulting from unknown fault samples in the target domain, the similarity of each target domain sample and the shared classes in the source domain are estimated using known class classifiers and extended classifiers. Similarity weight values are assigned to each target domain sample, and an unknown boundary is established in a weighted manner. This approach is employed to establish the alignment between the classes shared between the two domains, enabling the classification of known fault classes, while allowing the recognition of unknown fault classes in the target domain. The efficacy of our suggested approach is empirically validated using different datasets.","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140384636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Force and Eddy Current Position Sensing Approaches for a Magnetic Levitation Platform with an Exceptional Hovering Distance","authors":"Reto Bonetti, S. Miric, J. W. Kolar","doi":"10.3390/act13040122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13040122","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comparative analysis between a force sensor and an eddy current sensor, focusing on their usability to determine the position of a circular levitating permanent magnet (PM) mover within an axially symmetric magnetic levitation platform (MLP) with an exceptionally large air gap. The sensors enable closed-loop control, which is essential for accurately and stably maintaining the mover’s radial position. For the considered MLP, a change in radial position in principle results in a tilting of the mover, i.e., a deviation from the parallel alignment relative to the stator. As both the radial position and the tilting angle affect the sensors’ (force and eddy current) output voltage, an observer must deduce the radial position from the output sensor’s voltage, requiring a comprehensive MLP dynamic model and calibration of the models for both sensing approaches. The paper discusses the advantages and weaknesses of each sensor concept, exploring operational principles and performance in levitation tests. The force sensor exhibits versatility, proving functional across various application scenarios, such as when the mover is sealed in a conductive, non-magnetic chamber. In contrast, due to its high-frequency operation, the eddy current sensor is more straightforward to characterize, simplifying its behavior relative to the mover’s slower dynamics. Measurements are conducted to validate the models, showing the eddy current sensor’s robustness against disturbances and imperfections in the MLPs and its immunity to cross-axis interference. Conclusively, in levitation experiments where the mover is vertically distanced at 104 mm from the stator, the eddy current sensor achieves a position tracking precision about ten times better and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ten times higher compared to the off-the-shelf force sensor, confirming its better performance and reliability; however, it cannot be used in applications where conductive objects are present in the air gap. Furthermore, additional experiments are conducted on the MLP using the eddy current sensor to show the controller’s robustness and dynamic reference tracking capability, with and without a payload.","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Novel Hydraulic 3D Printed Actuator Using Electrorheological Fluid for Robotic Endoscopy","authors":"Fabian Sadi, Jan Holthausen, Jan Stallkamp, Marius Siegfarth","doi":"10.3390/act13040119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13040119","url":null,"abstract":"Endoscopy has made a significant and noteworthy contribution to the field of medical science and technology. Nevertheless, its potential remains constrained due to the limited availability of rigid or flexible endoscopes. This paper introduces a novel hydraulic actuator based on electrorheological fluid (ERF) as a pivotal advancement in bridging the existing gap within the realm of endoscopy. Following a comprehensive introduction that briefly outlines the electrorheological effect, the subsequent section is dedicated to the elucidation of the actuator’s development process. Challenges arise, particularly in terms of miniaturization and the realization of a hydraulically sealed system with integrated valve electrodes. An internal electrorheological valve system consisting of four valves that are controlled using a pulse-width modulated high voltage was suitable for position control of the antagonistic hydraulic actuators. High-precision stereolithography (SLA) printing has proven practical for manufacturing actuator components. For functional testing, a test bench was set up in which the actuator follows a setpoint through a PI control loop. The control deviation ranged from 0.6 to 1 degree, with a response time between 6 and 8 s. The experiments have demonstrated that through the use of ERF and integrated valve electrodes, a miniaturized functional actuator can be constructed.","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140387076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Configuration of the Power Reflux Hydro-Mechanical Transmission System","authors":"Jiezhong Wang, Dongye Sun, Jianhua Wang, Guangliang Liao","doi":"10.3390/act13040120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13040120","url":null,"abstract":"The hydro-mechanical transmission system (HMTS) operates either in power split transmission mode (PSTM) or power reflux transmission mode (PRTM). Although PRTM is often ignored as a transition mode, this study reveals that the HMTS operating in the PRTM can accumulate the power input from the power source in the form of reflux power (in some references, scholars also refer to the reflux power as circulating power), thereby enabling the HMTS to exhibit a similar transmission performance as hydrodynamic transmission systems. Accordingly, this study applies the PRTM to the starting of construction vehicles and refers to the HMTS operating only in the PRTM as the power reflux hydro-mechanical transmission system (PHTS). By analyzing the internal relationship between the configuration and the power flow, transmission characteristics, energy storage mechanism, and energy loss mechanism of the PHTS, the optimal PHTS configuration suitable for construction vehicles was explored. The results indicate that reasonable configurations can enable the PHTS to significantly improve the efficiency of the construction vehicle transmission system, reducing energy consumption while ensuring power performance. Expanding the displacement ratio control range of the hydraulic speed regulation mechanism and combining the PRTM with the PSTM in an orderly manner can widen the high-efficiency range of the vehicle transmission system without increasing the number of vehicle gears.","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Control Schemes for Actuators","authors":"O. Barambones, J. Cortajarena, P. Alkorta","doi":"10.3390/act13030099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13030099","url":null,"abstract":"An actuator is a device that moves or controls a mechanism, by turning a control signal into mechanical action, such as in an electric motor [...]","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140087789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Nonsingular Fast-Reaching Terminal Sliding Mode Control Based on Observer for Aerial Robots","authors":"Pu Yang, Yan Xuan, Wanting Li","doi":"10.3390/act13030098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13030098","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, an observer-based adaptive non-singular fast-reaching terminal sliding mode control strategy is proposed to tackle the problem of actuator faults and uncertain disturbance in aerial robot systems. Firstly, a model of an aerial robot system is established through dynamic analysis. Next, an adaptive observer, combined with a fast adaptive fault estimation (FAFE) algorithm, is proposed to estimate system states and actuator failure and compensate for faults in a precise and prompt manner. In addition, a non-singular fast terminal sliding surface is defined, taking into account the fast convergence of the tracking errors in order to provide appropriate trajectory tracking results. Since the upper bounds of the disturbances caused by the manipulator of the system in practice are unknown, the control approach may benefit from the addition of an adaptive control strategy that can suppress the influence of uncertain disturbances. The Lyapunov stability theory demonstrates that tracking errors are able to converge stably and quickly. In the end, the contrast experiment is conducted to exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The results demonstrate quicker convergence and improved estimating accuracy.","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Microchannel Device for Droplet Classification by Manipulation Using Piezoelectric Vibrator","authors":"Ao Fujioka, Shoko Seo, T. Kanda, S. Wakimoto, Daisuke Yamaguchi","doi":"10.3390/act13030095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13030095","url":null,"abstract":"Emulsion formulations should be monodispersed in terms of their stability. Therefore, there is a need for a device that can classify droplets of the desired size from polydispersed emulsions in a fluidized bed manufacturing system. In the previous study, we evaluated the fabrication of a droplet manipulation device using acoustic radiation forces through simulation using the finite element method. In this study, particle manipulation experiments using 1, 6, and 10 µm polystyrene particles were first estimated and evaluated in comparison with their theoretical particle behavior. Based on the results we obtained, the driving conditions and droplet behavior were derived, and the droplet manipulation device using ultrasonic waves to shrink monodisperse emulsions was evaluated. As a result, the droplet classification effect in the microchannel was confirmed to be consistent with the droplet behavior prediction, and the microchannel structure with a constriction component improved its classification effect.","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140420691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Path Tracking Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for Intelligent Commercial Vehicles Based on Brake Actuator Failure","authors":"Guanjie Cui, Chunjiang Bao, Mingjie Guo, Yahui Xu, Yelin He, Jian Wu","doi":"10.3390/act13030097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13030097","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of safety technologies for intelligent commercial vehicles, electronic pneumatic braking systems (EBSs) have been widely used. However, EBS actuators may fail during vehicle operation and thus create safety problems. For this reason, we propose a path-tracking fault-tolerant control strategy under EBS actuator failure in intelligent commercial vehicles. First, in order to be able to characterize different types of brake actuator faults during the EBS differential braking process of a vehicle, a comprehensive fault coefficient for calculating the degree of fault is designed, and a BES generalized fault model is established. Second, the faults are introduced into the fault-tolerant controller through the comprehensive fault coefficients for braking torque calculation and braking pressure allocation. Thus, a vehicle path model with the complete fault coefficients as variable parameters is established. Then, based on the LPV system gain scheduling, a path-tracking LPV/H∞ fault-tolerant controller under EBS actuator faults in commercial vehicles is designed, which is used to solve the safety problem arising from sudden EBS actuator faults. Finally, we conducted experimental validation through hardware-in-the-loop tests. The results demonstrate that the control strategy designed in this paper redistributes the braking torque and synergizes with the steering system to enhance vehicle stability, thereby improving vehicle safety in the EBS failure mode.","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140421910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposal for a Human–Machine Collaborative Transfer System Considering Caregivers’ Lower Back Pain and Cognitive Factors in the Elderly during Transfer Movements","authors":"Jiang Wu, Motoki Shino","doi":"10.3390/act13030096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13030096","url":null,"abstract":"With the aging society in Japan, the number of elderly people residing in elderly facilities is increasing. In previous study, we developed a transfer assistive device designed to aid the elderly in transferring from the bedroom to the bathroom. Additionally, the device assists the elderly with standing and sitting to facilitate independent toileting activities. We verified that, throughout the entire transfer movement, the lumbar burden on caregivers remained below 3400 N. In this study, based on quantitative evaluation indices of transfer movements, the relationship between the lumbar burden on caregivers and factors such as psychological anxiety or cognitive impairment in the elderly during the use of a transfer assistive device was elucidated through motion analysis. We developed a control algorithm for the human–machine collaborative transfer system with the aim of alleviating the strain on the caregiver’s lower back while ensuring the elderly can use the device with peace of mind. The practicality of the control algorithm was verified.","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140422084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Performance of Eddy Current Suppressing Structures in Additive Manufacturing","authors":"Carsten Klein, Christopher May, Matthias Nienhaus","doi":"10.3390/act13030094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13030094","url":null,"abstract":"Additively manufactured soft-magnetic components are inherently bulky leading to significant eddy current losses when applied to electrical machines. Prior works have addressed this issue by implementing structures based on the Hilbert space-filling curve which include eddy current suppressing gaps, thereby reducing the fill factor of the soft-magnetic component. The present research aims at investigating a number of space-filling curves in addition to sheets in order to find the optimal eddy current suppressing structure from an electromagnetic point of view. By means of both analysis and finite-element simulation, it was shown that sheets are superior at minimizing eddy current losses while space-filling curves excel at maximizing the fill factor.","PeriodicalId":48584,"journal":{"name":"Actuators","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140423400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}